Evolution of morphology in compatibilized vs uncompatibilized polyamide blends

Effects of Hybrid POSS Nanoparticles on the Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomer-Toughened Polyamide 6

In this study, polyamide 6 (PA6)/thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) blends were prepared to decrease the notch sensitivity of PA6 for automotive applications, and the morphological, rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties of PA6/TPE blends, which are partially miscible or immiscible depending on the TPE ratio, were significantly improved in the existence of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles with multiple reactive epoxy groups as compatibilizers. An unstable phase morphology was obtained with the addition of TPE into PA6 without POSS nanoparticles, whereas interfacial interactions between phases in the presence of POSS were enhanced as a result of a significant decrease in the average particle size from 1.39 to 0.41 μm. The complex viscosity value of the 70PA6/30TPE blend, which was 20 kPa/s-1 at 0.1 rad/s angular frequency, reached 380 kPa/s-1 with the addition of POSS due to the formation of long chains by the generation of graft and/or block copolymers, which resulted in a 65% increase in Young's modulus value. Most notably, the Izod impact strength of pure PA6, which was 10 kJ/m2, increased by 290% with the incorporation of POSS. It was confirmed by FTIR analysis that the reactive multiple epoxy groups of MultEpPOSS and EPPOSS nanoparticles react with the proper groups of PA6 and/or TPE, and also, a partial hydrogen bonding interaction occurs between PA6-TPE from the shifting of N-H and carbonyl peaks. In conclusion, it can be suggested that POSS nanoparticles can serve as highly effective compatibilizers for PA6/TPE blends and have potential commercial applications, especially in the automotive sector.

Cost-effective way to improve the optical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) light scattering materials: drop coalescence

Herein, the dependence of the dispersed phase diameter on the shear history during melt processing is verified experimentally. We fabricated different kinds of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) blends by modifying the shear rate and shear time in a torque rheometer. Light-scattering sheets (LSSs) were then prepared by compression molding with the above blends. The total transmittance of the LSS with a shear history of 8 min at 30 rpm and then 20 min at 5 rpm achieves 84.8% due to the drop coalescence and larger diameters of the PET scatterers in the PMMA matrix, while the total transmittance of a sheet with a shear history at only 30 rpm is just 70.8%. In addition to high total transmittance, the sheet also features high haze (beyond 92.5%) and tiny direct transmittance (less than 5%), which is vital for uniform illumination and glare protection from lasers and light-emitting diodes.

Suppression of phase coarsening in immiscible, co-continuous polymer blends under high temperature quiescent annealing

The properties of polymer blends greatly depend on the morphologies formed during processing, and the thermodynamic non-equilibrium nature of most polymer blends makes it important to maintain the morphology stability to ensure the performance stability of structural materials. Herein, the phase coarsening of co-continuous, immiscible polyamide 6 (PA6)-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) blends in the melt state was studied and the effect of introduction of nano-silica particles on the stability of the phase morphology was examined. It was found that the PA6-ABS (50/50 w) blend maintained the co-continuous morphology but coarsened severely upon annealing at 230 °C. The coarsening process could be divided into two stages: a fast coarsening process at the initial stage of annealing and a second coarsening process with a relatively slow coarsening rate later. The reduction of the coarsening rate can be explained from the reduction of the global curvature of the interface. With the introduction of nano-silica, the composites also showed two stages of coarsening. However, the coarsening rate was significantly decreased and the phase morphology was stabilized. Rheological measurements indicated that a particle network structure was formed when the concentration of nano-silica particles was beyond 2 wt%. The particle network inhibited the movement of molecular chains and thus suppressed the coarsening process.

Evolução da morfologia de fases de blendas PA6/AES em extrusora de dupla rosca e moldagem por injeção

A evolução da morfologia de fases em blendas não reativas e reativas de poliamida-6 com copolímero de acrilonitrila/EPDM/estireno (AES) em uma extrusora de rosca dupla co-rotacional foi investigada. A evolução da morfologia de fases ao longo da extrusora de rosca dupla foi monitorada através da coleta de pequenas amostras em válvulas no barril da extrusora e caracterização por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Foram utilizados como compatibilizantes reativos os copolímeros metacrilato de metila-co-anidrido maleico (MMA-MA) e metacrilato de metila-co-metacrilato de glicidila (MMA-GMA). Os grupos anidrido maleico e epóxi nos copolímeros podem reagir com os grupos finais de cadeia da poliamida durante o processamento no estado fundido e melhorar a interação na interfase do sistema PA6/AES. A blenda PA6/AES não compatibilizada apresentou uma morfologia grosseira de fases onde a fase AES não está bem dispersa na matriz de PA6 devido à falta de interações adequadas entre os componentes da blenda. A adição do compatibilizante MMA-GMA não proporcionou boa dispersão de fases e não melhorou as propriedades mecânicas da blenda, provavelmente porque as possíveis reações no sistema são lentas e podem não ocorrer na extrusora. Por outro lado, a blenda compatibilizada com o copolímero MMA-MA apresentou uma excelente resistência ao impacto à temperatura ambiente e uma diminuição na temperatura de transição dúctil-frágil. As partículas de AES apresentam-se muito mais refinadas e sofrem uma redução significativa em seu tamanho já no início do processo de extrusão. A morfologia observada nas amostras injetadas apresentou uma boa correlação com as propriedades mecânicas obtidas.

Coalescence-Induced Coalescence of Inviscid Droplets in a Viscous Fluid

A comprehensive simulation of the coarsening mechanism coalescence-induced coalescence (CIC) is developed to predictthe growth rate of inviscid droplets in a viscous matrix fluid. In CIC, the shape relaxations of coalescing droplets establish flow fields that drive other droplets into contact, thus creating a cascade of coalescence events. It is believed that CIC is responsible for droplet growth in some demixed polymer solutions, such as isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and diphenyl ether (DPE). A cascade of coalescence events is simulated using a three-dimensional molecular dynamics-like simulation of a dispersed two-phase isopycnic fluid system. The coalescence-induced flow is driven mostly by the strong gradients in curvature at the neck of a coalescing pair of droplets, and the flow is modeled analytically by approximating it as due to a ring of point forces. The resultant velocity of each droplet in the suspension is calculated by superimposing all of the coalescence-induced flow fields and applying Faxen's Law. The mean droplet size <a> grows like t(xi), where t is the coarsening time and xi a growth exponent that increases with increasing minority phase volume fraction varphi. Good agreement with experimental values of xi (0.22<xi<0.47) is obtained for a phase-separated iPP-DPE solution for varphi>/=0.23. It is also shown that the droplet size distribution broadens for semidilute suspensions (varphi</=0.42) but remains relatively narrow for highly concentrated suspensions (varphi>/=0.54). A phenomenological kinetic theory of coalescence is proposed. It is believed that in nondilute emulsions, CIC can account for coarsening that has been attributed previously to more traditional coalescence mechanisms. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.