Synthesis and characterization of thermally stable cardo polyphosphonates

Effect of Hardener Type on the Photochemical and Antifungal Performance of Epoxy and Oligophosphonate S-IPNs

Due to their highly reactive character and multiple crosslinking capacity, epoxy resins are one of the worldwide market-dominating classes of thermosetting polymers and are present in a wide range of technical applications, including structural adhesives, coatings and polymer matrices for composite materials. Despite their excellent features, epoxy resins are known to be highly flammable and possess low thermal stability and a brittle character and crack easily under impact forces. An efficient approach towards eliminating such drawbacks resides in obtaining epoxy-based semi-interpenetrating polymer networks, which possess excellent control over the morphology. The article describes the comparative effect of three hardeners (aromatic, cycloaliphatic and aliphatic) in the presence of an oligophosphonate (–R–O–PO(C₆H₅)–O–) (2 wt.% phosphorus) on the photochemical, fire and antifungal performance of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether semi-interpenetrating polymer networks. The networks are designed as future potential outdoor protective coatings for different substrates. The fire resistance capacity of the networks was undertaken with microscale combustion calorimetry before and after photochemical aging. Structural changes during photoirradiation were monitored via color modification studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, morphological assessment through scanning electron microscopy and mass loss measurements in order to propose the action mode of the hardeners and the oligophosphonate on the material properties. Microbiological testing was also undertaken with the aid of three specific wood decaying fungi as a first substrate.