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de Sousa Alves BA, Kontziampasis D, Soliman AH. The Quest for the Holy Grail Of 3D Printing: A Critical Review of Recycling in Polymer Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2306. [PMID: 39204526 PMCID: PMC11359051 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The benefits of additive manufacturing (AM) are widely recognised, boosting the AM method's use in industry, while it is predicted AM will dominate the global manufacturing industry. Alas, 3D printing's growth is hindered by its sustainability. AM methods generate vast amounts of residuals considered as waste, which are disposed of. Additionally, the energy consumed, the materials used, and numerous other factors render AM unsustainable. This paper aims to bring forward all documented solutions in the literature. The spotlight is on potential solutions for the Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) AM, focusing on Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), as these are candidates for mass manufacturing by industry. Solutions are evaluated critically, to identify research gaps regarding the recyclability of residual material. Only then can AM dominate the manufacturing industry, which is extremely important since this is a milestone for our transition into sustainable manufacturing. This transition itself is a complex bottleneck on our quest for becoming a sustainable civilisation. Unlike previous reviews that primarily concentrate on specific AM recycling materials, this paper explores the state of the art in AM recycling processes, incorporating the latest market data and projections. By offering a holistic and forward-looking perspective on the evolution and potential of AM, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Alexandre de Sousa Alves
- Department of Engineering, School of Digital, Technology, Innovation & Business, Staffordshire University, College Road, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 2DE, UK;
- Ford-Werke GmbH, Henry-Ford-Straße 1, 50735 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Kontziampasis
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
- Dundee International Institute of Central South University, Central South University, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Ln, Leeds LS 29JT, UK
| | - Abdel-Hamid Soliman
- Department of Engineering, School of Digital, Technology, Innovation & Business, Staffordshire University, College Road, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 2DE, UK;
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Gubała D, Slastanova A, Matthews L, Islas L, Wąsik P, Cacho-Nerin F, Ferreira Sanchez D, Robles E, Chen M, Briscoe WH. Effects of Erucamide on Fiber "Softness": Linking Single-Fiber Crystal Structure and Mechanical Properties. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38334316 PMCID: PMC10883039 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Erucamide is known to play a critical role in modifying polymer fiber surface chemistry and morphology. However, its effects on fiber crystallinity and mechanical properties remain to be understood. Here, synchrotron nanofocused X-ray Diffraction (nXRD) revealed a bimodal orientation of the constituent polymer chains aligned along the fiber axis and cross-section, respectively. Erucamide promoted crystallinity in the fiber, leading to larger and more numerous lamellae crystallites. The nXRD nanostructual characterization is complemented by single-fiber uniaxial tensile tests, which showed that erucamide significantly affected fiber mechanical properties, decreasing fiber tensile strength and stiffness but enhancing fiber toughness, fracture strain, and ductility. To correlate these single-fiber nXRD and mechanical test results, we propose that erucamide mediated slip at the interfaces between crystallites and amorphous domains during stress-induced single-fiber crystallization, also decreasing the stress arising from the shear displacement of microfibrils and deformation of the macromolecular network. Linking the single-fiber crystal structure with the single-fiber mechanical properties, these findings provide the direct evidence on a single-fiber level for the role of erucamide in enhancing fiber "softness".
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Gubała
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Anna Slastanova
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Lauren Matthews
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K
| | - Luisa Islas
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Patryk Wąsik
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K
| | - Fernando Cacho-Nerin
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | | | - Eric Robles
- Procter & Gamble Newcastle Innovation Centre, Whitley Road, Longbenton, Newcastle NE12 9TS, U.K
| | - Meng Chen
- Procter & Gamble Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., 35 Yu'an Rd, Shunyi District, Beijing 101312, China
| | - Wuge H Briscoe
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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Coelho F, Vieira LF, Benavides R, da Silva Paula MM, Bernardin AM, Magnago RF, da Silva L. Synthesis and Evaluation of Amides as Slip Additives in Polypropylene. INT POLYM PROC 2015. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, we describe the synthesis of amides and evaluate their use as slip additive agents in polypropylene films. The additives N-isopropyl-stearamide and N,N-diisopropyl-stearamide were synthesized and characterized and then used to prepare masterbatches. Erucamide, a commercial masterbatch, was used as the reference standard. A 32 factorial experimental design was used to create the different compositions of slip additives in polymer films. The films were processed via flat-die extrusion and stored in an oven at a constant temperature of 40 °C for seven days. The following are the properties evaluated in the study: thermal decomposition temperature, fusion temperature, fusion enthalpy, coefficient of friction, surface energy, contact angle, and seal initiation temperature. The results were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 90 % confidence interval. The analysis of the results showed that N-isopropyl stearamide and N,N-diisopropyl stearamide do not provide an adequate surface slip for polypropylene films at the conditions used in the study. In turn, at the same conditions, erucamide, the commercial amide, also does not provide the required surface energy for printing and lamination processes required for polypropylene films.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Coelho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Materiais LAPEM , Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma , Brazil
| | - L. F. Vieira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Materiais LAPEM , Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma , Brazil
| | - R. Benavides
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada , Saltillo, Coahuila , Mexico
| | - M. Marques da Silva Paula
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Materiais LAPEM , Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma , Brazil
| | - A. M. Bernardin
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Materiais LAPEM , Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma , Brazil
| | - R. F. Magnago
- Laboratorio de Tecnologia Química , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Palhoça , Brazil
| | - L. da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Materiais LAPEM , Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma , Brazil
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Kim DK, Kim KW, Han W, Kwac LK, Kim BJ. Studies on Cure Kinetics and Thermal Stability of Epoxy/Nylon 6 Blend. APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.14478/ace.2015.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Antar Z, Feller JF, Vignaud G. Eco-friendly conductive polymer nanocomposites (CPC) for solar absorbers design. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zied Antar
- Smart Plastics Group; European University of Brittany (UEB), LIMAT -UBS; Lorient France
| | - Jean-François Feller
- Smart Plastics Group; European University of Brittany (UEB), LIMAT -UBS; Lorient France
| | - Guillaume Vignaud
- Smart Plastics Group; European University of Brittany (UEB), LIMAT -UBS; Lorient France
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Rached R, Hoppe S, Jonquieres A, Lochon P, Pla F. A new macroinitiator for the synthesis of triblock copolymers PA12-b-PDMS-b-PA12. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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