1
|
Melt-Spinnable Polyacrylonitrile-An Alternative Carbon Fiber Precursor. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235222. [PMID: 36501614 PMCID: PMC9738362 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The review summarizes recent advances in the production of carbon fiber precursors based on melt-spun acrylonitrile copolymers. Approaches to decrease the melting point of polyacrylonitrile and acrylonitrile copolymers are analyzed, including copolymerization with inert comonomers, plasticization by various solvents and additives, among them the eco-friendly ways to use the carbon dioxide and ionic liquids. The methods for preliminary modification of precursors that provides the thermal oxidative stabilization of the fibers without their melting and the reduction in the stabilization duration without the loss of the mechanical characteristics of the fibers are discussed. Special attention is paid to different ways of crosslinking by irradiation with different sources. Examples of the carbon fibers preparation from melt-processable acrylonitrile copolymers are considered in detail. A patent search was carried out and the information on the methods for producing carbon fibers from precursors based on melt-spun acrylonitrile copolymers are summarized.
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng Z, Pan P, Jiang L, Mao J, Ni C, Wang Z, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Zhai X, Hu Y. Dual structure engineering of SiO x-acrylic yarn derived carbon nanofiber based foldable Si anodes for low-cost lithium-ion batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 628:530-539. [PMID: 35933870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is attracted much attention due to its outstanding theoretical capacity (4200 mAh/g) as the anode of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the large volume change and low electron/ion conductivity during the charge and discharge process limit the electrochemical performance of Si-based anodes. Here we demonstrate a foldable acrylic yarn-based composite carbon nanofiber embedded by Si@SiOx particles (Si@SiOx-CACNFs) as the anode material. Since the amorphous SiOx and carbon (C) coating on the outside of the Si particles can provide a double buffer for volume expansion while reducing the contact between the Si core and the electrolyte to form a thin and stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film. Simultaneous in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (in-situ EIS) and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) tests show that SiOx and C have higher ion/electron transport rates, and in addition, using acrylic fiber yarn and Zn(Ac)2 as raw materials reduces the manufacturing cost and enhanced mechanical properties. Therefore, the half-cell can achieve a high initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 82.3% and a reversible capacity of 1358.2 mAh/g after 180 cycles. It can return to its original shape and remain intact after four consecutive folds, and the soft-pack full battery can also light up LED lights under different bending conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongling Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dying & Finishing of Textiles Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Peng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dying & Finishing of Textiles Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Liyuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dying & Finishing of Textiles Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Jieting Mao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dying & Finishing of Textiles Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Changke Ni
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dying & Finishing of Textiles Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Zixi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dying & Finishing of Textiles Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dying & Finishing of Textiles Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dying & Finishing of Textiles Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yingsong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dying & Finishing of Textiles Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - XingXing Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dying & Finishing of Textiles Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dying & Finishing of Textiles Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Dyeing and Finishing Institute of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Toms RV, Gervald AY, Prokopov NI, Osipova NI, Plutalova AV, Chernikova EV. Thermal Behavior of Poly(acrylonitrile-co-1-vinyl imidazole) During Stabilization. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090422700099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
4
|
Ruhland K, Horny R, Wanzel A, Reisach S, Nizamutdinova A, Kirchhain H, Rehfuss U, Wüllen L, Fischer A, Scheliga F, Hübner T. Investigation of the chemical changes during the thermal treatment of acrylonitrile
‐co‐
methyl acrylate‐polymer (polyacrylonitrile‐precursor) focusing on the fate of the methyl acrylate moiety. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ruhland
- Institute of Physics, Chemical Physics and Materials Science University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - Robert Horny
- Institute of Materials Resource Management University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - Andrea Wanzel
- Institute of Physics, Chemical Physics and Materials Science University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - Sebastian Reisach
- Institute of Materials Resource Management University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - Alina Nizamutdinova
- Institute of Physics, Chemical Physics and Materials Science University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - Holger Kirchhain
- Institute of Physics, Chemical Physics and Materials Science University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - Ulrich Rehfuss
- Institute of Physics, Chemical Physics and Materials Science University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - Leo Wüllen
- Institute of Physics, Chemical Physics and Materials Science University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - Andreas Fischer
- Institute of Physics, Chemical Physics and Materials Science University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - Felix Scheliga
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry University of Hamburg Hamburg
| | - Tobias Hübner
- Institute of Materials Resource Management University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Toms RV, Balashov MS, Gervald AY, Prokopov NI, Plutalova AV, Chernikova EV. Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer
based copolymers of acrylonitrile and alkyl acrylates as possible precursors for carbon fibers: synthesis and thermal behavior during stabilization. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman V Toms
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies named by M.V. Lomonosov MIREA – Russian Technological University Moscow Russia
| | - Mikhail S Balashov
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies named by M.V. Lomonosov MIREA – Russian Technological University Moscow Russia
| | - Alexander Y Gervald
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies named by M.V. Lomonosov MIREA – Russian Technological University Moscow Russia
| | - Nickolay I Prokopov
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies named by M.V. Lomonosov MIREA – Russian Technological University Moscow Russia
| | - Anna V Plutalova
- Faculty of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - Elena V Chernikova
- Faculty of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen R, Cheng Z, Hu Y, Jiang L, Pan P, Mao J, Ni C. Discarded clothing acrylic yarns: Low-cost raw materials for deformable c nanofibers applied to flexible sodium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
7
|
König S, Kreis P, Reinders L, Beyer R, Wego A, Herbert C, Steinmann M, Frank E, Buchmeiser MR. Melt spinning of propylene carbonate‐plasticized poly(acrylonitrile)‐
co
‐poly(methyl acrylate). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon König
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryUniversity of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Denkendorf Germany
| | - Philipp Kreis
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Denkendorf Germany
| | - Leonie Reinders
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryUniversity of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Denkendorf Germany
| | - Ronald Beyer
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Denkendorf Germany
| | | | | | - Mark Steinmann
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Denkendorf Germany
| | - Erik Frank
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Denkendorf Germany
| | - Michael R. Buchmeiser
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryUniversity of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Denkendorf Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hao J, Wei H, Lu C, Liu Y. New aspects on the cyclization mechanisms of Poly(acrylonitrile-co-itaconic acid). Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
9
|
Hao J, An F, Lu C, Liu Y. Solvent effects on radical copolymerization of acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate: solvent polarity and solvent-monomer interaction. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2019.1642767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng An
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chunxiang Lu
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Carbon Fiber Technology, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yaodong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
König S, Clauss MM, Giebel E, Buchmeiser MR. N,N′-Substituted acryloamidines – novel comonomers for melt-processible poly(acrylonitrile)-based carbon fiber precursors. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00752k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel, melt processible PAN-based CF precursors preparedviathe copolymerization of acrylonitrile withN,N′-substituted acryloamidines and their transformation into carbon fibers is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon König
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research
| | - Manuel M. Clauss
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research
| | - Elisabeth Giebel
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research
- D-73770 Denkendorf
- Germany
| | - Michael R. Buchmeiser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Investigation of the effect of some variables on terpolymerization process of vinyl monomers in CSTR by design of experimental method. E-POLYMERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2017-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAqueous slurry free radical terpolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) with vinyl acetate (VAc) and a constant amount of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfunic acid (AMPS) using K2S2O8/NaHSO3 redox initiator was carried out in a 15-l continuous stirred tank reactor at constant temperature (60°C) and atmospheric pressure. A three-level response surface method based on central composite design was applied to investigate the effect of VAc concentration (wt%) in monomer mixture, bisulfite- to-persulfate ratio in redox initiator system $\left( {\frac{{{\text{[HSO}}_3^ - ]}}{{[{{\text{S}}_2}{\text{O}}_8^{ - 2}]}}} \right)$ and bisulfite-to-monomer mixture ratio $\left( {\frac{{[{\text{HSO}}_3^ - ]}}{{{\text{AN}} + {\text{VAc}}}}} \right)$ on the monomer conversion percentage to polymer, intrinsic viscosity [(η)] and sulfur end groups (SEG) index of the prepared polymers. Experimental results showed that the optimum conditions for synthesis of AN-VAc-AMPS system can be addressed as VAc=9 wt%, $\left( {\frac{{[{\text{HSO}}_3^ - ]}}{{[{{\text{S}}_2}{\text{O}}_8^{ - 2}]}}} \right) = 9.6$ and $\left( {\frac{{[{\text{HSO}}_3^ - ]}}{{{\text{AN}} + {\text{VAc}}}}} \right) = 0.027.$ Monomer conversion percentage to polymer, intrinsic viscosity and SEG index under optimum conditions were 75%, 1.38 dl/g and 190, respectively. The synthesized polymer under these optimum conditions can satisfy the requirements for acrylic fiber production in which its characterization was confirmed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscope.
Collapse
|
12
|
Effect of acrylonitrile sequence distribution on the thermal stabilization reactions and carbon yields of poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate). Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
13
|
Kulichikhin VG, Skvortsov IY, Mironova MI, Ozerin AN, Kurkin TS, Berkovich AK, Frenkin EI, Malkin AY. From Polyacrylonitrile, its Solutions, and Filaments to Carbon Fibers II. Spinning PAN-Precursors and their Thermal Treatment. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. G. Kulichikhin
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis; Russian Academy of Science; 29, Leninskii Prospect Moscow 119991 Russia
- Chemistry Department of Lomonosov; Moscow State University; 1, Leninskiye Gory Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - I. Yu. Skvortsov
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis; Russian Academy of Science; 29, Leninskii Prospect Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - M. I. Mironova
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis; Russian Academy of Science; 29, Leninskii Prospect Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - A. N. Ozerin
- Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials; Russian Academy of Sciences; 70, Profsoyuznaya ul Moscow 117393 Russia
| | - T. S. Kurkin
- Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials; Russian Academy of Sciences; 70, Profsoyuznaya ul Moscow 117393 Russia
| | - A. K. Berkovich
- Chemistry Department of Lomonosov; Moscow State University; 1, Leninskiye Gory Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - E. I. Frenkin
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis; Russian Academy of Science; 29, Leninskii Prospect Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - A. Ya. Malkin
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis; Russian Academy of Science; 29, Leninskii Prospect Moscow 119991 Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kaur J, Millington K, Smith S. Producing high-quality precursor polymer and fibers to achieve theoretical strength in carbon fibers: A review. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasjeet Kaur
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship; 75 Pigdons Road Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| | - Keith Millington
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship; 75 Pigdons Road Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| | - Shaun Smith
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship; 75 Pigdons Road Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hiremath N, Mays J, Bhat G. Recent Developments in Carbon Fibers and Carbon Nanotube-Based Fibers: A Review. POLYM REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2016.1169546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
In-situ preparation and characterization of pyrrole and tert-butyl 1-pyrrole-carboxylate on barium titanate/poly(acrylonitrile-co-methylacrylate) nanoparticles. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
17
|
Synthesis and Thermal Properties of Acrylonitrile/Butyl Acrylate/Fumaronitrile and Acrylonitrile/Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate/Fumaronitrile Terpolymers as a Potential Precursor for Carbon Fiber. MATERIALS 2014; 7:6207-6223. [PMID: 28788187 PMCID: PMC5456151 DOI: 10.3390/ma7096207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of acrylonitrile (AN)/butyl acrylate (BA)/fumaronitrile (FN) and AN/EHA (ethyl hexyl acrylate)/FN terpolymers was carried out by redox polymerization using sodium bisulfite (SBS) and potassium persulphate (KPS) as initiator at 40 °C. The effect of comonomers, BA and EHA and termonomer, FN on the glass transition temperature (Tg) and stabilization temperature was studied using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The degradation behavior and char yield were obtained by Thermogravimetric Analysis. The conversions of AN, comonomers (BA and EHA) and FN were 55%-71%, 85%-91% and 76%-79%, respectively. It was found that with the same comonomer feed (10%), the Tg of AN/EHA copolymer was lower at 63 °C compared to AN/BA copolymer (70 °C). AN/EHA/FN terpolymer also exhibited a lower Tg at 63 °C when compared to that of the AN/BA/FN terpolymer (67 °C). By incorporating BA and EHA into a PAN system, the char yield was reduced to ~38.0% compared to that of AN (~47.7%). It was found that FN reduced the initial cyclization temperature of AN/BA/FN and AN/EHA/FN terpolymers to 228 and 221 °C, respectively, in comparison to that of AN/BA and AN/EHA copolymers (~260 °C). In addition, FN reduced the heat liberation per unit time during the stabilization process that consequently reduced the emission of volatile group during this process. As a result, the char yields of AN/BA/FN and AN/EHA/FN terpolymers are higher at ~45.1% and ~43.9%, respectively, as compared to those of AN/BA copolymer (37.1%) and AN/EHA copolymer (38.0%).
Collapse
|
18
|
Tungchaiwattana S, Musa MS, Yan J, Lovell PA, Shaw P, Saunders BR. The role of acrylonitrile in controlling the structure and properties of nanostructured ionomer films. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:4725-4734. [PMID: 24852137 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00695j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionomers are polymers which contain ionic groups that are covalently bound to the main chain. The presence of a small percentage of ionic groups strongly affects the polymer's mechanical properties. Here, we examine a new family of nanostructured ionomer films prepared from core-shell polymer nanoparticles containing acrylonitrile (AN), 1,3-butadiene (Bd) and methacrylic acid (MAA). Three new AN-containing dispersions were investigated in this study. The core-shell nanoparticles contained a PBd core. The shells contained copolymerised Bd, AN and MAA, i.e., PBd-AN-MAA. Three types of crosslinking were present in these films: covalent crosslinks (from Bd); strong physical crosslinks (involving ionic bonding of RCOO(-) and Zn(2+)) and weaker physical crosslinks (from AN). We examined and compared the roles of AN and ionic crosslinking (from added Zn(2+)) on the structure and mechanical properties of the films. The FTIR spectroscopy data showed evidence for RCOOH-nitrile hydrogen bonding with tetrahedral geometry. DMTA studies showed that AN copolymerised within the PBd-AN-MAA phase uniformly. Tensile stress-strain data showed that inclusion of AN increased elasticity and toughness. Analysis showed that about 33 AN groups were required to provide an elastically-effective chain. However, only 1.5 to 2 ionically bonded RCOO(-) groups were required to generate an elastically-effective chain. By contrast to ionic bonding, AN inclusion increased the modulus without compromising ductility. Our results show that AN is an attractive, versatile, monomer for increasing the toughness of nanostructured ionomers and this should also be the case for other nanostructured polymer elastomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somjit Tungchaiwattana
- Polymer Science and Technology Group, The School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Grosvenor Street, M13 9PL, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Han Z, Zhao X, Han X, Xu H. Mechanical and thermal characterization of iron(II) 2,2′-bipyridine complex supported polyacrylonitrile fiber as a novel photocatalyst. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbang Han
- School of Textiles; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composite Materials; Ministry of Education of China; Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- School of Textiles; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composite Materials; Ministry of Education of China; Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Xu Han
- School of Textiles; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Hang Xu
- School of Textiles; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu QY, Chen XN, Wan LS, Xu ZK. Interactions between Polyacrylonitrile and Solvents: Density Functional Theory Study and Two-Dimensional Infrared Correlation Analysis. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:8321-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jp304167f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yun Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and
Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic
of China
| | - Xiao-Na Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and
Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic
of China
| | - Ling-Shu Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and
Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic
of China
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and
Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic
of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Xue Y, Liu J, Liang J. Kinetic study of the dehydrogenation reaction in polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber precursors during thermal stabilization. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
23
|
Abstract
The rheological behaviors of polyacrylonitrile/ionic liquids (PAN/ILs) melt were investigated to determine the general processing parameters and offer an important theoretical foundation of plasticized melt spinning. A step was carried out to decide the accurate temperature through the temperature sweep and time sweeps. The impacts of the concentration and temperature on the modulus of PAN/ILs samples were studied by dynamic sweeps. The three-parameter Carreau viscosity model was used to predict the zero-shear viscosity from the apparent viscosity data. The PAN/ILs melt showed shear-thinning behaviors. The melt with higher PAN concentration was found to be more sensitive to the temperature. However the structural viscosity index of the melt first decreased and then increased with the increase of temperature.
Collapse
|
24
|
Effects of copolymerization temperatures on structure and properties of melt-spinnable acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate copolymers and fibers. Macromol Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-010-1115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
25
|
Liu S, Tan L, Pan D, Chen Y. Gel spinning of polyacrylonitrile fibers with medium molecular weight. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
26
|
Poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate) copolymers: Correlation between copolymer composition, morphology and positron annihilation lifetime parameters. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
27
|
Fabrication, structures and properties of Acrylonitrile/Vinyl acetate copolymers and copolymers containing microencapsulated phase change materials. Macromol Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-009-0122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Silva EF, Pereira RP, Rocco AM. Ternary blends of poly(ethylene oxide) and acrylate-based copolymers: Crystallinity, miscibility, interactions and proton conductivity. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
29
|
Liu X, Chen H, Ji C, Yu M, Xuan Y. Suspended Emulsion Copolymerization of Acrylonitrile with Methyl Acrylate: Effects of Reaction Parameters on the Polymerization. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10601320902938814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
30
|
Aran B, Sankır M, Vargün E, Sankır ND, Usanmaz A. Tailoring the swelling and glass-transition temperature of acrylonitrile/hydroxyethyl acrylate copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
31
|
Suresh KI, Thomas KS, Rao. BS, Nair CPR. Viscoelastic properties of polyacrylonitrile terpolymers during thermo‐oxidative stabilization (cyclization). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
32
|
Redox copolymerization of acrylonitrile with fumaronitrile as a precursor for carbon fibre. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-007-9120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
33
|
Liu XH, Li YG, Lin Y, Li YS. 2-Cyanoprop-2-yl dithiobenzoate mediated reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of acrylonitrile targeting a polymer with a higher molecular weight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
34
|
|
35
|
Fabrication, structures, and properties of acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate copolymers and copolymers containing microencapsulated phase change materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
36
|
Causin V, Marega C, Schiavone S, Marigo A. A quantitative differentiation method for acrylic fibers by infrared spectroscopy. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 151:125-31. [PMID: 15939143 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Absorbance peak areas of nitrile (2240 cm(-1)), carbonyl (1730 cm(-1)) and CH (1370 cm(-1)) groups were obtained for 48 colorless acrylic fibers by infrared (IR) microspectroscopy. The carbonyl signal, related to the comonomers most commonly used in acrylic fibers, was ratioed against the nitrile and CH bands, pertaining to the backbone of the polymer chains. The ratios A1730/A2240 and A1730/A1370, a relative measure of the comonomer content in the fiber, were used to differentiate the samples. A decrease in the crystallinity of fibers has been noted with increasing comonomer content. Relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) of the ratios were 1 and 3% for repetitive analyses on the same location and along the length of the same single fiber, respectively. When different fibers of the same sample were examined, results were reproducible within 6%. This simple method can greatly enhance the evidential value of colorless acrylic fibers, being able to discriminate them and thus helping the Court to better assess their significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Causin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche dell'Università, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Causin V, Marega C, Schiavone S, Marigo A. Employing glass refractive index measurement (GRIM) in fiber analysis: a simple method for evaluating the crystallinity of acrylics. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 149:193-200. [PMID: 15749361 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Revised: 05/31/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The refractive index (RI) of 40 colorless acrylic fiber samples was determined by the immersion oil and Mettler hot stage method, implemented in the glass refractive index measurement (GRIM) instrument by Foster and Freeman. Low standard deviations for nearly all the samples were obtained and differentiation of fibers even with the same trade name was possible just on the basis of RI. Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to establish a linear correlation between RI and the degree of crystallinity. Insights on the structural order of this group of fibers is then obtainable by a quick and easy technique, adding value to casework comparisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Causin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche dell'Università, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ismail H, Supri, Yusof AMM. Effect of acrylic acid on the properties of recycled poly(vinyl chloride)/acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|