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Ortega-Requena S, Montiel C, Máximo F, Gómez M, Murcia MD, Bastida J. Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:268. [PMID: 38204120 PMCID: PMC10779758 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Esters are versatile compounds with a wide range of applications in various industries due to their unique properties and pleasant aromas. Conventionally, the manufacture of these compounds has relied on the chemical route. Nevertheless, this technique employs high temperatures and inorganic catalysts, resulting in undesired additional steps to purify the final product by removing solvent residues, which decreases environmental sustainability and energy efficiency. In accordance with the principles of "Green Chemistry" and the search for more environmentally friendly methods, a new alternative, the enzymatic route, has been introduced. This technique uses low temperatures and does not require the use of solvents, resulting in more environmentally friendly final products. Despite the large number of studies published on the biocatalytic synthesis of esters, little attention has been paid to the reactors used for it. Therefore, it is convenient to gather the scattered information regarding the type of reactor employed in these synthesis reactions, considering the industrial field in which the process is carried out. A comparison between the performance of the different reactor configurations will allow us to draw the appropriate conclusions regarding their suitability for each specific industrial application. This review addresses, for the first time, the above aspects, which will undoubtedly help with the correct industrial implementation of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Josefa Bastida
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus of Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.O.-R.); (C.M.); (F.M.); (M.G.); (M.D.M.)
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Yadav MG, Vadgama RN, Kavadia MR, Odaneth AA, Lali AM. Production of Pentaerythritol Monoricinoleate (PEMR) by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23:e00353. [PMID: 31304100 PMCID: PMC6599945 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, green synthesis of pentaerythritol monoricinoleate (PEMR) was carried out using Candida antarctica lipase B immobilized on hydrophobic adsorbent via interfacial activation. Various reaction parameters such as reaction time, organic solvent, molar ratio, the enzyme load, and presence of molecular sieves on pentaerythritol (PE) ester synthesis were systematically studied to yield selective monoester of PE. The strategies (smart use of substrate molar ratio and polar organic solvent) were employed to suppress dimerization of ricinoleic acid (RA) to avoid by-product formation and hence to obtain superior mono-ester yield. Under optimized conditions viz. substrate molar ratio of 4 (PE):1 (RA) with 2% enzyme load and 200 g/L molecular sieves in the presence of tert-butanol, 93% substrate molar conversion in 24 h reaction time was obtained. The synthesized PEMR was also characterized using FT-IR and Mass spectroscopy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the enzymatic synthesis of PEMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish G Yadav
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT, Formerly UDCT/UICT), University under Section 3 of UGC Act - 1956, Elite Status & Centre of Excellence - Government of Maharashtra, TEQIP Phase II funded, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Rajeshkumar N Vadgama
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT, Formerly UDCT/UICT), University under Section 3 of UGC Act - 1956, Elite Status & Centre of Excellence - Government of Maharashtra, TEQIP Phase II funded, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Monali R Kavadia
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT, Formerly UDCT/UICT), University under Section 3 of UGC Act - 1956, Elite Status & Centre of Excellence - Government of Maharashtra, TEQIP Phase II funded, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Annamma Anil Odaneth
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT, Formerly UDCT/UICT), University under Section 3 of UGC Act - 1956, Elite Status & Centre of Excellence - Government of Maharashtra, TEQIP Phase II funded, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Arvind M Lali
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT, Formerly UDCT/UICT), University under Section 3 of UGC Act - 1956, Elite Status & Centre of Excellence - Government of Maharashtra, TEQIP Phase II funded, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
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Continuous Laminaribiose Production Using an Immobilized Bienzymatic System in a Packed Bed Reactor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 186:861-876. [PMID: 29766370 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2779-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The first continuous production system of laminaribiose from sucrose and glucose in a bienzymatic reaction is reported in this study. Immobilized laminaribiose phosphorylase and sucrose phosphorylase were used in a packed bed reactor system comprising of a 3-cm glass column at 35 °C with a steady feeding flow rate of 0.1 ml/min. Factors affecting product formation including enzyme ratio, peal concept (both enzymes in one pearl or in separate pearls), and pearl size were studied. An enzyme ratio of 2:1 of laminaribiose phosphorylase (LP) to sucrose phosphorylase (SP) when encapsulated separately in bigger size peals resulted in higher concentration of product. Laminaribiose (0.4 g/(L h)) is produced in the optimized system at steady state. The reaction system proved to be operationally stable throughout 10 days of continuous processing. A half-life time of more than 9 days was observed for both biocatalysts.
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Jia C, Wang H, Zhang W, Zhang X, Feng B. Efficient enzyme-selective synthesis of monolauryl mannose in a circulating fluidized bed reactor. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu Q, Hua Y. Continuous synthesis of hexanal by immobilized hydroperoxide lyase in packed-bed reactor. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 38:2439-49. [PMID: 26463182 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop an optimal continuous procedure of immobilized hydroperoxide lyase (HPL)-catalyzed synthesis of hexanal. A central composite design was used to study the combined effect of substrate concentration and the residence time of the reactant on hexanal concentration. The optimum conditions for hexanal synthesis included a 13-HPOD concentration of 43.54 mM and a residence time of 60.99 min. The maximum hexanal concentration was 3560 ± 130 mg/L when 16 U of immobilized HPLwas used. Furthermore, the stability of immobilized HPL was significantly improved in the packed-bed reactor, as evidenced by the slowed enzyme inactivation and prolonged operation time. The immobilized HPL remained activity until 40 mL substrate solution flowed past the packed-bed reactor. The catalyst productivity of hexanal in the packed-bed reactor was 5.35 ± 0.34 mg/U, much higher than that in the batch stirred reactor. This study was greatly meaningful for providing a green method to the large-scale production of hexanal.
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Ben Akacha N, Gargouri M. Microbial and enzymatic technologies used for the production of natural aroma compounds: Synthesis, recovery modeling, and bioprocesses. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Aziah Serri N, Kamaruddin A, Len KT. A continuous esterification of malonic acid with citronellol using packed bed reactor: Investigation of parameter and kinetics study. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Piao J, Adachi S. Enzymatic preparation of fatty acid esters of sugar alcohols by condensation in acetone using a packed-bed reactor with immobilizedCandida antarcticalipase. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420400005788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Immobilized lipase-mediated long-chain fatty acid esterification in dense carbon dioxide: bench-scale packed-bed reactor study. J Supercrit Fluids 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2006.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stability of O/W emulsions prepared using various monoacyl sugar alcohols as an emulsifier. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Piao J, Kishi S, Adachi S. Surface tensions of aqueous solutions of 1-O-monoacyl sugar alcohols. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Adachi S, Kobayashi T. Synthesis of esters by immobilized-lipase-catalyzed condensation reaction of sugars and fatty acids in water-miscible organic solvent. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 99:87-94. [PMID: 16233762 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.99.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A lipase-catalyzed condensation reaction in an organic solvent is a promising means of synthesizing esters. Reaction equilibrium constant, which is usually defined on the basis of reactant concentration, is an important parameter for estimating equilibrium yield. It is shown that the constant is markedly, affected by some factors, such as the hydration of a sugar substrate and the interaction of a reactant with a solvent. To reasonably design the reaction system or determine the reaction conditions, attention should be paid to these factors. From the viewpoint of kinetics, substrate selectivity for carboxylic acids also numerically correlates to the electrical and steric properties of these acids. Reactor systems for continuously producing esters through an immobilized-lipase-catalyzed condensation reaction are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Adachi
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Chen J, Kimura Y, Adachi S. Continuous synthesis of 6-O-linoleoyl hexose using a packed-bed reactor system with immobilized lipase. Biochem Eng J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2004.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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