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Martínez J, Escudero E, Badillo E, Yuste MT, Galecio JS, Marín P. Disposition kinetics and bioavailability of doxycycline after parenteral administrations in ewes. Res Vet Sci 2024; 180:105412. [PMID: 39265197 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Doxycycline is a tetracycline, which have been marketed in different species for treating infections caused by susceptible bacteria. There is limited information on the disposition kinetics of this drug in ewes and this antimicrobial may be useful against several sheep pathogens that are common causes of morbidity and economic loss. Therefore, the aim of this work was to establish the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline after intravenous (IV) and extravascular (subcutaneous (SC) and intramuscular (IM)) administrations in this species. A cross-over model was designed (n = 6). Doxycycline was dosed at 5 mg/kg for IV administration and 20 mg/kg for extravascular administrations. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic methods were used to calculate plasma concentration-time data. The value of apparent volume of distribution (Vz) suggests a moderate distribution of this antibiotic in sheep, with a value of 0.84 L/kg. The maximum concentrations achieved after extravascular administrations (Cmax) were similar, with no significant differences between the two routes of administration (IM and SC). However, doxycycline absorption was slower after SC administration than after IM administration, taking twice as long to reach maximum plasma concentration (tmax). Bioavailabilities after extravascular routes of administration were low and after IM administration doxycycline caused lameness in all animals. Therefore, the SC administration showed a better profile with respect to pharmacokinetic properties and safety. Future studies on the susceptibility of isolated sheep pathogens to doxycycline are needed to establish appropriate dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30 100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elisa Escudero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30 100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Badillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30 100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Teresa Yuste
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30 100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Juan Sebastián Galecio
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, EC 170157 Cumbayá, Ecuador
| | - Pedro Marín
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30 100 Murcia, Spain
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Martínez J, Escudero E, Badillo E, Yuste MT, Galecio JS, Marin P. Pharmacokinetics of Doxycycline in Plasma and Milk after Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration in Dairy Goats. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2416. [PMID: 39199950 PMCID: PMC11350887 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Doxycycline is a second-generation tetracycline, marketed in different species for treating infections caused by susceptible bacteria. Little information is available on the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in lactating goats. The objective of this study was to establish the disposition kinetics of doxycycline after parenteral administration (intravenous and intramuscular) in dairy goats and its elimination in milk. A cross-over model was designed (n = 6). Doxycycline was dosed at 5 mg/kg for intravenous administration and 20 mg/kg for extravascular administrations. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic methods were used to calculate plasma concentration-time data. The Vz value suggests a moderate distribution of this antibiotic in goats, with a value of 0.85 L/kg. A low bioavailability (F = 45.60%) of doxycycline following an intramuscular injection was observed, with all animals exhibiting signs of lameness. Doxycycline rapidly crossed the blood-milk barrier, but exposure to the antimicrobial and the concentrations reached in milk were lower than those obtained in plasma. Although PK/PD ratios may be low with the pharmacokinetic data obtained with this formulation of doxycycline, at this dose and route of administration, doxycycline after IM administration could be useful for infections by moderate or highly susceptible bacteria in the mammary gland of goats. However, it may be necessary to test different doses of doxycycline or other routes of administration to achieve better surrogate markers and to establish repeated dosing regimens and clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.); (E.E.); (P.M.)
| | - Elisa Escudero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.); (E.E.); (P.M.)
| | - Elena Badillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.); (E.E.); (P.M.)
| | - María Teresa Yuste
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.); (E.E.); (P.M.)
| | - Juan Sebastián Galecio
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito EC 170157, Cumbayá, Ecuador;
| | - Pedro Marin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.); (E.E.); (P.M.)
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3
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Poapolathep A, Sriphairoj K, Hatachote S, Wongpanit K, Saensawath D, Klangkaew N, Phaochoosak N, Giorgi M, Poapolathep S. Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in hybrid catfish ( Clarias macrocephalus x C. gariepinus) after intravascular and oral administrations. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e58. [PMID: 39083210 PMCID: PMC11291427 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.24118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Over the past decade, catfish farming has increased in Southeast Asia. However, there has been no existing for pharmacokinetic data in the hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus x C. gariepinus). OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of oxytetracycline (OTC) in the hybrid catfish, following single intravascular (IV) or oral (PO) administration at a single dosage of 50 mg/kg body weight (BW). METHODS In total, 140 catfish (each about 100-120 g BW) were divided into two groups (n = 70). Blood samples (0.6-0.8 mL) were collected from ventral caudal vein at pre-assigned times up to 144 h (sparse samples design). OTC plasma concentrations were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector. RESULTS The pharmacokinetic parameter of OTC was evaluated using a non-compartment model. OTC plasma concentrations were detectable for up to 144 and 120 h after IV and PO, respectively. The elimination half-life value of OTC was long with slow clearance after IV administration in hybrid catfish. The average maximum concentration value of OTC was 2.72 µg/mL with a time at the maximum concentration of 8 h. The absolute PO bioavailability was low (2.47%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results showed that PO administration of OTC at a dosage of 50 mg/kg BW was unlikely to be effective for clinical use in catfish. The pharmacodynamic properties and clinical efficacy of OTC after multiple medicated feed are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kednapat Sriphairoj
- Department of Agriculture and Resources, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Sittichai Hatachote
- Department of Agriculture and Resources, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Kannika Wongpanit
- Department of Agriculture and Resources, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Duangkamol Saensawath
- Department of Agriculture and Resources, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa 56121, Italy
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Jariyapamornkoon N, Nuanualsuwan S, Suanpairintr N. In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Fosfomycin against Escherichia coli Isolates from Canine Urinary Tract Infection. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1916. [PMID: 38998027 PMCID: PMC11240368 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fosfomycin is a bactericidal drug recommended as an alternative treatment for canine bacterial cystitis, particularly in cases involving multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections when no other options are available. In this study, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of fosfomycin were determined against 79 clinical E. coli isolates using the agar dilution method. The susceptibility rate of E. coli to fosfomycin was 86.06%, with MIC50 and MIC90 values of 4 mg/L and 96 mg/L, respectively. MPC50 and MPC90 values were 64 mg/L and 192 mg/L. Using pharmacokinetic (PK) data from dogs given a single 80 mg/kg oral dose of fosfomycin, the area under the curve per MIC50 (AUC0-24/MIC50) was 85.79 with time above MIC50 (T > MIC50) exceeding 50%. In urine, the AUC0-24/MIC50 was 10,694.78, and the AUC0-24/MPC90 was 222.81, with T > MPC90 extending beyond 24 h. Therefore, fosfomycin exhibited significant antibacterial activity against canine uropathogenic E. coli, including MDR strains, at concentrations below the susceptible MIC breakpoint. However, the high MPC values, especially the MPC90, indicate the critical importance of performing susceptibility testing for fosfomycin and maintaining ongoing resistance monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattha Jariyapamornkoon
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Suphachai Nuanualsuwan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence for Food and Water Risk Analysis (FAWRA), Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nipattra Suanpairintr
- Center of Excellence for Food and Water Risk Analysis (FAWRA), Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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5
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Assefa GM, Roberts JA, Mohammed SA, Sime FB. What are the optimal pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets for β-lactamase inhibitors? A systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:946-958. [PMID: 38459763 PMCID: PMC11062945 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices are widely used for the selection of optimum antibiotic doses. For β-lactam antibiotics, fT>MIC, best relates antibiotic exposure to efficacy and is widely used to guide the dosing of β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor (BLI) combinations, often without considering any PK/PD exposure requirements for BLIs. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aimed to describe the PK/PD exposure requirements of BLIs for optimal microbiological efficacy when used in combination with β-lactam antibiotics. METHODS Literature was searched online through PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases up to 5 June 2023. Studies that report the PK/PD index and threshold concentration of BLIs approved for clinical use were included. Narrative data synthesis was carried out to assimilate the available evidence. RESULTS Twenty-three studies were included. The PK/PD index that described the efficacy of BLIs was fT>CT for tazobactam, avibactam and clavulanic acid and fAUC0-24/MIC for relebactam and vaborbactam. The optimal magnitude of the PK/PD index is variable for each BLI based on the companion β-lactam antibiotics, type of bacteria and β-lactamase enzyme gene transcription levels. CONCLUSIONS The PK/PD index that describes the efficacy of BLIs and the exposure measure required for their efficacy is variable among inhibitors; as a result, it is difficult to make clear inference on what the optimum index is. Further PK/PD profiling of BLI, using preclinical infection models that simulate the anticipated mode(s) of clinical use, is warranted to streamline the exposure targets for use in the optimization of dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getnet M Assefa
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Pharmacy Department, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Herston Infectious Disease Institute (HeIDI), Metro North Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emerging and Pain Medicine, Nimes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nimes, France
| | - Solomon A Mohammed
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Fekade B Sime
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Zhang W, Lu Y, Ma M, Yang J, Huang H, Peng X, Zeng Z, Zeng D. Ex vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic of hexahydrocolupulone against Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1362292. [PMID: 38756506 PMCID: PMC11097972 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1362292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The economic impact of necrotizing enteritis (NE) resulting from Clostridium perfringens infection has been significant within the broiler industry. This study primarily investigated the antibacterial efficacy of hexahydrocolupulone against C. perfringens, and its pharmacokinetics within the ileal contents of broiler chickens. Additionally, a dosing regimen was developed based on the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model specific to broiler chickens. Results of the study indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of hexahydrocolupulone against C. perfringens ranged from 2 mg/L to 16 mg/L in MH broth. However, in ileal content, the MIC ranged from 8 mg/L to 64 mg/L. The mutation prevention concentration (MPC) in the culture medium was found to be 128 mg/L. After oral administration of hexahydrocolupulone at a single dosage of 10-40 mg/kg bodyweight, the peak concentration (Cmax), maximum concentration time (Tmax), and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in ileal content of broiler chickens were 291.42-3519.50 μg/g, 1-1.5 h, and 478.99-3121.41 μg h/g, respectively. By integrating the in vivo PK and ex vivo PD data, the AUC0-24h/MIC values required for achieving bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and bacterial eradication effects were determined to be 36.79, 52.67, and 62.71 h, respectively. A dosage regimen of 32.9 mg/kg at 24 h intervals for a duration of 3 days would yield therapeutic efficacy in broiler chickens against C. perfringens, provided that the MIC below 4 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minglang Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiguo Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianfeng Peng
- Guangzhou Insighter Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongping Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Kerek Á, Szabó Á, Jerzsele Á. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Pasteurella multocida Isolates from Clinical Cases of Waterfowl in Hungary between 2022 and 2023. Vet Sci 2024; 11:194. [PMID: 38787166 PMCID: PMC11125817 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The waterfowl industry represents a narrow, yet economically significant, sector within the poultry industry. Although less prominent, the waterfowl sector is nonetheless of equal importance to any other livestock sector in terms of antimicrobial resistance and animal health issues. This study assesses the antimicrobial resistance profile of Pasteurella multocida bacterial strains isolated from clinical cases in Hungary's duck and goose populations, determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 27 samples collected from 15 different locations. The results indicate that the isolated strains were susceptible to most antibiotics, except for notable resistance to enrofloxacin. These findings support that Pasteurella multocida largely retained its susceptibility. However, the observed resistance to enrofloxacin suggests overuse of fluoroquinolones, which indicates the potential need for stricter regulation of their use in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Kerek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ábel Szabó
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (Á.J.)
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
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8
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King ES, Stacy AE, Scott JG. A low-footprint, fluorescence-based bacterial time-kill assay for estimating dose-dependent cell death dynamics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.08.584154. [PMID: 38562844 PMCID: PMC10983867 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.584154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Dose-response curves that describe the relationship between antibiotic dose and growth rate in bacteria are commonly measured with optical density (OD) based assays. While being simple and high-throughput, any dose-dependent cell death dynamics are obscured, as OD assays in batch culture can only quantify a positive net change in cells. Time-kill experiments can be used to quantify cell death rates, but current techniques are extremely resource-intensive and may be biased by residual drug carried over into the quantification assay. Here, we report a novel, fluorescence-based time-kill assay leveraging resazurin as a viable cell count indicator. Our method improves upon previous techniques by greatly reducing the material cost and being robust to residual drug carry-over. We demonstrate our technique by quantifying a dose-response curve in Escherichia coli subject to cefotaxime, revealing dose-dependent death rates. We also show that our method is robust to extracellular debris and cell aggregation. Dose-response curves quantified with our method may provide a more accurate description of pathogen response to therapy, paving the way for more accurate integrated pharmacodynamic-pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshan S. King
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anna E. Stacy
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jacob G. Scott
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research and Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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9
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Chen EP, Dutta S, Ho MH, DeMartino MP. Model-Based Virtual PK/PD Exploration and Machine Learning Approach to Define PK Drivers in Early Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3727-3740. [PMID: 38375820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
While poor translatability of preclinical efficacy models can be responsible for clinical phase II failures, misdefinition of the optimal PK properties required to achieve therapeutic efficacy can also be a contributing factor. In the present work, the pharmacological dependency of PK end points in driving efficacy is demonstrated for six common pharmacological processes via model-based analysis. The analysis shows that the response is driven by multiple pharmacology-specific PK end points that change with how the response is defined. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the most important chemical structural features influencing response are specific to both target and downstream pharmacology, meaning the design and screening criteria must be defined uniquely for each target and corresponding pharmacology. The model-based virtual exploration of PK/PD relationships presented in this work offers one approach to identify target pharmacology-specific PK drivers and the associated potency-ADME space early in discovery to increase the probability of success and, ultimately, clinical attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile P Chen
- Systems Modeling and Translational Biology, Computational Sciences, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Shayoni Dutta
- Systems Modeling and Translational Biology, Computational Sciences, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Ming-Hsun Ho
- Molecular Design, Computational Sciences, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
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10
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Jariyapamornkoon N, Patthanachai K, Suanpairintr N. Plasma and Urine Pharmacokinetics of Oral Fosfomycin Tromethamine in Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:391. [PMID: 37368777 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum, bactericidal antibiotic with low toxicity. It has been used in human medicine and is a promising candidate for treating infections in veterinary medicine. Different Fosfomycin salts exhibit various degrees of bioavailability. Tromethamine salt is the most commonly used oral form due to its improved bioavailability. However, information regarding its use with dogs is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of oral Fosfomycin tromethamine in canine plasma and urine using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Six healthy male beagles underwent a three-period three-treatment study: treatment 1 and 2 with single oral Fosfomycin tromethamine at 40 and 80 mg/kg (the total doses with tromethamine salt were 75 and 150 mg/kg, respectively), and treatment 3 with intravenously Fosfomycin disodium at 57 mg/kg (the total dose with disodium salt was 75 mg/kg). Dogs receiving oral Fosfomycin tromethamine at 75 and 150 mg/kg, maximal drug concentration (Cmax) in plasma produced results of 34.46 ± 12.52 and 66.40 ± 12.64 µg/mL, oral bioavailability (F) was approximately 38 and 45%, while urine Cmax was 4463.07 ± 2208.88 and 8784.93 ± 2303.46 µg/mL, respectively. No serious adverse effects were reported, except loose stool in some dogs. The tremendously high urine Fosfomycin concentrations indicate that oral Fosfomycin tromethamine is suitable as an alternative treatment for bacterial cystitis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattha Jariyapamornkoon
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Koranis Patthanachai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nipattra Suanpairintr
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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11
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Wu CF, Chen SH, Chou CC, Wang CM, Huang SW, Kuo HC. Serotype and multilocus sequence typing of Streptococcus suis from diseased pigs in Taiwan. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8263. [PMID: 37217544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) infection can cause clinically severe meningitis, arthritis, pneumonia and septicemia in pigs. To date, studies on the serotypes, genotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of S. suis in affected pigs in Taiwan are rare. In this study, we comprehensively characterized 388 S. suis isolates from 355 diseased pigs in Taiwan. The most prevalent serotypes of S. suis were serotypes 3, 7 and 8. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed 22 novel sequence types (STs) including ST1831-1852 and one new clonal complex (CC), CC1832. The identified genotypes mainly belonged to ST27, ST94 and ST1831, and CC27 and CC1832 were the main clusters. These clinical isolates were highly susceptible to ceftiofur, cefazolin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and gentamicin. The bacteria were prone to be isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid in suckling pigs with the majority belonging to serotype 1 and ST1. In contrast, ST28 strains that corresponded to serotypes 2 and 1/2 were more likely to exist in the lungs of growing-finishing pigs, which posted a higher risk for food safety and public health. This study provided the genetic characterization, serotyping and the most current epidemiological features of S. suis in Taiwan, which should afford a better preventative and treatment strategy of S. suis infection in pigs of different production stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Hui Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chung Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wei Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan.
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12
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Wang J, Zhou X, Elazab ST, Park SC, Hsu WH. Should Airway Interstitial Fluid Be Used to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of Macrolide Antibiotics for Dose Regimen Determination in Respiratory Infection? Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040700. [PMID: 37107062 PMCID: PMC10135031 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics are important drugs to combat infections. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of these drugs are essential for the determination of their optimal dose regimens, which affect antimicrobial pharmacodynamics and treatment success. For most drugs, the measurement of their concentrations in plasma/serum is the surrogate for drug concentrations in target tissues for therapy. However, for macrolides, simple reliance on total or free drug concentrations in serum/plasma might be misleading. The macrolide antibiotic concentrations of serum/plasma, interstitial fluid (ISF), and target tissue itself usually yield very different PK results. In fact, the PK of a macrolide antibiotic based on serum/plasma concentrations alone is not an ideal predictor for the in vivo efficacy against respiratory pathogens. Instead, the PK based on drug concentrations at the site of infection or ISF provide much more clinically relevant information than serum/plasma concentrations. This review aims to summarize and compare/discuss the use of drug concentrations of serum/plasma, airway ISF, and tissues for computing the PK of macrolides. A better understanding of the PK of macrolide antibiotics based on airway ISF concentrations will help optimize the antibacterial dose regimen as well as minimizing toxicity and the emergence of drug resistance in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030810, China
| | - Xueying Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100107, China
| | - Sara T. Elazab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Walter H. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-2042, USA
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13
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Liu C, Han M, Wang H, Chen X, Tang Y, Zhang D, Li X, Liu Y. Elimination of Cefquinome Sulfate Residue in Cow’s Milk after Intrauterine Infusion. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040492. [PMID: 37110151 PMCID: PMC10146028 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As set in the maximum residue limit regulations of the European Commission, this study aimed to obtain the residual parameters in milk with optimized UPLC-MS/MS conditions and to determine the conclusive drug withdrawal period to ensure food safety. In this research, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to study cefquinome sulfate’s residue elimination in milk and to calculate cefquinome’s withdrawal period. Twelve healthy cows free of endometritis were selected for the experiment. Before using the drug, the vaginal orifice and perineum of each cow was disinfected. One dose of intrauterine perfusion was used for each cow, followed by an additional dose after 72 h. Before administration and 12 h, 18 h, 24 h, 36 h, 42 h, 48 h, 60 h, 66 h, 72 h, 84 h, 90 h, and 96 h after the last dose, milk (10 mL) was gathered from each cow’s teat and pooled. For the measurement of cefquinome concentrations in milk, UPLC-MS/MS was performed. A calibration curve was generated using linear regression as follows: Y = 250.86X − 102.29, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9996; the limits of detection and the limits of quantitation were 0.1 μg·kg−1 and 0.2 μg·kg−1, respectively. The average recovery of cefquinome was 88.60 ± 16.33% at 0.2 μg·kg−1, 100.95 ± 2.54% at 10 μg·kg−1, and 97.29 ± 1.77% at 50 μg·kg−1. For 5 consecutive days at the three spiking levels, the intra and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSD) were 1.28%–13.73% and 1.81%–18.44%, respectively; the residual amount of cefquinome was less than the maximum residue limit of 20 μg·kg−1, 36 h after administration; and the residual amount was less than the limit of detection (0.1 μg·kg−1) 48 h after administration. The withdrawal time of cefquinome in cow’s milk was 39.8 h, as calculated using WTM1.4 software. In terms of clinical practical use, the withdrawal period of milk was temporarily set at 48 h after the administration of the cefquinome sulfate uterus injection to cows, in accordance with the recommended dose and course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunshuang Liu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mingyue Han
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaoxin Tang
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | - Xiubo Li
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yiming Liu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.L.)
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14
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Yuan Y, An B, Xie S, Qu W, Hao H, Huang L, Luo W, Liang J, Peng D. The dose regimen formulation of doxycycline hydrochloride and florfenicol injection based on ex vivo pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling against the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs. ANIMAL DISEASES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-023-00066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractDoxycycline hydrochloride and florfenicol combination (DoxHcl&FF) is an effective treatment for respiratory diseases. In the study, our objective was to evaluate the activity of DoxHcl&FF against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) in porcine pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) and the optimal dosage scheme to avoid the development of resistance. The DoxHcl&FF was administered intramuscularly (IM) at 20 mg/kg, and the PELF was collected at different time points. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time-mortality curves were also included in the study. Based on the sigmoid Emax equation and dose equations, the study integrated the in vivo pharmacokinetic data of infected pigs and ex vivo pharmacodynamic data to obtain the area under concentration time curve (AUC0-24h)/MIC values in PELF and achieve bacteriostatic activity, bactericidal activity and the virtual eradication of bacteria. The study showed that the combination of DoxHcl and FF caused no significant changes in PK parameters. The peak concentration (Cmax) of FF in healthy and diseased pigs was 8.87 ± 0.08 μg/mL and 8.67 ± 0.07 μg/mL, the AUC0-24h were 172.75 ± 2.52 h·μg/mL and 180.22 ± 3.13 h·μg/mL, the Cmax of DoxHcl was 7.91 ± 0.09 μg/mL and 7.99 ± 0.05 μg/mL, and the AUC0-24h was 129.96 ± 3.70 h·μg/mL and 169.82 ± 4.38 h·μg/mL. DoxHcl&FF showed strong concentration-dependent tendencies. The bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and elimination activity were calculated as 5.61, 18.83 and 32.68 h, and the doses were 1.37 (bacteriostatic), 4.59 (bactericidal) and 7.99 (elimination) mg/kg. These findings indicated that the calculated recommended dose could assist in achieving more precise administration, increasing the effectiveness of DoxHcl&FF treatment for APP infections.
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15
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Ambros L, Kreil V, Rubio-Langre S, San Andrés Larrea MI. Pharmacokinetics, PK/PD Analysis and Placental Transfer of Erythromycin Administered to Pregnant Goats. Small Rumin Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.106908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Ramos D, Aguila-Rosas J, Quirino-Barreda CT, Santiago-Tellez A, Lara-García HA, Guzmán A, Ibarra IA, Lima E. Linezolid@MOF-74 as a host-guest system with antimicrobial activity. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:9984-9991. [PMID: 36285638 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01819e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Linezolid (LNZ) is a new-generation synthetic molecule for the antibacterial treatment of severe infections, particularly in infective cases where the bacterial resistance to first-choice drugs is caused by Gram-positive pathogens. In this context, since 2009, some strains resistant to LNZ in patients with long-term treatments have been reported. Therefore, there is a need to use not only new drug molecules with antibacterial activities in the dosage form but also a different approach to pharmacotherapeutic strategies for skin infections, which lead to a reduction in the concentration of biocides. This work explores LNZ hosted at two isostructural MOFs, MOF-74(Zn) and MOF-74(Cu), as promising antimicrobial systems for gradual biocide release within 6 h. These systems reach a lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in comparison to free LNZ. Even a decreased MIC value is also observed, which is an encouraging result regarding the efficiency of the systems to control concentration-dependent antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Ramos
- Laboratorio de Farmacia Molecular y liberación controlada. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, C.P. 04960, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Javier Aguila-Rosas
- Laboratorio de Farmacia Molecular y liberación controlada. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, C.P. 04960, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Carlos T Quirino-Barreda
- Laboratorio de Farmacia Molecular y liberación controlada. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, C.P. 04960, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Santiago-Tellez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, C.P. 04960, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Hugo A Lara-García
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, CU, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ariel Guzmán
- ESIQIE - Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida IPN UPALM Edificio 7, Zacatenco, 07738 México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Ilich A Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica y Reactividad de Superficies (LaFReS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, CP 04510, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Enrique Lima
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica y Reactividad de Superficies (LaFReS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, CP 04510, CDMX, Mexico.
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17
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Population Pharmacokinetics of Doxycycline, Administered Alone or with N-Acetylcysteine, in Chickens with Experimental Mycoplasma gallisepticum Infection. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112440. [PMID: 36432632 PMCID: PMC9693581 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmosis is a bacterial infection that significantly affects poultry production, and it is often controlled with antibiotics, including doxycycline. The conducted study aimed to determine population pharmacokinetic (PopPk) parameters of doxycycline in healthy (n = 12) and in Mycoplasma gallisepticum-challenged (n = 20) chickens after its oral administration via drinking water at the registered dose rate of 20 mg/kg b.w./24 h for five days, without or with co-administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC, a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w./24 h) via the feed. Doxycycline concentrations in plasma were analyzed with the LC-MS/MS method. The values of tvV/F and tvke were 4.73 L × kg−1 and 0.154 h−1, respectively, and they showed low BSV. A high BSV of 93.17% was calculated for the value of tlag of 0.8 h, which reflects the inter-individual differences in the water consumption. PTA was computed after Monte Carlo simulation with the registered dose for doxycycline. The target of %fT > MIC ≥ 80% and 100% can be achieved in 90% of the broiler population, after a correction for protein binding, for bacteria with MIC ≤ 0.5 mg × L−1 and 0.25 mg × L−1, respectively. The applied PopPk model did not reveal significant effect of M. gallisepticum infection and co-administration of NAC on pharmacokinetic parameters of doxycycline.
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18
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Lu Y, Yang L, Zhang W, Li J, Peng X, Qin Z, Zeng Z, Zeng D. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of isopropoxy benzene guanidine against Clostridium perfringens in an intestinal infection model. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1004248. [PMID: 36246309 PMCID: PMC9557049 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1004248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of isopropoxy benzene guanidine (IBG) against C. perfringens based on pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) modeling in broilers. The PK parameters of IBG in the plasma and ileal content of C. perfringens-infected broilers following oral administration at 2, 30, and 60 mg/kg body weight were investigated. in vivo PD studies were conducted over oral administration ranging from 2 to 60 mg/kg and repeated every 12 h for 3 days. The inhibitory Imax model was used for PK/PD modeling. Results showed that the MIC of IBG against C. perfringens was 0.5–32 mg/L. After oral administration of IBG, the peak concentration (Cmax), maximum concentration time (Tmax), and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in ileal content of broilers were 10.97–1,036.64 mg/L, 2.39–4.27 h, and 38.31–4,266.77 mg·h/L, respectively. After integrating the PK and PD data, the AUC0 − 24h/MIC ratios needed for the bacteriostasis, bactericidal activity, and bacterial eradication were 4.00, 240.74, and 476.98 h, respectively. For dosage calculation, a dosage regimen of 12.98 mg/kg repeated every 12 h for 3 days was be therapeutically effective in broilers against C. perfringens with MIC ≤ 2 mg/L. In addition, IBG showed potent activity against C. perfringens, which may be responsible for cell membrane destruction. These results can facilitate the evaluation of the use of IBG in the treatment of intestinal diseases in broilers caused by C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuye Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianfeng Peng
- Guangzhou Insighter Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Qin
- Guangzhou Insighter Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenling Zeng
| | - Dongping Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Dongping Zeng
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19
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Zhou J, Jiang L, Zhang ZL, Wang ZR, Zhang YX, Lin X, Tang BH, Yao BF, Guo ZX, Yang JJ, Van Den Anker J, Wu YE, Zhao W. Population pharmacokinetics and dosing optimization of mezlocillin in neonates and young infants. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2238-2244. [PMID: 35662337 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mezlocillin is used in the treatment of neonatal infectious diseases. However, due to the absence of population pharmacokinetic studies in neonates and young infants, dosing regimens differ considerably in clinical practice. Hence, this study aimed to describe the pharmacokinetic characteristics of mezlocillin in neonates and young infants, and propose the optimal dosing regimen based on the population pharmacokinetic model of mezlocillin. METHODS A prospective, open-label pharmacokinetic study of mezlocillin was carried out in newborns. Blood samples were collected using an opportunistic sampling method. HPLC was used to measure the plasma drug concentrations. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using NONMEM software. RESULTS Ninety-five blood samples from 48 neonates and young infants were included. The ranges of postmenstrual age and birth weight were 29-40 weeks and 1200-4000 g, respectively, including term and preterm infants. A two-compartment model with first-order elimination was developed to describe the population pharmacokinetics of mezlocillin. Postmenstrual age, current weight and serum creatinine concentration were the most important covariates. Monte Carlo simulation results indicated that the current dose of 50 mg/kg q12h resulted in 89.2% of patients achieving the therapeutic target, when the MIC of 4 mg/L was used as the breakpoint. When increasing the dosing frequency to q8h, a dose of 20 mg/kg resulted in 74.3% of patients achieving the therapeutic target. CONCLUSIONS A population pharmacokinetic model of mezlocillin in neonates and young infants was established. Optimal dosing regimens based on this model were provided for use in neonatal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Zhao-Rui Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Yan-Xiu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Bo-Hao Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bu-Fan Yao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - John Van Den Anker
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology & Physiology, Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yue-E Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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20
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Soh HY, Tan PXY, Ng TTM, Chng HT, Xie S. A Critical Review of the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Data of Antibiotics in Avian Species. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060741. [PMID: 35740148 PMCID: PMC9219738 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In avian medicine, the use of antibiotic dosing regimens based on species-specific pharmacological studies is ideal. However, due to a lack of such studies, dose extrapolation, which may cause inefficacy and toxicity, is common practice. Multiple searches were performed using the PubMed and Web of Science databases to extract relevant pharmacological studies performed in exotic avian species. The pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and safety data of the selected antibiotics (enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, ceftiofur, doxycycline, and amoxicillin/clavulanate) from these studies were reviewed. This review aimed to identify trends amenable for safe inter-species dose extrapolation and provide updated findings on dosing regimens that are safe and efficacious for various exotic avian species. We observed that the half-life of antibiotics appears to be shorter in the common ostrich and that amikacin may be amenable to inter-species dose extrapolation as it is safe and shows little inter-species PK and PD variation. Species-specific enrofloxacin dosing regimens that were not listed in the Exotic Animal Formulary (5th ed.) were found for Caribbean flamingos, African penguins, southern crested caracaras, common ostriches, and greater rheas. Specific dosing regimens recommended for psittacine birds (doxycycline 130 mg/kg medicated water) and ratites (PO doxycycline 2–3.5 mg/kg q12 h, PO enrofloxacin 1.5–2.5 mg/kg q12 h and IM enrofloxacin 5 mg/kg q12 h) in the formulary may not be effective in budgerigars and common ostriches, respectively. Apart from the lack of species-specific pharmacological studies, a lack of multiple dose studies was also noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yun Soh
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore; (H.Y.S.); (P.X.Y.T.)
| | - Prisca Xin Yi Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore; (H.Y.S.); (P.X.Y.T.)
| | - Tao Tao Magdeline Ng
- National University of Singapore Libraries, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119275, Singapore;
| | - Hui Ting Chng
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore; (H.Y.S.); (P.X.Y.T.)
- Correspondence: (H.T.C.); (S.X.); Tel.: +65-6601-1058 (H.T.C.)
| | - Shangzhe Xie
- Mandai Wildlife Group, Conservation, Research, and Veterinary Department, Singapore 259569, Singapore
- Correspondence: (H.T.C.); (S.X.); Tel.: +65-6601-1058 (H.T.C.)
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21
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Kong L, Lu Y, Yang L, Zhang W, Zuo B, Peng X, Qin Z, Li M, Zeng Z, Zeng D. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Colistin Combined With Isopropoxy Benzene Guanidine Against mcr-1-Positive Salmonella in an Intestinal Infection Model. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:907116. [PMID: 35668766 PMCID: PMC9163831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.907116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmid-borne colistin resistance mediated by mcr-1 is a growing problem, which poses a serious challenge to the clinical application of colistin for Gram-negative bacterial infections. Drug combination is one of the effective strategies to treat colistin-resistant bacteria. Here, we found a guanidine compound, namely, isopropoxy benzene guanidine (IBG), which boosted the efficacy of colistin against mcr-1-positive Salmonella. This study aimed to develop a pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) model by combining colistin with IBG against mcr-1-positive Salmonella in an intestinal infection model. Antibiotic susceptibility testing, checkerboard assays and time-kill curves were used to investigate the antibacterial activity of the synergistic activity of the combination. PK studies of colistin in the intestine were determined through oral gavage of single dose of 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg of body weight in broilers with intestinal infection. On the contrary, PD studies were conducted over 24 h based on a single dose ranging from 2 to 16 mg/kg. The inhibitory effect Imax model was used for PK/PD modeling. The combination of colistin and IBG showed significant synergistic activity. The AUC0−24h/MIC index was used to evaluate the relationship between PK and PD, and the correlation was >0.9085. The AUC0−24h /MIC targets in combination required to achieve the bacteriostatic action, 3-log10 kill, and 4-log10 kill of bacterial counts were 47.55, 865.87, and 1894.39, respectively. These results can facilitate the evaluation of the use of IBG as a potential colistin adjuvant in the treatment of intestinal diseases in broilers caused by colistin-resistant Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuye Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beini Zuo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianfeng Peng
- Guangzhou Insighter Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Qin
- Guangzhou Insighter Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Li
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenling Zeng
| | - Dongping Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Dongping Zeng
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22
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Kondampati KD, Saini SPS, Sidhu PK, Anand A, Kumar D, Srinu B, Bedi JS, Kaur R, Bhardwaj R. PHARMACOKINETIC-PHARMACODYNAMIC STUDY OF AMPICILLIN-CLOXACILLIN COMBINATION IN INDIAN THOROUGHBRED HORSES (Equus caballus) AND SAFETY EVALUATION OF THE COMPUTED DOSAGE REGIMEN. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 115:104020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Nussbaumer-Pröll A, Eberl S, Kurdina E, Schmidt L, Zeitlinger M. Challenging T > MIC Using Meropenem vs. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:840692. [PMID: 35431957 PMCID: PMC9010652 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.840692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: For meropenem 40%T > MIC is associated with optimal killing of P. aeruginosa and E. coli. However, it is unknown how the distribution of %T > MIC through a treatment day impacts the antimicrobial effect in vitro. Therefore, we investigated the in vitro antibiotic activity of meropenem, precisely if 40%T > MIC is achieved in one single long period (single dose), 2 × 20% periods (dosing-bid), or 3 × 13.3% (dosing t.i.d.) thereby keeping the overall period of T > MIC constant. Material/Methods: Time kill curves (TKC) with P. aeruginosa-ATCC-27853 and E. coli-ATCC-25922 and five clinical isolates each were implemented over 24 h in CAMHB with concentrations from 0.25×MIC-32×MIC. Periods over and under MIC were simulated by centrifugation steps (discarding supernatant and refilling with fresh CAMHB). Double and triple dosing involved further addition and removal of antibiotic. Complementary growth controls (GC) with and without centrifugation steps were done and the emergence of phenotypical resistance was evaluated (repeated MIC-testing after antibiotic administration). Results: No impact of centrifugation on bacterial growth was seen. TKC with P. aeruginosa showed the best killing in the triple dosage, followed by the double and single dose. In multiple regimens at least a concentration of 4×MIC was needed to achieve a recommended 2-3 log10 killing. Likewise, a reduction of E. coli was best within the three short periods. Contrary to the TKCs with P. aeruginosa we could observe that after the inoculum reached a certain CFU/mL (≥10^8), no further addition of antibiotic could achieve bacterial killing (identified as the inoculum effect). For P. aeruginosa isolates resistance appeared within all regimens, the most pronounced was found in the 40%T > MIC experiments indicating that a single long period might accelerate the emergence of resistance. Contrary, for E. coli no emergence of resistance was found. Conclusion/Outlook: We could show that not solely the %T > MIC is decisive for an efficient bacterial eradication in vitro, but also the distribution of the selected %T > MIC. Thus, dividing the 40%T > MIC in three short periods requested lowers antibiotic concentrations to achieve efficient bacterial killing and reduces the emergence of resistance in P. aeruginosa isolates. The distribution of the %T > MIC did impact the bacterial eradication of susceptible pathogens in vitro and might play an even bigger role in infections with intermediate or resistant pathogens.
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Yao L, Yang L, Ling Y, Wei Y, Shen X, Ding H. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Relationships of Tulathromycin Against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in a Porcine Tissue Cage Infection Model. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:822432. [PMID: 35419449 PMCID: PMC8995781 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.822432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tulathromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic that is highly effective in treating respiratory tract bacterial infections. We evaluated the in vivo antibacterial activity of tulathromycin against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in piglets and determined its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships using a tissue cage infection model. A. pleuropneumoniae (108 CFU/ml) was exposed to tulathromycin via intramuscular injection followed by a collection of cage tissue fluids at various intervals. The percentage of time the drug concentration remained above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) divided by the dosing interval (%T > MIC) was the best PK/PD index to describe the antibacterial efficacy of tulathromycin (R 2 = 0.9421). The %T > MIC values required to achieve 1 - log10CFU/ml reductions and bactericidal activity (3 - log10CFU/ml reduction) were 50.8 and 96.38%, respectively. These results demonstrated that maintaining %T > MIC above 96.38% achieved bactericidal activity and thereby optimized the clinical dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Huanzhong Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Huang A, Luo X, Xu Z, Huang L, Wang X, Xie S, Pan Y, Fang S, Liu Z, Yuan Z, Hao H. Optimal Regimens and Clinical Breakpoint of Avilamycin Against Clostridium perfringens in Swine Based on PK-PD Study. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:769539. [PMID: 35281904 PMCID: PMC8908370 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.769539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens causes significant morbidity and mortality in swine worldwide. Avilamycin showed no cross resistance and good activity for treatment of C. perfringens. The aim of this study was to formulate optimal regimens of avilamycin treatment for C. perfringens infection based on the clinical breakpoint (CBP). The wild-type cutoff value (COWT) was defined as 0.25 μg/ml, which was developed based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions of 120 C. perfringens isolates and calculated using ECOFFinder. Pharmacokinetics–pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) of avilamycin in ileal content were analyzed based on the high-performance liquid chromatography method and WinNonlin software to set up the target of PK/PD index (AUC0–24h/MIC)ex based on sigmoid Emax modeling. The PK parameters of AUC0–24h, Cmax, and Tmax in the intestinal tract were 428.62 ± 14.23 h μg/mL, 146.30 ± 13.41 μg/ml,, and 4 h, respectively. The target of (AUC0–24h/MIC)ex for bactericidal activity in intestinal content was 36.15 h. The PK-PD cutoff value (COPD) was defined as 8 μg/ml and calculated by Monte Carlo simulation. The dose regimen designed from the PK-PD study was 5.2 mg/kg mixed feeding and administrated for the treatment of C. perfringens infection. Five respective strains with different MICs were selected as the infection pathogens, and the clinical cutoff value was defined as 0.125 μg/ml based on the relationship between MIC and the possibility of cure (POC) following nonlinear regression analysis, CART, and “Window” approach. The CBP was set to be 0.25 μg/ml and selected by the integrated decision tree recommended by the Clinical Laboratory of Standard Institute. The formulation of the optimal regimens and CBP is good for clinical treatment and to control drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxiong Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Xun Luo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihui Xu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiwei Fang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA (Ministry of Agriculture) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, China
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26
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Salas JR, Gaire T, Quichocho V, Nicholson E, Volkova VV. Modelling the antimicrobial pharmacodynamics for bacterial strains with versus without acquired resistance to fluoroquinolones or cephalosporins. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 28:59-66. [PMID: 34922059 PMCID: PMC9006344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial resistance threatens therapeutic options for human and animal bacterial diseases worldwide. Current antimicrobial treatment regimens were designed against bacterial strains that were fully susceptible to them. To expand the useable lifetime of existing antimicrobial drug classes by modifying treatment regimens, data are needed on the antimicrobial pharmacodynamics (PD) against strains with reduced susceptibility. In this study, we generated and mathematically modelled the PD of the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin and the cephalosporin ceftriaxone against non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains with varying levels of acquired resistance. METHODS We included Salmonella strains across categories of reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones or cephalosporins reported to date, including isolates from human infections, food-animal products sold in retail, and food-animal production. We generated PD data for each drug and strain via time-kill assay. Mathematical models were compared in their fit to represent the PD. The best-fit model's parameter values across the strain susceptibility categories were compared. RESULTS The inhibitory baseline sigmoid Imax (or Emax) model was best fit for the PD of each antimicrobial against a majority of the strains. There were statistically significant differences in the PD parameter values across the strain susceptibility categories for each antimicrobial. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate predictable multiparameter changes in the PD of these first-line antimicrobials depending on the Salmonella strain's susceptibility phenotype and specific genes conferring reduced susceptibility. The generated PD parameter estimates could be used to optimise treatment regimens against infections by strains with reduced susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Salas
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Tara Gaire
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Victoria Quichocho
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Emily Nicholson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Victoriya V Volkova
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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27
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PK-PD Modeling and Optimal Dosing Regimen of Acetylkitasamycin against Streptococcus suis in Piglets. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020283. [PMID: 35203885 PMCID: PMC8868236 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) causes severe respiratory diseases in pigs and is also an important pathogen causing hidden dangers to public health and safety. Acetylkitasamycin is a new macrolide agent that has shown good activity to Gram-positive cocci such as Streptococcus. The purpose of this study was to perform pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling to formulate a dosing regimen of acetylkitasamycin for treatment of S. suis and to decrease the emergence of acetylkitasamycin-resistant S. suis. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 110 S. suis isolates was determined by broth micro dilution method. The MIC50 of the 55 sensitive S. suis isolates was 1.21 μg/mL. The strain HB1607 with MIC close to MIC50 and high pathogenicity was used for the PK-PD experiments. The MIC and MBC of HB1607 in both MH broth and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) was 1 and 2 μg/mL, respectively. The liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used to determine the concentration change of acetylkitasamycin in piglet plasma and PELF after intragastric administration of a single dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. acetylkitasamycin. The PK parameters were calculated by WinNolin software. The PK data showed that the maximum concentration (Cmax), peak time (Tmax), and area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) were 9.84 ± 0.39 μg/mL, 4.27 ± 0.19 h and 248.58 ± 21.17 h·μg/mL, respectively. Integration of the in vivo PK data and ex vivo PD data, an inhibition sigmoid Emax equation was established. The dosing regimen of acetylkitasamycin for the treatment S. suis infection established as 33.12 mg/kg b.w. every 12 h for 3 days. This study provided a reasonable dosing regimen for a new drug used in clinical treatment, which can effectively be used to treat S. suis infection and slow down the generation of drug resistance.
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28
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Sartini I, Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Fadel C, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Single and multiple oral amoxicillin treatment in geese: a pharmacokinetic evaluation. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:493-498. [PMID: 35118922 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2036699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Although amoxicillin has broad-spectrum antibiotic activity and is extensive used in poultry, its use has never been investigated in geese. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin after a single and multiple oral doses in geese. A total of 20 geese were enrolled in this study and randomly pooled in two groups (n=10). In group I, animals were treated with a single oral 20 mg/kg dose of amoxicillin, while group II were administered multiple doses (20 mg/kg/day for 4 days). Concentrations of amoxicillin in plasma were analyzed using a validated HPLC-UV method and drug plasma concentrations were modeled for each subject using a non-compartmental approach. Amoxicillin showed rapid absorption after a single dose treatment, with an elimination half-life of approximately 1 h. Cmax, Tmax and AUC values differed statistically between groups I and II (after the first dose administered). A large variability was observed in the pharmacokinetic profiles and drug accumulation may occur after the multiple administration. No accumulation in plasma was predicted from an in-silico simulation performed using the same multiple dosage schedule. The in-silico simulation does not seem to accurately predict in-field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Protection, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Charbel Fadel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, PhD School of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Chen CJ, Gillett A, Booth R, Kimble B, Govendir M. Pharmacokinetic Profile of Doxycycline in Koala Plasma after Weekly Subcutaneous Injections for the Treatment of Chlamydiosis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030250. [PMID: 35158574 PMCID: PMC8833767 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Doxycycline is an antimicrobial used for treating chlamydial infections in various species, including the koala. The dose and route of administration used initially are based on first principles. Therefore, this study investigates the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of subcutaneous doxycycline injections, and evaluates the suitability of the current dosage regimen for inhibiting chlamydial pathogens. The results suggest that the current doxycycline dosage remained therapeutically effective for up to six days after each dose, with some accumulation over successive doses. All koalas in the study improved clinically and tested negative for chlamydial pathogens post-treatment before being released. This study contributes to determining the optimal dosage of doxycycline to treat chlamydiosis safely and effectively in infected koalas. Abstract Six mature, male koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus), with clinical signs of chlamydiosis, were administered doxycycline as a 5 mg/kg subcutaneous injection, once a week for four weeks. Blood was collected at standardised time points (T = 0 to 672 h) to quantify the plasma doxycycline concentrations through high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). In five koalas, the doxycycline plasma concentration over the first 48 h appeared to have two distinct elimination gradients; therefore, a two-compartmental analysis was undertaken to describe the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile. The average ± SD maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 312.30 ± 107.74 ng/mL, while the average time ± SD taken to reach the maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) was 1.68 ± 1.49 h. The mean ± SD half-life of the distribution phase (T1/2 α) and the elimination phase (T1/2 β) were 10.51 ± 7.15 h and 82.93 ± 37.76 h, respectively. The average ± SD percentage of doxycycline binding to koala plasma protein was 83.65 ± 4.03% at three different concentrations, with a mean unbound fraction (fu) of 0.16. Using probability of target attainment modelling, doxycycline plasma concentrations were likely to inhibit 90% of pathogens with the doxycycline minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8.0–31.0 ng/mL, and the reported doxycycline MIC to inhibit Chlamydia pecorum isolates at the area under the curve/minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC/MIC) target of ≥24. All koalas were confirmed to be negative for Chlamydia pecorum using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), from ocular and penile urethra swabs, three weeks after the last doxycycline injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Jung Chen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (B.K.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Amber Gillett
- Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, Beerwah, QLD 4519, Australia; (A.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Rosemary Booth
- Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, Beerwah, QLD 4519, Australia; (A.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Benjamin Kimble
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (B.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Merran Govendir
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (B.K.); (M.G.)
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30
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Mileva R, Milanova A. Doxycycline pharmacokinetics in mammalian species of veterinary interest – an overview. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic widely used in veterinary medicine. The current review aims to summarise the available data about pharmacokinetics in mammalian species of veterinary interest and to indicate the basic strategies for refining dosage regimens in order to use this antibiotic reasonably. Additionally, the available data about population pharmacokinetics are reviewed as this approach exhibits a number of benefits in terms of determination of drug pharmacokinetics, prediction of drug disposition and interpretation of the variations in the pharmacokinetic parameters. Further research with animal species of veterinary interest and pathogens causing diseases in animals is needed to clarify the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of doxycycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Mileva
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Facul-ty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - A. Milanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Facul-ty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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31
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Petkova T, Rusenova N. In vitro effect of tetracycline antibiotics on Trueperella pyogenes isolated from cows with metritis. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trueperella pyogenes is associated with endometritis and metritis in cows. Traditionally these diseases are treated with antibiotics while new approaches include application of the mucolytic N-acetylcysteine. Therefore the study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of clinical Trueperella pyogenes isolates (n=2) to oxytetracycline, doxycycline, N-acetylcysteine and their combinations. The potential for biofilm formation with/without tested drugs was investigated by the method of crystal violet staining. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of oxytetracycline for T. pyogenes 1 and 2 were 16 and 64 µg/mL, respectively. MIC of doxycycline for both isolates was 32 µg/mL and for N-acetylcysteine - 8 mg/mL. Both Trueperella pyogenes isolates did not form biofilm. The growth of T. pyogenes 1 cultured in the presence of either oxytetracycline or doxycycline (0.0078–128 µg/mL) under conditions for biofilm formation was significantly inhibited at concentrations ≥ 1 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL, respectively. The growth of T. pyogenes 2 was not affected by the antibiotics. N-acetylcysteine at ≥ 4 mg/mL resulted in significant inhibition of the growth of both isolates and its combinations with the antibiotics did not inhibit their growth. The effect of N-acetylcysteine should be validated in clinical settings but its combinations with tetracyclines were not able to improve the sensitivity of T. pyogenes, isolated from cows with clinical metritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ts. Petkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - N. Rusenova
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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McEntire MS, Reinhart JM, Cox SK, Keller KA. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of orally administered terbinafine in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) and the antifungal susceptibility patterns of Nannizziopsis guarroi. Am J Vet Res 2021; 83:256-263. [PMID: 34941564 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.02.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the antifungal susceptibility of Nanniziopsis guarroi isolates and to evaluate the single-dose pharmacokinetics of orally administered terbinafine in bearded dragons. ANIMALS 8 healthy adult bearded dragons. PROCEDURES 4 isolates of N guarroi were tested for antifungal susceptibility. A compounded oral solution of terbinafine (25 mg/mL [20 mg/kg]) was given before blood (0.2 mL) was drawn from the ventral tail vein at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after administration. Plasma terbinafine concentrations were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The antifungal minimum inhibitory concentrations against N guarroi isolates ranged from 4,000 to > 64,000 ng/mL for fluconazole, 125 to 2,000 ng/mL for itraconazole, 125 to 2,000 ng/mL for ketoconazole, 125 to 1,000 ng/mL for posaconazole, 60 to 250 ng/mL for voriconazole, and 15 to 30 ng/mL for terbinafine. The mean ± SD peak plasma terbinafine concentration in bearded dragons was 435 ± 338 ng/mL at 13 ± 4.66 hours after administration. Plasma concentrations remained > 30 ng/mL for > 24 hours in all bearded dragons and for > 48 hours in 6 of 8 bearded dragons. Mean ± SD terminal half-life following oral administration was 21.2 ± 12.40 hours. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Antifungal susceptibility data are available for use in clinical decision making. Results indicated that administration of terbinafine (20 mg/kg, PO, q 24 to 48 h) in bearded dragons may be appropriate for the treatment of dermatomycoses caused by N guarroi. Clinical studies are needed to determine the efficacy of such treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S McEntire
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL
| | - Jennifer M Reinhart
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL
| | - Sherry K Cox
- 2Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Krista A Keller
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL
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Guo LL, Gao RY, Wang LH, Lin SJ, Fang BH, Zhao YD. In vivo Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) Profiles of Tulathromycin in an Experimental Intraperitoneal Haemophilus parasuis Infection Model in Neutropenic Guinea Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:715887. [PMID: 34869712 PMCID: PMC8632807 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.715887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tulathromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antimicrobial that has an important role in veterinary medicine for respiratory disease. The objective of the study was to develop a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model to examine the efficacy and determine an optimal dosage of tulathromycin intramuscular (IM) treatment against Haemophilus parasuis infection induced after intraperitoneal inoculation in neutropenic guinea pigs. The PKs of tulathromycin in serum and lung tissue after intramuscular administration at doses of 1, 10, and 20 mg/kg in H. parasuis-infected neutropenic guinea pigs were evaluated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The tulathromycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against H. parasuis was ~16 times lower in guinea pig serum (0.03 μg/mL) than in cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB) (0.5 μg/mL). The ratio of the 168-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) to MIC (AUC168h/MIC) positively correlated with the in vivo antibacterial effectiveness of tulathromycin (R 2 = 0.9878 in serum and R 2 = 0.9911 in lung tissue). The computed doses to achieve a reduction of 2-log10 CFU/lung from the ratios of AUC72h/MIC were 5.7 mg/kg for serum and 2.5 mg/kg for lung tissue, which lower than the values of 13.2 mg/kg for serum and 8.9 mg/kg for lung tissue with AUC168h/MIC. In addition, using as objective a 2-log10 reduction and an AUC0-72h as the value of the PK/PD index could be more realistic. The results of this study could provide a solid foundation for the application of PK/PD models in research on macrolide antibiotics used to treat respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-li Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Microorganisms in Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-yuan Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Li-hua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shu-jun Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing-hu Fang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Microorganisms in Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-da Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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34
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Lopez NA, Luengo CV, Avena MJ. Ciprofloxacin in Layered Double Hydroxides: Looking for the Best Synthesis Method. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1429-1436. [PMID: 34678273 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is important to develop new methods of release to improve pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs, especially antibiotics, whose plasmatic concentration is determinant to ensure an effective treatment. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are inorganic and biocompatible materials with high drug intercalation capacity and release properties that can be tuned by controlling the pH value. These materials can be an excellent choice to achieve a sustained release and an optimal drug concentration in plasm. In this work, LDH were synthesized with intercalated ciprofloxacin (CIP) by three different methods: coprecipitation, reconstruction and ion exchange. LDH-CIP complexes were characterized by XRD, TG-DSC, TEM, SEM, FTIR, electrophoretic mobilities, and drug release and dissolution kinetics in NaCl solutions and under physiological conditions. The coprecipitation and reconstruction methods lead to the formation of ill-defined products, whereas the ion exchange method rendered the best intercalation results. CIP release was controlled by dissolution at pH<3 and by desorption and ion exchange at intermediate and high pH. In comparison with a commercial formulation, the LDH-CIP complex prepared by ion exchange presented a slower release profile. The fast dissolution at gastric pH raises the need of developing some type of coating for protecting LDH materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A Lopez
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Carina V Luengo
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Marcelo J Avena
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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35
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Ural MN, Uney K. Pharmacokinetic Behavior and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Integration of Danofloxacin Following Single or Co-Administration with Meloxicam in Healthy Lambs and Lambs with Respiratory Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101190. [PMID: 34680771 PMCID: PMC8532679 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of danofloxacin (DAN; 6 mg/kg) following subcutaneous administration alone or co-administration with meloxicam (MLX; 1 mg/kg) in healthy lambs and lambs with respiratory infections. The study was carried out using a total of four groups: HD (healthy; n = 6) and ID (infected; n = 7) groups who were administered DAN only, and HDM (healthy; n = 6) and IDM (infected; n = 7) groups who were administered DAN and MLX simultaneously. The plasma concentrations of DAN were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography–UV and analyzed by the non-compartmental method. DAN exhibited a similar elimination half-life in all groups, including both the healthy and infected lambs. The total clearance in the HDM, ID and IDM groups and volume of distribution in the HDM and IDM groups were significantly reduced. MLX in the IDM group significantly increased the area under the curve (AUC) and peak concentration (Cmax) of DAN compared to the HD group. The Mannheimia haemolytica, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus spp. strains were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of the infected lambs. When co-administration with meloxicam, DAN at a 6 mg/kg dose can provide optimum values of ƒAUC0–24/MIC (>56 h) and ƒCmax/MIC (>8) for susceptible M. haemolytica isolates with an MIC90 value of 0.25 µg/mL and susceptible E. coli isolates with an MIC value of ≤0.125 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Nihat Ural
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031 Konya, Turkey;
- Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Bati Mah. Yunus Cad. 2/1, Pendik, 34890 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031 Konya, Turkey;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-332-223-2733
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36
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Huang A, Wang S, Guo J, Gu Y, Li J, Huang L, Wang X, Tao Y, Liu Z, Yuan Z, Hao H. Prudent Use of Tylosin for Treatment of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Based on Its Clinical Breakpoint and Lung Microbiota Shift. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:712473. [PMID: 34566919 PMCID: PMC8458857 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.712473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the prudent use of tylosin for the treatment of chronic respiratory infectious diseases in chickens caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) based on its clinical breakpoint (CBP) and its effect on lung microbiota. The CBP was established based on the wild-type/epidemiological cutoff value (COWT/ECV), pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) cutoff value (COPD), and clinical cutoff value (COCL) of tylosin against MG. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tylosin against 111 MG isolates was analyzed and the COWT was 2 μg/ml. M17 with MIC of 2 μg/ml was selected as a representative strain for the PK-PD study. The COPD of tylosin against MG was 1 μg/ml. The dosage regimen formulated by the PK-PD study was 3 days administration of tylosin at a dose of 45.88 mg/kg b.w. with a 24-h interval. Five different MIC MGs were selected for clinical trial, and the COCL of tylosin against MG was 0.5 μg/ml. According to the CLSI decision tree, the CBP of tylosin against MG was set up as 2 μg/ml. The effect of tylosin on lung microbiota of MG-infected chickens was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Significant change of the lung microbiota was observed in the infection group and treatment group based on the principal coordinate analysis and the Venn diagrams of the core and unique OTU. The phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria showed difference after MG infection and treatment. This study established the CBP of tylosin against MG. It also provided scientific data for the prudent use of tylosin based on the evaluation of MG infection and tylosin treatment on the lung microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxiong Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuge Wang
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinli Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Gu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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37
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Elazab ST, Elshater NS, Hashem YH, Al-Atfeehy NM, Lee EB, Park SC, Hsu WH. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Spiramycin against Mycoplasma synoviae in Chickens. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101238. [PMID: 34684187 PMCID: PMC8538818 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to assess the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) and tissue residues of spiramycin in chickens. The PK of spiramycin were determined in 12 chickens using a parallel study design in which each group of chickens (n = 6) received a single dose of spiramycin at 17 mg/kg intravenously (IV) or orally. Plasma samples were collected at assigned times for up to 48 h to measure spiramycin concentrations. Additionally, a tissue depletion study was performed in 42 chickens receiving spiramycin at 17 mg/kg/day orally for 7 days. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve values were 29.94 ± 4.74 and 23.11 ± 1.83 µg*h/mL after IV and oral administrations, respectively. The oral bioavailability was 77.18%. The computed withdrawal periods of spiramycin were 11, 10, and 7 days for liver, muscle, and skin and fat, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for spiramycin against Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) strain 1853 was 0.0625 µg/mL. Using the PK/PD integration, the appropriate oral dose of spiramycin against M. synoviae was estimated to be 15.6 mg/kg. Thus, we recommend an oral dose of 15.6 mg spiramycin/kg against M. synoviae in chickens and a withdrawal period of 11 days following oral treatment with 17 mg spiramycin/kg/day for 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T. Elazab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; or
| | - Nahla S. Elshater
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.S.E.); (N.M.A.-A.)
| | - Yousreya H. Hashem
- Mycoplasma Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Nayera M. Al-Atfeehy
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.S.E.); (N.M.A.-A.)
| | - Eon-Bee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (E.-B.L.); (S.-C.P.)
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (E.-B.L.); (S.-C.P.)
| | - Walter H. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IN 50011, USA
- Correspondence:
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38
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Poźniak B, Tikhomirov M, Bobrek K, Jajor P, Świtała M. Tylosin Dosage Adjustment Based on Allometric Scaling in Male Turkeys. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1057. [PMID: 34572639 PMCID: PMC8467158 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Turkeys' body weight (BW) increases 10-fold within only 2.5 months, leading to a change in the pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs according to allometric principles. Thus, the same dosage may lead to age-dependent variability in efficacy, in particular, to treatment failure and/or selection for resistance. The study aimed to investigate whether a non-linear dosage based on a published allometric model for tylosin clearance, may optimize the internal exposure in growing turkeys. The single dose PK study was performed on turkeys aged 6, 9.5, 13 and 17 weeks (BW from 1.75 kg to 15.75 kg). Tylosin was administered intravenously (i.v.) or orally (p.o.) according to following protocols: Dose = 31.6 × BW0.58 or Dose = 158 × BW0.58, respectively. Plasma tylosin was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography and non-compartmental PK analysis was performed. The area under the curve (AUClast) after i.v. administration was 8.90 ± 1.01; 7.51 ± 1.11; 6.54 ± 1.20 and 8.01 ± 1.75 mg × h/L in 6-; 9.5-; 13- and 17-week-old turkeys, respectively. After p.o. administration AUClast was 4.80 ± 2.92; 4.60 ± 2.45; 3.00 ± 1.49 and 3.24 ± 2.00 mg × h/L in respective age groups indicating high variability. For i.v. administration, the non-linear dosage allowed to minimize the age-dependent variability in AUC. However, due to low oral bioavailability (8-12%) and resulting interindividual variability, the proposed approach may not improve tylosin efficacy in turkeys under farm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Poźniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.T.); (P.J.); (M.Ś.)
| | - Marta Tikhomirov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.T.); (P.J.); (M.Ś.)
| | - Kamila Bobrek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Paweł Jajor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.T.); (P.J.); (M.Ś.)
| | - Marcin Świtała
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.T.); (P.J.); (M.Ś.)
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Lee JH, Kim GW, Kwon MG, Seo JS. Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Profile, Bioavailability, and Withdrawal Time of Tylosin Tartrate Following a Single Intramuscular Administration in Olive Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082468. [PMID: 34438925 PMCID: PMC8388650 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fishes usually stop eating food when they are sick, and treating diseased fish with oral drugs is a serious hurdle in the aquaculture industry. Tylosin tartrate is a potent bacterial-killing agent useful against frequently occurring bacterial fish infections. We tested the effectiveness against pathogenic bacteria and the human safety of the drug for possible application to cultured olive flounder, one of the most important culture species in far eastern Asian countries. Tylosin tartrate was very effective in killing the pathogenic bacteria grown in artificial culture media, and it was also demonstrated that the drug reached body concentrations in olive flounder, high enough to kill the pathogen. In addition, we also determined how long to wait until the fish clears the injected drug out and it is possible for human consumption. These results will pave a new method for disease treatment useful for olive flounder farming. Abstract The objective of this study was to demonstrate the pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic profile, bioavailability, and withdrawal time of tylosin tartrate (TT) administered to olive flounder via intramuscular (IM, 10 or 20 mg/kg, n = 240) and intravascular (IV, 10 mg/kg, n = 90) injections. Serum concentrations of tylosin were determined using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. According to the non-compartmental analysis, the bioavailability of TT was 87%. After the IV injection, the terminal half-life, total body clearance, volume of distribution, and mean residence time of TT were 21.07 h, 0.07 L/kg/h, 2.15 L/kg, and 16.39 h, respectively. Rapid absorption (Tmax 0.25 h), prolonged action (terminal half-life, 33.96 and 26.04 h; MRT, 43.66 and 33.09 h), and linear dose–response relationship (AUC0-inf, 123.55 and 246.05 µg/mL*h) were monitored following 10 and 20 mg/kg IM injection. The withdrawal time of TT from muscle (water temperature, 22 °C) was 9.84 days, rounded up to 10 days (220 degree days). Large Cmax/MIC90, AUC0-inf/MIC90, and T > MIC90 values were obtained for Streptococcus isolates and these PK/PD indices satisfied the criteria required for efficacy evaluation. This study lays a foundation for the optimal use of TT and provides valuable information for establishing therapeutic regimens.
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40
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Sartini I, Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Sitovs A, Giorgi M. Doxycycline pharmacokinetics in geese. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:975-981. [PMID: 34318509 PMCID: PMC9291109 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to describe the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline after a single intravenous and oral dose (20 mg/kg) in geese. In addition, two multiple‐dose simulations have been performed to investigate the predicted plasma concentration after either a 10 or 20 mg/kg daily administration repeated consecutively for 5 days. Ten geese were enrolled in a two‐phase cross‐over study with a washout period of two weeks. All animals were treated intravenously and orally with doxycycline, and blood samples were collected up to 48 h after drug administration. Sample analysis was performed using a validated HPLC‐UV method. A non‐compartmental approach was used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug. A long elimination half‐life was observed (13 h). The area under the curve was statistically different between the two treatments, with the oral bioavailability being moderate (43%). The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index (%T>MIC) during the 48 h treatment period in the present study (71%) suggests that doxycycline appears to have therapeutic efficacy against some Mycoplasma species in the goose. The multiple‐dose simulations showed a low accumulation index. A dosage of 10 mg/kg/day for 5 days seemed to be adequate for a good therapeutic efficacy without reaching unnecessarily high plasma concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Protection, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Andrejs Sitovs
- Department of Pharmacology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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41
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Cetin G, Durna Corum D, Corum O, Atik O, Coskun D, Uney K. Effect of ketoprofen and tolfenamic acid on intravenous pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:945-951. [PMID: 34312894 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone (40 mg/kg) was determined following a single intravenous (IV) administration of ceftriaxone alone and co-administration with ketoprofen (3 mg/kg) or tolfenamic acid (2 mg/kg) in sheep. Eight healthy Akkaraman sheep (2.4 ± 0.3 years and 44 ± 4 kg of body weight) were used. The study was carried out according to the longitudinal design in three periods with a 15-day washout period between administrations. In the first period, sheep received ceftriaxone alone via an IV injection. In the second and third periods, the same sheep received ceftriaxone in combination with ketoprofen and tolfenamic acid, respectively. Plasma concentrations of ceftriaxone were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed using non-compartmental analysis. Following the administration of ceftriaxone alone, the elimination half-life (t1/2ʎz ), area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero (0) hours to infinity (∞) (AUC0-∞ ), total clearance (ClT ), and volume of distribution at steady state were 1.42 h, 182.41 h*µg/ml, 0.22 L/h/kg, and 0.17 L/kg, respectively. While ketoprofen and tolfenamic acid significantly increased the t1/2ʎz and AUC0-∞ of ceftriaxone, they significantly reduced the ClT . Ceftriaxone (40 mg/kg, IV) in concurrent use with ketoprofen and tolfenamic acid can be administrated at the 12 h dosing intervals to maintain T> minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values above 60% in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible pathogens with the MIC value of ≤0.75 and ≤1 μg/mL, respectively, in sheep with an inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Cetin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Erzincan Binali Yıldırım, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Orkun Atik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Afyon Kocatepe, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Devran Coskun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Siirt, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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Exploration of Clinical Breakpoint of Danofloxacin for Glaesserella parasuis in Plasma and in PELF. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070808. [PMID: 34356730 PMCID: PMC8300709 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In order to establish the clinical breakpoint (CBP) of danofloxacin against G. parasuis, three cutoff values, including epidemiological cutoff value (ECV), pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) cutoff value (COPD) and clinical cutoff value (COCL), were obtained in the present study. Methods: The ECV was calculated using ECOFFinder base on the MIC distribution of danfloxacin against 347 G. parasuis collected from disease pigs. The COPD was established based on in vivo and ex vivo PK-PD modeling of danofloxacin both in plasma and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) using Hill formula and Monte Carlo analysis. The COCL was established based on the relationship between the possibility of cure (POC) and MIC in the clinical trials using the "WindoW" approach, nonlinear regression and CART analysis. Results: The MIC50 and MIC90 of danofloxacin against 347 G. parasuis were 2 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL, respectively. The ECV value was set to 8 μg/mL using ECOFFinder. Concentration-time curves of danofloxacin were fitted with a two-compartment PK model. The PK parameters of the maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under concentration-time curves (AUC) in PELF were 3.67 ± 0.25 μg/mL and 24.28 ± 2.70 h·μg/mL, higher than those in plasma (0.67 ± 0.01 μg/mL and 4.47 ± 0.51 h·μg/mL). The peak time (Tmax) in plasma was 0.23 ± 0.07 h, shorter than that in PELF (1.61 ± 0.15 h). The COPD in plasma and PELF were 0.125 μg/mL and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively. The COCL calculated by WindoW approach, nonlinear regression and CART analysis were 0.125-4 μg/mL, 0.428 μg/mL and 0.56 μg/mL, respectively. The 0.5 μg/mL was selected as eligible COCL. The ECV is much higher than the COPD and COCL, and the clinical breakpoint based on data in plasma was largely different from that of PELF. Conclusions: Our study firstly established three cutoff values of danofloxacin against G. parasuis. It suggested that non-wild-type danofloxacin-resistant G. parasuis may lead to ineffective treatment by danofloxacin.
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Sartini I, Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Llewelyn V, Giorgi M. Single intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in the goat. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pérez-Blanco JS, Sáez Fernández EM, Calvo MV, Lanao JM, Martín-Suárez A. Amikacin initial dosage in patients with hypoalbuminaemia: an interactive tool based on a population pharmacokinetic approach. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:2222-2231. [PMID: 32363405 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize amikacin population pharmacokinetics in patients with hypoalbuminaemia and to develop a model-based interactive application for amikacin initial dosage. METHODS A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using a non-linear mixed-effects modelling approach (NONMEM) with amikacin concentration-time data collected from clinical practice (75% hypoalbuminaemic patients). Goodness-of-fit plots, minimum objective function value, prediction-corrected visual predictive check, bootstrapping, precision and bias of parameter estimates were used for model evaluation. An interactive model-based simulation tool was developed in R (Shiny and R Markdown). Cmax/MIC ratio, time above MIC and AUC/MIC were used for optimizing amikacin initial dose recommendation. Probabilities of reaching targets were calculated for the dosage proposed. RESULTS A one-compartment model with first-order linear elimination best described the 873 amikacin plasma concentrations available from 294 subjects (model development and external validation groups). Estimated amikacin population pharmacokinetic parameters were CL (L/h) = 0.525 + 4.78 × (CKD-EPI/98) × (0.77 × vancomycin) and V (L) = 26.3 × (albumin/2.9)-0.51 × [1 + 0.006 × (weight - 70)], where CKD-EPI is calculated with the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. AMKdose is a useful interactive model-based application for a priori optimization of amikacin dosage, using individual patient and microbiological information together with predefined pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) targets. CONCLUSIONS Serum albumin, total bodyweight, estimated glomerular filtration rate (using the CKD-EPI equation) and co-medication with vancomycin showed a significant impact on amikacin pharmacokinetics. A powerful interactive initial dose-finding tool has been developed and is freely available online. AMKdose could be useful for guiding initial amikacin dose selection before any individual pharmacokinetic information is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonás Samuel Pérez-Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Pharmacy Faculty, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, Hospital Virgen de la Vega, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eva María Sáez Fernández
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Pharmacy Faculty, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, Hospital Virgen de la Vega, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,Pharmacy Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Victoria Calvo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Pharmacy Faculty, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, Hospital Virgen de la Vega, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,Pharmacy Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M Lanao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Pharmacy Faculty, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, Hospital Virgen de la Vega, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Martín-Suárez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Pharmacy Faculty, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, Hospital Virgen de la Vega, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Kumar A, Kumar A. Antibiotic resistome of Salmonella typhi: molecular determinants for the emergence of drug resistance. Front Med 2021; 15:693-703. [PMID: 34085183 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Resistome is a cluster of microbial genes encoding proteins with necessary functions to resist the action of antibiotics. Resistome governs essential and separate biological functions to develop resistance against antibiotics. The widespread clinical and nonclinical uses of antibiotics over the years have combined to select antibiotic-resistant determinants and develop resistome in bacteria. At present, the emergence of drug resistance because of resistome is a significant problem faced by clinicians for the treatment of Salmonella infection. Antibiotic resistome is a dynamic and ever-expanding component in Salmonella. The foundation of resistome in Salmonella is laid long before; therefore, the antibiotic resistome of Salmonella is reviewed, discussed, and summarized. We have searched the literature using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar with related key terms (resistome, Salmonella, antibiotics, drug resistance) and prepared this review. In this review, we summarize the status of resistance against antibiotics in S. typhi, highlight the seminal work in the resistome of S. typhi and the genes involved in the antibiotic resistance, and discuss the various methods to identify S. typhi resistome for the proactive identification of this infection and quick diagnosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, (Chhattisgarh), 492010, India.
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, (Chhattisgarh), 492010, India
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Sitovs A, Sartini I, Giorgi M. Levofloxacin in veterinary medicine: a literature review. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:111-126. [PMID: 33964616 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A potent third-generation antimicrobial fluoroquinolone drug, levofloxacin was introduced into human clinical practice in 1993. Levofloxacin is also used in veterinary medicine, however its use is limited: it is completely banned for veterinary use in the EU, and used extralabel in only companion animals in the USA. Since its introduction to clinical practice, many studies have been published on levofloxacin in animal species, including pharmacokinetic studies, tissue drug depletion, efficacy, and animal microbial isolate susceptibility to levofloxacin. This literature overview highlights the most clinically relevant and scientifically important levofloxacin studies linked to the field of veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Sitovs
- Department of Pharmacology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
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Djebala S, Croubels S, Cherlet M, Martinelle L, Thiry D, Moula N, Sartelet A, Bossaert P. Description of Plasma Penicillin G Concentrations after Intramuscular Injection in Double-Muscled Cows to Optimize the Timing of Antibiotherapy for Caesarean Section. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8050067. [PMID: 33919071 PMCID: PMC8143178 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8050067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the efficacy of penicillin injection during caesarean section, we aimed to identify the optimal timing of its preoperative administration. A study was conducted in 12 adult, non-pregnant Belgian Blue cows. To evaluate the plasma penicillin concentrations, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein at −5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 240, 480 min relative to the intramuscular (IM) injection of 21,000 IU/kg of body weight of penicillin G. Results showed that plasma concentrations at 15 min after IM injection (668.3 ± 73.7 ng/mL) largely exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of penicillin-sensitive bacteria (MIC < 125 ng/mL). With increasing time, plasma concentrations continued to rise, attaining an increasing proportion of moderately sensitive bacteria (250 ng/mL > MIC < 2000 ng/mL). The maximal concentration was reached between 1 and 4 h (average: 1.495.1 ± 181.7 ng/mL) after IM injection in the majority of cows, and decreased non-significantly to 1002.1 ± 93.2 ng/mL at 8 h. In conclusion, plasma penicillin concentrations at 15 min after an IM injection inhibit penicillin-sensitive bacteria. However, in order to obtain the maximal protective effect of the antibiotherapy, surgery should be started at 1 to 2 h after IM penicillin injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Djebala
- Clinical Department of Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.S.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-493-333-591
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Marc Cherlet
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Ludovic Martinelle
- CARE-FEPEX Experimental Station, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 3, Chemin de la Ferme 6, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Damien Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue Cureghem 6, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Nassim Moula
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- GIGA—Animal Facilities—ULiège—B 34, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Sartelet
- Clinical Department of Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Philippe Bossaert
- Clinical Department of Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.S.); (P.B.)
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SINGH RD, MODY K, PATEL HB, SARVAIYA VN, PATEL BR. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of roxithromycin and ciprofloxacin in treating complicated avian mycoplasmosis in broiler chickens. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i10.111253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of roxithromycin along with ciprofloxacin is having potential to be a promising antimicrobial therapy to treat complicated avian mycoplasmosis in broiler chickens. The present research was undertaken to study the influence of roxithromycin (20 mg/kg body weight) and ciprofloxacin (10 mg/kg body weight) on the oral pharmacokinetics of each other, when both drugs are concomitantly administered in eight healthy male broiler chickens (n=8) and to establish their therapeutic dosage regimens. Their plasma concentrations were assayed by validated ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) methods using UV detector. Oral pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from plasma concentration versus time data based on non-compartmental analysis. Statistically, plasma roxithromycin concentration was significantly higher at one time point only (0.5 h) and plasma ciprofloxacin concentration was significantly lower at the time point of 2 h only when used in combination, in comparison to their respective values obtained after their alone administrations. The pharmacokinetic parameters of roxithromycin and ciprofloxacin showed no significant effect on values of either drug when given in combination and there was a lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between the two antimicrobials. The predicted effective oral dose rate of roxithromycin was 20 mg/kg body weight, every 12 h, and that of ciprofloxacin was 10 mg/kg body weight, every 24 h, to treat complicated avian mycoplasmosis in broiler chickens.
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Lees P, Pelligand L, Giraud E, Toutain PL. A history of antimicrobial drugs in animals: Evolution and revolution. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:137-171. [PMID: 32725687 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary process of antimicrobial drug (AMD) uses in animals over a mere eight decades (1940-2020) has led to a revolutionary outcome, and both evolution and revolution are ongoing, with reports on a range of uses, misuses and abuses escalating logarithmically. As well as veterinary therapeutic perspectives (efficacy, safety, host toxicity, residues, selection of drug, determination of dose and measurement of outcome in treating animal diseases), there are also broader, nontherapeutic uses, some of which have been abandoned, whilst others hopefully will soon be discontinued, at least in more developed countries. Although AMD uses for treatment of animal diseases will continue, it must: (a) be sustainable within the One Health paradigm; and (b) devolve into more prudent, rationally based therapeutic uses. As this review on AMDs is published in a Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, its scope has been made broader than most recent reviews in this field. Many reviews have focused on negative aspects of AMD actions and uses, especially on the question of antimicrobial resistance. This review recognizes these concerns but also emphasizes the many positive aspects deriving from the use of AMDs, including the major research-based advances underlying both the prudent and rational use of AMDs. It is structured in seven sections: (1) Introduction; (2) Sulfonamide history; (3) Nontherapeutic and empirical uses of AMDs (roles of agronomists and veterinarians); (4) Rational uses of AMDs (roles of pharmacologists, clinicians, industry and regulatory controls); (5) Prudent use (residue monitoring, antimicrobial resistance); (6) International and inter-disciplinary actions; and (7) Conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lees
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Etienne Giraud
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Sartini I, Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Danofloxacin pharmacokinetics and tissue residues in Bilgorajska geese. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:11-17. [PMID: 33556838 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Danofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone developed for veterinary medicine and used in avian species for the treatment of numerous bacterial infections. However, no pharmacokinetic data have been reported in geese. The aim of the study was three-fold: (i) to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in geese after single oral (PO) and intravenous (IV) administrations; (ii) to define its residue depletion profile in different goose tissues, and (iii) to recreate a multiple-dose simulation in the practical context of large-scale breeding. Twenty-four healthy geese were randomly divided in three groups each composed of eight animals. Group 1 received danofloxacin IV (5 mg/kg) and groups 2 and 3 were treated PO with the same dose. Blood was collected until 24 h (IV; group 1) and 48 h (PO; group 2) after administration. Two animals from group 3 were sacrificed at 6, 10, 24 and 48 h to collect samples of muscle, heart, kidney, liver, and lung. Danofloxacin was quantified in each matrix using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method with spectrofluorimetric detection and the pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using non-compartmental and compartmental approaches. Danofloxacin showed a moderate elimination half-life (6.61 h), a slow clearance (0.35 mL/g*h) and a large volume of distribution (1.46 mL/g). The peak plasma concentration after PO administration and the time to reach it were 0.96 μg/mL and 1.70 h, respectively. The oral bioavailability was moderate (58%). Higher residue concentration was found in liver and kidney, compared to the other tissues. If the AUC(0-24) value found in the present study is included in the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index (AUC(0-24)/MIC) for the prediction of fluoroquinolones' efficacy, danofloxacin seems to be effective in geese against gram-negative bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) < 0.076 μg/mL and against S. pneumoniae with a MIC < 0.29 μg/mL after a single PO dose of 5 mg/kg. Liver and kidney showed the highest drug tissue penetration value, with an explorative withdrawal time of 2.6 and 3.8 days, respectively. A practical multiple-dose regimen simulation does not lead to significant plasma drug accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; School of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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