1
|
Ajala EO, Ighalo JO, Ajala MA, Adeniyi AG, Ayanshola AM. Sugarcane bagasse: a biomass sufficiently applied for improving global energy, environment and economic sustainability. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:87. [PMID: 38650274 PMCID: PMC10991612 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse (SCB) is a biomass of agricultural waste obtained from sugarcane processing that has been found in abundance globally. Due to its abundance in nature, researchers have been harnessing this biomass for numerous applications such as in energy and environmental sustainability. However, before it could be optimally utilised, it has to be pre-treated using available methods. Different pre-treatment methods were reviewed for SCB, both alkaline and alkali-acid process reveal efficient and successful approaches for obtaining higher glucose production from hydrolysis. Procedures for hydrolysis were evaluated, and results indicate that pre-treated SCB was susceptible to acid and enzymatic hydrolysis as > 80% glucose yield was obtained in both cases. The SCB could achieve a bio-ethanol (a biofuel) yield of > 0.2 g/g at optimal conditions and xylitol (a bio-product) yield at > 0.4 g/g in most cases. Thermochemical processing of SCB also gave excellent biofuel yields. The plethora of products obtained in this regard have been catalogued and elucidated extensively. As found in this study, the SCB could be used in diverse applications such as adsorbent, ion exchange resin, briquettes, ceramics, concrete, cement and polymer composites. Consequently, the SCB is a biomass with great potential to meet global energy demand and encourage environmental sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E O Ajala
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
- Unilorin Sugar Research Institute, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - J O Ighalo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - M A Ajala
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - A G Adeniyi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - A M Ayanshola
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cui J, Li X, Muhammad Y, Shi C, Li H, Su H. Residual organics removal from manganese electrochemical solution using combined Fenton oxidation process with adsorption over activated carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44240-44248. [PMID: 32761526 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The removal of residual organics from manganese (Mn) electrochemical solution using combined Fenton oxidation process with adsorption over activated carbon (AC) was investigated. The effect of operating conditions such as dosage of H2O2, H2O2/Fe2+ ratio, initial pH value, reaction temperature, and reaction time on Fenton oxidation was studied. Experimental results indicated that a maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 83.2% was obtained under the optimized set of conditions: H2O2 concentration of 0.15 mol/L, H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio of 3, initial pH value of 3, reaction temperature of 50 °C, and reaction time of 90 min. The leaching solution was furthered treated over AC and COD removal rate increased to 93.1% under 3.75 g/L dosage of AC, adsorption temperature of 70 °C, and adsorption time of 120 min. The adsorption mechanism of Mn over AC was detailly investigated, while the porous texture of AC was studied by nitrogen adsorption isotherm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Cui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xueping Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530006, China
| | - Yaseen Muhammad
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Chongyi Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Haibin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Haifeng Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Effect of Novel Penicillium verruculosum Enzyme Preparations on the Saccharification of Acid- and Alkali-Pretreated Agro-Industrial Residues. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10091348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating different enzyme combinations in the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse (SCB), soybean husks (SBH) and oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) submitted to mild acid and alkaline pretreatments. Enzyme pools were represented by B1 host (crude cellulase/xylanase complexes of Penicillium verruculosum); B1-XylA (Penicillium canescens xylanase A expressed in P. verruculosum B1 host strain); and F10 (Aspergillus niger β-glucosidase expressed in B1 host strain). Enzyme loading was 10 mg protein/g dry substrate and 40 U/g of β-glucosidase (F10) activity. SCB was efficiently hydrolyzed by B1 host after alkaline pretreatment, yielding glucose and reducing sugars at 71 g/L or 65 g/100 g of dry pretreated substrate and 91 g/L or 83 g/100 g, respectively. B1 host performed better also for EFB, regardless of the pretreatment method, but yields were lower (glucose 27–30 g/L, 25–27 g/100 g; reducing sugars 37–42 g/L, 34–38 g/100 g). SBH was efficiently saccharified by the combination of B1 host and B1-XylA, yielding similar concentrations of reducing sugars for both pretreatments (92–96 g/L, 84–87 g/100 g); glucose recovery, however, was higher with alkaline pretreatment (81 g/L, 74 g/100 g). Glucose and reducing sugar yields from initial substrate mass were 42% and 54% for SCB, 36% and 42–47% for SBH and 16–18% and 21–26% for EFB, respectively.
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang YH, Yang WJ, Cheng CY, Sung HM, Lin SF. Bostrycin production by agro-industrial residues and its potential for food processing. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:715-721. [PMID: 30263596 PMCID: PMC6049593 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bostrycin, a red antibacterial agent produced by Nigrospora sp. no. 407, is considered for meat processing. To optimize production, the culture conditions of submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) were investigated. The optimal SmF conditions were a medium containing 1.0% cane molasses and incubation at 30 °C and 150 rpm for 6 days. In SSF, other than bostrycin, less pigment was produced and the optimal ratio of bagasse to water was 1:2 for 10 days. The production and recovery rate of bostrycin by SmF were 120 mg/L and 40%, respectively. Bostrycin exhibited thermostable, pH-dependent color change and dose-dependent antibacterial activity against Clostridium botulinum. Bostrycin-modified meat turned strong red for at least 24 h and could not be removed by washing; bostrycin maintained its antibacterial activity with a bacteriostasis rate of 91% on Staphylcoccus aureus. This is an easy and inexpensive means of acquiring bostrycin from molasses and sugarcane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jen Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Cheng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
| | - Huang-Mo Sung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Fuh Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hernández-Pérez AF, de Arruda PV, Felipe MDGDA. Sugarcane straw as a feedstock for xylitol production by Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:489-96. [PMID: 26991282 PMCID: PMC4874621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane straw has become an available lignocellulosic biomass since the progressive introduction of the non-burning harvest in Brazil. Besides keeping this biomass in the field, it can be used as a feedstock in thermochemical or biochemical conversion processes. This makes feasible its incorporation in a biorefinery, whose economic profitability could be supported by integrated production of low-value biofuels and high-value chemicals, e.g., xylitol, which has important industrial and clinical applications. Herein, biotechnological production of xylitol is presented as a possible route for the valorization of sugarcane straw and its incorporation in a biorefinery. Nutritional supplementation of the sugarcane straw hemicellulosic hydrolyzate as a function of initial oxygen availability was studied in batch fermentation of Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037. The nutritional supplementation conditions evaluated were: no supplementation; supplementation with (NH4)2SO4, and full supplementation with (NH4)2SO4, rice bran extract and CaCl2·2H2O. Experiments were performed at pH 5.5, 30°C, 200rpm, for 48h in 125mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing either 25 or 50mL of medium in order to vary initial oxygen availability. Without supplementation, complete consumption of glucose and partial consumption of xylose were observed. In this condition the maximum xylitol yield (0.67gg(-1)) was obtained under reduced initial oxygen availability. Nutritional supplementation increased xylose consumption and xylitol production by up to 200% and 240%, respectively. The maximum xylitol volumetric productivity (0.34gL(-1)h(-1)) was reached at full supplementation and increased initial oxygen availability. The results demonstrated a combined effect of nutritional supplementation and initial oxygen availability on xylitol production from sugarcane straw hemicellulosic hydrolyzate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Felipe Hernández-Pérez
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Vaz de Arruda
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sydney EB, Neto CJD, Novak AC, Medeiros ABP, Nouaille R, Larroche C, Soccol CR. Bioethanol Wastes: Economic Valorization. GREEN FUELS TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30205-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
7
|
Statistical Optimization of Laccase Production and Delignification of Sugarcane Bagasse by Pleurotus ostreatus in Solid-State Fermentation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:181204. [PMID: 26180784 PMCID: PMC4477062 DOI: 10.1155/2015/181204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are oxidative enzymes related to the degradation of phenolic compounds, including lignin units, with concomitant reduction of oxygen to water. Delignification is a necessary pretreatment step in the process of converting plant biomass into fermentable sugars. The objective of this work was to optimize the production of laccases and to evaluate the delignification of sugarcane bagasse by Pleurotus ostreatus in solid-state fermentation. Among eight variables (pH, water activity, temperature, and concentrations of CuSO4, (NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, asparagine, and yeast extract), copper sulfate and ammonium sulfate concentrations were demonstrated to significantly influence laccase production. The replacement of ammonium sulfate by yeast extract and the addition of ferulic acid as inducer provided increases of 5.7- and 2.0-fold, respectively, in laccase activity. Optimization of laccase production as a function of yeast extract, copper sulfate, and ferulic acid concentrations was performed by response surface methodology and optimal concentrations were 6.4 g/L, 172.6 μM, and 1.86 mM, respectively. Experimentally, the maximum laccase activity of 151.6 U/g was produced at the 5th day of solid-state fermentation. Lignin content in sugarcane bagasse was reduced from 31.89% to 26.36% after 5 days and to 20.79% after 15 days by the biological treatment of solid-state fermentation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Comparative Secretome Analysis of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger during Growth on Sugarcane Biomass. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129275. [PMID: 26053961 PMCID: PMC4460134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our dependence on fossil fuel sources and concern about the environment has generated a worldwide interest in establishing new sources of fuel and energy. Thus, the use of ethanol as a fuel is advantageous because it is an inexhaustible energy source and has minimal environmental impact. Currently, Brazil is the world's second largest producer of ethanol, which is produced from sugarcane juice fermentation. However, several studies suggest that Brazil could double its production per hectare by using sugarcane bagasse and straw, known as second-generation (2G) bioethanol. Nevertheless, the use of this biomass presents a challenge because the plant cell wall structure, which is composed of complex sugars (cellulose and hemicelluloses), must be broken down into fermentable sugar, such as glucose and xylose. To achieve this goal, several types of hydrolytic enzymes are necessary, and these enzymes represent the majority of the cost associated with 2G bioethanol processing. Reducing the cost of the saccharification process can be achieved via a comprehensive understanding of the hydrolytic mechanisms and enzyme secretion of polysaccharide-hydrolyzing microorganisms. In many natural habitats, several microorganisms degrade lignocellulosic biomass through a set of enzymes that act synergistically. In this study, two fungal species, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei, were grown on sugarcane biomass with two levels of cell wall complexity, culm in natura and pretreated bagasse. The production of enzymes related to biomass degradation was monitored using secretome analyses after 6, 12 and 24 hours. Concurrently, we analyzed the sugars in the supernatant. RESULTS Analyzing the concentration of monosaccharides in the supernatant, we observed that both species are able to disassemble the polysaccharides of sugarcane cell walls since 6 hours post-inoculation. The sugars from the polysaccharides such as arabinoxylan and β-glucan (that compose the most external part of the cell wall in sugarcane) are likely the first to be released and assimilated by both species of fungi. At all time points tested, A. niger produced more enzymes (quantitatively and qualitatively) than T. reesei. However, the most important enzymes related to biomass degradation, including cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases, β-glucosidases, β-xylosidases, endoxylanases, xyloglucanases, and α-arabinofuranosidases, were identified in both secretomes. We also noticed that the both fungi produce more enzymes when grown in culm as a single carbon source. CONCLUSION Our work provides a detailed qualitative and semi-quantitative secretome analysis of A. niger and T. reesei grown on sugarcane biomass. Our data indicate that a combination of enzymes from both fungi is an interesting option to increase saccharification efficiency. In other words, these two fungal species might be combined for their usage in industrial processes.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim SM, Guo J, Kwak S, Jin YS, Lee DK, Singh V. Effects of genetic variation and growing condition of prairie cordgrass on feedstock composition and ethanol yield. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 183:70-77. [PMID: 25723129 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata L.) has the potential to be a feedstock for bioethanol. It is native to North America, and has extensive genetic diversity. Eleven natural populations of prairie cordgrass harvested in 2011 and 2012 were studied. Compositions of the samples showed significant differences within the same year, and between the two years. Two highest, one medium and two lowest glucan concentration samples from each year were selected to evaluate ethanol yield after dilute acid pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation using Saccharomycescerevisiae SR8 that can ferment both glucose and xylose. Up to 88% of theoretical ethanol yields were achieved. Our research demonstrates the potential of prairie cordgrass as a dedicated energy crop with ethanol yields of 205.0-275.6 g/kg biomass and 1748-4368 L/ha, depending on feedstock composition and biomass yield. These ethanol yields are comparable with those of switchgrass, corn stover and bagasse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Min Kim
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Suryang Kwak
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - D K Lee
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Santos JC, Marton JM, Felipe MGA. Continuous System of Combined Columns of Ion Exchange Resins and Activated Charcoal as a New Approach for the Removal of Toxics from Sugar Cane Bagasse Hemicellulosic Hydrolysate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502712j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Júlio C. Santos
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo−Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Estrada Municipal do Campinho sn 12602-810, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José M. Marton
- Agência Ambiental de São
José dos Campos, CETESB−Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo, Av. Olivo Gomes no. 100 12211-115, São José dos Campos,
São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria G. A. Felipe
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo−Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Estrada Municipal do Campinho sn 12602-810, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Banerjee PN, Pranovich A, Dax D, Willför S. Non-cellulosic heteropolysaccharides from sugarcane bagasse - sequential extraction with pressurized hot water and alkaline peroxide at different temperatures. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 155:446-450. [PMID: 24495799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The xylan-rich hemicellulose components of sugarcane bagasse were sequentially extracted with pressurized hot-water extraction (PHWE) and alkaline peroxide. The hemicelluloses were found to contain mainly arabinoxylans with varying substitutions confirmed by different chemical and spectroscopic methods. The arabinoxylans obtained from PHWE were found to be more branched compared to those obtained after alkaline extraction. Sequential extraction could be useful for the isolation of hemicelluloses with different degree of branching, molar mass, and functional groups from sugarcane bagasse, which can be of high potential use for various industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Protibha Nath Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Shroff SR Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, Bharuch, India; Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Andrey Pranovich
- Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland.
| | - Daniel Dax
- Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Stefan Willför
- Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brás T, Guerra V, Torrado I, Lourenço P, Carvalheiro F, Duarte LC, Neves LA. Detoxification of hemicellulosic hydrolysates from extracted olive pomace by diananofiltration. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
13
|
Bioconversion of sugarcane biomass into ethanol: an overview about composition, pretreatment methods, detoxification of hydrolysates, enzymatic saccharification, and ethanol fermentation. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:989572. [PMID: 23251086 PMCID: PMC3516358 DOI: 10.1155/2012/989572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Depleted supplies of fossil fuel, regular price hikes of gasoline, and environmental damage have necessitated the search for economic and eco-benign alternative of gasoline. Ethanol is produced from food/feed-based substrates (grains, sugars, and molasses), and its application as an energy source does not seem fit for long term due to the increasing fuel, food, feed, and other needs. These concerns have enforced to explore the alternative means of cost competitive and sustainable supply of biofuel. Sugarcane residues, sugarcane bagasse (SB), and straw (SS) could be the ideal feedstock for the second-generation (2G) ethanol production. These raw materials are rich in carbohydrates and renewable and do not compete with food/feed demands. However, the efficient bioconversion of SB/SS (efficient pretreatment technology, depolymerization of cellulose, and fermentation of released sugars) remains challenging to commercialize the cellulosic ethanol. Among the technological challenges, robust pretreatment and development of efficient bioconversion process (implicating suitable ethanol producing strains converting pentose and hexose sugars) have a key role to play. This paper aims to review the compositional profile of SB and SS, pretreatment methods of cane biomass, detoxification methods for the purification of hydrolysates, enzymatic hydrolysis, and the fermentation of released sugars for ethanol production.
Collapse
|
14
|
Rodrigues RCLB, Kenealy WR, Dietrich D, Jeffries TW. Response surface methodology (RSM) to evaluate moisture effects on corn stover in recovering xylose by DEO hydrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 108:134-139. [PMID: 22285898 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Response surface methodology (RSM), based on a 2(2) full factorial design, evaluated the moisture effects in recovering xylose by diethyloxalate (DEO) hydrolysis. Experiments were carried out in laboratory reactors (10 mL glass ampoules) containing corn stover (0.5 g) properly ground. The ampoules were kept at 160 °C for 90 min. Both DEO concentration and corn stover moisture content were statistically significant at 99% confidence level. The maximum xylose recovery by the response surface methodology was achieved employing both DEO concentration and corn stover moisture at near their highest levels area. We amplified this area by using an overlay plot as a graphical optimization using a response of xylose recovery more than 80%. The mathematical statistical model was validated by testing a specific condition in the satisfied overlay plot area. Experimentally, a maximum xylose recovery (81.2%) was achieved by using initial corn stover moisture of 60% and a DEO concentration of 4% w/w. The mathematical statistical model showed that xylose recovery increases during DEO corn stover acid hydrolysis as the corn stover moisture level increases. This observation could be important during the harvesting of corn before it is fully dried in the field. The corn stover moisture was an important variable to improve xylose recovery by DEO acid hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita C L B Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, DEBIQ, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, EEL, USP Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box 116, 12600-970 Lorena, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Salgado JM, Rodríguez N, Cortés S, Domínguez JM. EFFECT OF NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTATION OF CRUDE OR DETOXIFIED CONCENTRATED DISTILLED GRAPE MARC HEMICELLULOSIC HYDROLYSATES ON THE XYLITOL PRODUCTION BYDebaryomyces hansenii. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 42:1-14. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2011.552145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
16
|
Prakash G, Varma AJ, Prabhune A, Shouche Y, Rao M. Microbial production of xylitol from D-xylose and sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose using newly isolated thermotolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:3304-8. [PMID: 21067918 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A thermotolerant yeast capable of fermenting xylose to xylitol at 40°C was isolated and identified as a strain of Debaryomyces hansenii by ITS sequencing. This paper reports the production of xylitol from D-xylose and sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose by free and Ca-alginate immobilized cells of D. hansenii. The efficiency of free and immobilized cells were compared for xylitol production from D-xylose and hemicellulose in batch culture at 40°C. The maximum xylitol produced by free cells was 68.6 g/L from 100 g/L of xylose, with a yield of 0.76 g/g and volumetric productivity 0.44 g/L/h. The yield of xylitol and volumetric productivity were 0.69 g/g and 0.28 g/L/h respectively from hemicellulosic hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse after detoxification with activated charcoal and ion exchange resins. The Ca-alginate immobilized D. hansenii cells produced 73.8 g of xylitol from 100 g/L of xylose with a yield of 0.82 g/g and volumetric productivity of 0.46 g/L/h and were reused for five batches with steady bioconversion rates and yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyan Prakash
- Biochemical Sciences Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Analysis of soluble and insoluble fractions of alkali and subcritical water treated sugarcane bagasse. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
18
|
Huang X, Wang Y, Cui Y, Hua X. Optimization of Antifungal Effect of Surfactin and Iturin to Penicillium notatum in Syrup of Peach by RSM. Int J Pept Res Ther 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-010-9204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
Carrasco C, Baudel H, Sendelius J, Modig T, Roslander C, Galbe M, Hahn-Hägerdal B, Zacchi G, Lidén G. SO2-catalyzed steam pretreatment and fermentation of enzymatically hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
20
|
Peng F, Ren JL, Xu F, Bian J, Peng P, Sun RC. Comparative study of hemicelluloses obtained by graded ethanol precipitation from sugarcane bagasse. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6305-17. [PMID: 19537731 DOI: 10.1021/jf900986b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The sequential treatment of dewaxed sugarcane bagasse with H(2)O and 1 and 3% NaOH at a solid to liquid ratio of 1:25 (g mL(-1)) at 50 degrees C for 3 h yielded 74.9% of the original hemicelluloses. Each of the hemicellulosic fractions was successively subfractionated by graded precipitation at ethanol concentrations of 15, 30, and 60% (v/v). Chemical composition, physicochemical properties, and structures of eight precipitated hemicellulosic fractions were elucidated by a combination of sugar analysis, nitrobenzene oxidation of bound lignin, molecular determination, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic spectroscopies, and thermal analysis. The results showed that the sequential treatments and graded precipitations were very effective on the fractionation of hemicelluloses from bagasse. Comparison of these hemicelluloses indicated that the smaller sized and more branched hemicelluloses were extracted by the hot water treatment; they are rich in glucose, probably originating from alpha-glucan and pectic polysaccharides. The larger molecular size and more linear hemicelluloses were dissolved by the alkali treatment; they are rich in xylose, principally resulting from l-arabino-(4-O-methylglucurono)-d-xylans. In addition, noticeable differences in the chemical composition and molecular weights were observed among the graded hemicellulosic subfractions from the water-soluble and alkali-soluble hemicelluloses. The Ara/Xyl ratio increased with the increment of ethanol concentration from 15 to 60%, and the arabinoxylans with higher Ara/Xyl ratios had higher molecular weights. There were no significant differences in the structural features of the precipitated hemicellulosic subfractions, which are mainly constituted of l-arabino-(4-O-methyl-d-glucurono)xylan, whereas the difference may occur in the distribution of branches along the xylan backbone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
González-Sáiz JM, Garrido-Vidal D, Pizarro C. Modelling the industrial production of vinegar in aerated-stirred fermentors in terms of process variables. J FOOD ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
22
|
Sarrouh BF, de Freitas Branco R, da Silva SS. Biotechnological Production of Xylitol: Enhancement of Monosaccharide Production by Post-Hydrolysis of Dilute Acid Sugarcane Hydrolysate. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 153:163-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
23
|
Sampaio FC, de Faria JT, Passos FML, Converti A, Minin LA. Optimal activity and thermostability of xylose reductase from Debaryomyces hansenii UFV-170. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 36:293-300. [PMID: 19037674 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Xylose reductase (XR) is the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of xylose metabolism. Although XRs from various yeasts have been characterized, little is known about this enzyme in Debaryomyces hansenii. In the present study, response surface analysis was used to determine the optimal conditions for D. hansenii UFV-170 XR activity. The influence of pH and temperature, ranging from 4.0 to 8.0 and from 25 to 55 degrees C, respectively, was evaluated by a 2(2) central composite design face-centered. The F-test (ANOVA) and the Student's t test were performed to evaluate the statistical significance of the model and the regression coefficients, respectively. The NADPH-dependent XR activity varied from 0.502 to 2.53 U mL(-1), corresponding to 0.07-0.352 U mg(-1), whereas the NADH-dependent one was almost negligible. The model predicted with satisfactory correlation (R (2) = 0.940) maximum volumetric activity of 2.27 U mL(-1) and specific activity of 0.300 U mg(-1) at pH 5.3 and 39 degrees C, which were fairly confirmed by additional tests performed under these conditions. The enzyme proved very stable at low temperature (4 degrees C), keeping its activity almost entirely after 360 min, which corresponded to the half-time at 39 degrees C. On the other hand, at temperatures >or=50 degrees C it was lost almost completely after only 20 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio C Sampaio
- Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36571-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mussatto SI, Dragone G, Roberto IC. Kinetic Behavior of Candida guilliermondii Yeast during Xylitol Production from Brewerapos;s Spent Grain Hemicellulosic Hydrolysate. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 21:1352-6. [PMID: 16080723 DOI: 10.1021/bp0501118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brewer's spent grain, the main byproduct of breweries, was hydrolyzed with dilute sulfuric acid to produce a hemicellulosic hydrolysate (containing xylose as the main sugar). The obtained hydrolysate was used as cultivation medium by Candidaguilliermondii yeast in the raw form (containing 20 g/L xylose) and after concentration (85 g/L xylose), and the kinetic behavior of the yeast during xylitol production was evaluated in both media. Assays in semisynthetic media were also performed to compare the yeast performance in media without toxic compounds. According to the results, the kinetic behavior of the yeast cultivated in raw hydrolysate was as effective as in semisynthetic medium containing 20 g/L xylose. However, in concentrated hydrolysate medium, the xylitol production efficiency was 30.6% and 42.6% lower than in raw hydrolysate and semisynthetic medium containing 85 g/L xylose, respectively. In other words, the xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion from hydrolysate medium was strongly affected when the initial xylose concentration was increased; however, similar behavior did not occur from semisynthetic media. The lowest efficiency of xylitol production from concentrated hydrolysate can be attributed to the high concentration of toxic compounds present in this medium, resulting from the hydrolysate concentration process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solange I Mussatto
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Engenharia Química de Lorena, Rodovia Itajubá-Lorena km 74,5, CEP: 12600-970, Lorena/SP, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mussatto SI, Roberto IC. Establishment of the optimum initial xylose concentration and nutritional supplementation of brewer's spent grain hydrolysate for xylitol production by Candida guilliermondii. Process Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
26
|
Mannan S, Fakhruĺ-Razi A, Alam MZ. Optimization of process parameters for the bioconversion of activated sludge by Penicillium corylophilum, using response surface methodology. J Environ Sci (China) 2007; 19:23-8. [PMID: 17913149 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(07)60004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The optimization of process parameters for the bioconversion of activated sludge by Penicillium corylophilum was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). The three parameters namely temperature of 33 degrees C, agitation of 150 r/min, and pH of 5 were chosen as center point from the previous study of fungal treatment. The experimental data on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (%) were fitted into a quadratic polynomial model using multiple regression analysis. The optimum process conditions were determined by analyzing response surface three-dimensional surface plot and contour plot and by solving the regression model equation with Design Expert software. Box-Behnken design technique under RSM was used to optimize their interactions, which showed that an incubation temperature of 32.5 degrees C, agitation of 105 r/min, and pH of 5.5 were the best conditions. Under these conditions, the maximum predicted yield of COD removal was 98.43%. These optimum conditions were used to evaluate the trail experiment, and the maximum yield of COD removal was recorded as 98.5%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarkar Mannan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, D.E., Malaysia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhu CH, Lu FP, He YN, Zhang JK, Du LX. Statistical optimization of medium components for avilamycin production by Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü57-1 using response surface methodology. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 34:271-8. [PMID: 17186208 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-006-0195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A fermentation medium for avilamycin production by Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü57-1 has been optimized. Important components and their concentrations were investigated using fractional factorial design and Box-Behnken Design. The results showed that soybean flour, soluble starch, MgSO4.7H2O and CaCl2.2H2O are important for avilamycin production. A polynomial model related to medium components and avilamycin yield had been established. A high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.92) was obtained that indicated good agreement between the experimental and predicted values of avilamycin yield. Student's T-test of each coefficient showed that all the linear and quadratic terms had significant effect (P > |T| < 0.05) on avilamycin yield. The significance of tested components was related to MgSO4.7H2O (0.37 g/L), CaCl2.2H2O (0.39 g/L), soybean flour (21.97 g/L) and soluble starch (37.22 g/L). The yield of avilamycin reached 88.33 +/- 0.94 mg/L (p < 0.05) that was 2.8-fold the initial yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-He Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shangdong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Optimization of medium composition for biomass production of recombinant Escherichia coli cells using response surface methodology. Biochem Eng J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
29
|
Sampaio FC, De Faveri D, Mantovani HC, Passos FML, Perego P, Converti A. Use of response surface methodology for optimization of xylitol production by the new yeast strain Debaryomyces hansenii UFV-170. J FOOD ENG 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
30
|
Rodrigues RCLB, Sene L, Matos GS, Roberto IC, Pessoa A, Felipe MGA. Enhanced Xylitol Production by Precultivation of Candida guilliermondii Cells in Sugarcane Bagasse Hemicellulosic Hydrolysate. Curr Microbiol 2006; 53:53-9. [PMID: 16775788 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-005-0242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present work evaluated the key enzymes involved in xylitol production (xylose reductase [XR] and xylitol dehydrogenase [XDH]) and their correlation with xylose, arabinose, and acetic acid assimilation during cultivation of Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 cells in sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate. For this purpose, inocula previously grown either in sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate (SBHH) or in semidefined medium (xylose as a substrate) were used. The highest xylose/acetic acid consumption ratio (1.78) and the lowest arabinose consumption (13%) were attained in the fermentation using inoculum previously grown in semidefined medium (without acetic acid and arabinose). In this case, the highest values of XR (1.37 U mg prot(-1)) and XDH (0.91 U mg prot(-1)) activities were observed. The highest xylitol yield (approximately 0.55 g g(-1)) and byproducts (ethanol and glycerol) formation were not influenced by inoculum procedure. However, the cell previously grown in the hydrolysate was effective in enhancing xylitol production by keeping the XR enzyme activity at high levels (around 0.99 U.mg(prot) (-1)), reducing the XDH activity (34.0%) and increasing xylitol volumetric productivity (26.5%) with respect to the inoculum cultivated in semidefined medium. Therefore, inoculum adaptation to SBHH was shown to be an important strategy to improve xylitol productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita C L B Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, DEBIQ, Faculdade de Engenharia Química de Lorena, FAENQUIL, Lorena, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Souza CFD, Flôres SH, Ayub MAZ. Optimization of medium composition for the production of transglutaminase by Bacillus circulans BL32 using statistical experimental methods. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2005.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
32
|
Gurpilhares DB, Pessoa A, Roberto IC. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and xylitol production by Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 using statistical experimental design. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
33
|
Liu J, Xing J, Chang T, Ma Z, Liu H. Optimization of nutritional conditions for nattokinase production by Bacillus natto NLSSE using statistical experimental methods. Process Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
34
|
Optimizing medium composition for TaqI endonuclease production by recombinant Escherichia coli cells using response surface methodology. Process Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
35
|
Wang YX, Lu ZX. Optimization of processing parameters for the mycelial growth and extracellular polysaccharide production by Boletus spp. ACCC 50328. Process Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
36
|
Wang YX, Lu ZX. Statistical optimization of media for extracellular polysaccharide by Pholiota squarrosa (Pers. ex Fr.) Quel. AS 5.245 under submerged cultivation. Biochem Eng J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
37
|
|