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Abstract
Livestock products supply about 13 percent of energy and 28 percent of protein in diets consumed worldwide. Diarrhea is a leading cause of sickness and death of beef and dairy calves in their first month of life and also affecting adult cattle, resulting in large economic losses and a negative impact on animal welfare. Despite the usual multifactorial origin, viruses are generally involved, being among the most important causes of diarrhea. There are several viruses that have been confirmed as etiological agents (i.e., rotavirus and coronavirus), and some viruses that are not yet confirmed as etiological agents. This review summarizes the viruses that have been detected in the enteric tract of cattle and tries to deepen and gather knowledge about them.
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Piewbang C, Kasantikul T, Pringproa K, Techangamsuwan S. Feline bocavirus-1 associated with outbreaks of hemorrhagic enteritis in household cats: potential first evidence of a pathological role, viral tropism and natural genetic recombination. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16367. [PMID: 31705016 PMCID: PMC6841677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52902-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline bocavirus-1 (FBoV-1) was identified in cats from different households with hemorrhagic enteritis during outbreaks of an unusual clinical presentation of feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) in Thailand. Use of polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of the FBoV-1 DNA in several tissues, suggesting hematogenous viremia, with the viral nucleic acid, detected by in situ hybridization (ISH), was localized in intestinal cells and vascular endothelium of intestinal mucosa and serosa, and in necrosis areas primarily in various lymph nodes while FPLV-immunohistochemical analysis revealed viral localization only in cryptal cells, neurons, and limited to leukocytes in the mesenteric lymph node. Full-length coding genome analysis of the Thai FBoV-1 strains isolated from moribund cats revealed three distinct strains with a high between-strain genetic diversity, while genetic recombination in one of the three FBoV-1 strains within the NS1 gene. This is the first report identifying natural genetic recombination of the FBoV-1 and describing the pathology and viral tropism of FBoV-1 infection in cats. Although the role of FBoV-1 associated with systemic infection of these cats remained undetermined, a contributory role of enteric infection of FBoV-1 is possible. Synergistic effects of dual infection with FPLV and FBoV-1 are hypothesized, suggesting more likely severe clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutchai Piewbang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tanit Kasantikul
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Chang J, Zhang Y, Yang D, Jiang Z, Wang F, Yu L. Potent neutralization activity against type O foot-and-mouth disease virus elicited by a conserved type O neutralizing epitope displayed on bovine parvovirus virus-like particles. J Gen Virol 2018; 100:187-198. [PMID: 30547855 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, ten sites on the N terminus and different surface variable regions (VRs) of the bovine parvovirus (BPV) VP2 capsid protein were selected according to an alignment of its sequence with that of the BPV-1 strain HADEN for insertion of the type O foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) conserved neutralizing epitope 8E8. Ten epitope-chimeric BPV VP2 capsid proteins carrying the 8E8 epitope were expressed in Sf9 cells, and electron micrographs demonstrated that these fusion proteins self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) with properties similar to those of natural BPV virions. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blot analysis demonstrated that each of the ten epitope-chimeric VLPs reacted with both anti-BPV serum and anti-type O FMDV mAb 8E8. These results indicated that insertions of the 8E8 epitope at these sites on the BPV VP2 protein did not interfere with the immunoreactivity of VP2 or VLP formation, and that the exogenous epitope 8E8 was correctly expressed in BPV VLPs. In addition, anti-BPV IgG antibodies were induced in mice by intramuscular inoculation with each of the ten chimeric VLPs, indicating that the immunogenicity of the chimeric VLPs was not disrupted. Importantly, potent anti-FMDV viral neutralizing (VN) antibodies, which exhibited the highest titre of 1 : 176, were induced by two chimeric VLPs, rBPV-VLP-8E8(391) and rBPV-VLP-8E8(395), in which the 8E8 epitope was inserted into positions 391/392 and 395/396, respectively, in the VR VIII of BPV VP2. Our results demonstrated that the 391/392 and 395/396 positions in the VR VIII of the BPV VP2 protein can effectively display a foreign epitope, making this an attractive approach for the design of nanoparticle-vectored and epitope-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitao Chang
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Decheng Yang
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Zhigang Jiang
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Li Yu
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, PR China
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Molecular detection and genetic analysis of porcine bocavirus in Korean domestic swine herds. Arch Virol 2013; 159:1487-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zhao B, Yu X, Wang C, Teng Z, Wang C, Shen J, Gao Y, Zhu Z, Wang J, Yuan Z, Wu F, Zhang X, Ghildyal R. High human bocavirus viral load is associated with disease severity in children under five years of age. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62318. [PMID: 23638038 PMCID: PMC3640090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus and detected worldwide in lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), but its pathogenic role in respiratory illness is still debatable due to high incidence of co-infection with other respiratory viruses. To determine the prevalence of HBoV infection in patients with LRTI in Shanghai and its correlation with disease severity, we performed a 3-year prospective study of HBoV in healthy controls, outpatients and inpatients under five years of age with X-ray diagnosed LRTIs. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested by PCR for common respiratory viruses and by real time PCR for HBoV subtypes 1-4. Nasopharyngeal swabs from healthy controls and serum samples and stools from inpatients were also tested for HBoV1-4 by real time PCR. Viral loads were determined by quantitative real time PCR in all HBoV positive samples. HBoV1 was detected in 7.0% of inpatients, with annual rates of 5.1%, 8.0% and 4.8% in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) subtype A was the most frequent co-infection detected; HBoV1 and RSVA appeared to co-circulate with similar seasonal variations. High HBoV viral loads (>10(6) copies/ml) were significantly more frequent in inpatients and outpatients than in healthy controls. There was a direct correlation of high viral load with increasing disease severity in patients co-infected with HBoV1 and at least one other respiratory virus. In summary, our data suggest that HBoV1 can cause LRTIs, but symptomatic HBoV infection is only observed in the context of high viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihui Zhao
- Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelian Yu
- Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxian Wang
- Technical Center for Animal and Plant and Food Inspection, Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection AND Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Teng
- Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaren Shen
- Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Gao
- Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaokui Zhu
- Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengan Yuan
- Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wu
- Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Applied Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of bovine parvovirus. J Virol Methods 2012; 191:155-61. [PMID: 22584269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for detection of bovine parvovirus (BPV) DNA. Four primers were designed to recognize six distinct regions on the target DNA based on a highly conserved sequence in the VP2 region of the BPV genome. The optimized LAMP reaction conditions were 8 mM Mg²⁺, 1.2 mM betaine, and an incubation at 63°C for 45 min. After amplification the products were detected either by observing a ladder pattern following gel electrophoresis, observation of turbidity, or a color change with the addition of SYBR Green I to the reaction tube. The detection limit of the LAMP assay was 9 copies of BPV-DNA and was 100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. A ladder pattern of bands after gel electrophoresis was observed for only BPV isolates and showed that the BPV LAMP assay was highly specific without any cross-reactivity with other related viruses. The LAMP assay was evaluated further using 59 field samples and the results were comparable to conventional PCR. The LAMP assay is a simple, rapid and economic detection method; it can provide a useful technique suitable for detection of BPV infection in both field conditions and laboratory settings.
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IMBIMBO P, CASTIGLIEGO L, ARMANI A, BIOLATTI B, CANNIZZO FT, GIANFALDONI D, GUIDI A. A Histologic Study on Growth Promoter Target Organs of Slaughtered Beef in Molise Region (Italy). J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1253-9. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi IMBIMBO
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2a–56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo CASTIGLIEGO
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2a–56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea ARMANI
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2a–56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo BIOLATTI
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Turin
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44–10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Francesca Tiziana CANNIZZO
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Turin
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44–10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Daniela GIANFALDONI
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2a–56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra GUIDI
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2a–56124 Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
The cytopathic effects induced during parvovirus infection have been widely documented. Parvovirus infection-induced cell death is often directly associated with disease outcomes (e.g., anemia resulting from loss of erythroid progenitors during parvovirus B19 infection). Apoptosis is the major form of cell death induced by parvovirus infection. However, nonapoptotic cell death, namely necrosis, has also been reported during infection of the minute virus of mice, parvovirus H-1 and bovine parvovirus. Recent studies have revealed multiple mechanisms underlying the cell death during parvovirus infection. These mechanisms vary in different parvoviruses, although the large nonstructural protein (NS)1 and the small NS proteins (e.g., the 11 kDa of parvovirus B19), as well as replication of the viral genome, are responsible for causing infection-induced cell death. Cell cycle arrest is also common, and contributes to the cytopathic effects induced during parvovirus infection. While viral NS proteins have been indicated to induce cell cycle arrest, increasing evidence suggests that a cellular DNA damage response triggered by an invading single-stranded parvoviral genome is the major inducer of cell cycle arrest in parvovirus-infected cells. Apparently, in response to infection, cell death and cell cycle arrest of parvovirus-infected cells are beneficial to the viral cell lifecycle (e.g., viral DNA replication and virus egress). In this article, we will discuss recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying parvovirus infection-induced cell death and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Yun Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics & Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 3029, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Cannizzo FT, Spada F, Benevelli R, Nebbia C, Giorgi P, Brina N, Bollo E, Biolatti B. Thymus atrophy and regeneration following dexamethasone administration to beef cattle. Vet Rec 2010; 167:338-43. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. T. Cannizzo
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale; Sez. Anatomia patologica
| | - F. Spada
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale; Sez. Anatomia patologica
| | - R. Benevelli
- Quinto valore spa, Via Due Canali; 13 42100 Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - C. Nebbia
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale; Sez. Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Facoltá di Medicina Veterinaria di Torino; Universitá di Torino; Via L. da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - P. Giorgi
- Coop italia; Via del Iavoro 6/8 40033 Casalecchio di Reno Bo Italy
| | - N. Brina
- Coop italia; Via del Iavoro 6/8 40033 Casalecchio di Reno Bo Italy
| | - E. Bollo
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale; Sez. Anatomia patologica
| | - B. Biolatti
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale; Sez. Anatomia patologica
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Chieochansin T, Kapoor A, Delwart E, Poovorawan Y, Simmonds P. Absence of detectable replication of human bocavirus species 2 in respiratory tract. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 15:1503-5. [PMID: 19788826 PMCID: PMC2819874 DOI: 10.3201/eid1509.090394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) commonly infects young children and is associated with respiratory disease; disease associations of the divergent HBoV-2 species are unknown. Frequent HBoV-2 detection in fecal samples indicated widespread circulation in the United Kingdom and Thailand, but its lack of detection among 6,524 respiratory samples indicates likely differences from HBoV-1 in tropism/pathogenesis.
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Hamza IA, Jurzik L, Wilhelm M, Überla K. Detection and quantification of human bocavirus in river water. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2634-2637. [PMID: 19656966 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.013557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) was recently discovered in children with respiratory-tract infection and has been detected frequently in faecal specimens from children with gastroenteritis. The present study addresses for the first time, to our knowledge, the prevalence of HBoV in river water. By using a newly developed real-time PCR targeting a conserved region of the NP1 gene of HBoV, virus levels in water samples were determined. Moreover, partial sequence analysis of the NP1 gene of HBoV and comparative phylogenetic analysis were performed. HBoV was detected in 40.8 % of collected water samples. The virus level ranged between 3x10(1) and 2x10(3) genome equivalents l(-1). Therefore, the present study suggests that river water could play a role in the spread of HBoV. However, further work should be done to determine the actual risk of infection via surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Jurzik
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Wilhelm
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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Tozer SJ, Lambert SB, Whiley DM, Bialasiewicz S, Lyon MJ, Nissen MD, Sloots TP. Detection of human bocavirus in respiratory, fecal, and blood samples by real-time PCR. J Med Virol 2009; 81:488-93. [PMID: 19152414 PMCID: PMC7167035 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Tozer
- Queensland Pediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital and Health Service District, Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Ziegler S, Tillmann RL, Müller A, Simon A, Schildgen V, Schildgen O. No gastroenteric Bocavirus in high risk patients stool samples. J Clin Virol 2008; 43:349-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cannizzo FT, Miniscalco B, Riondato F, Bollo E, Barbarino G, Giorgi P, Mazzini C, Biolatti B. Effects of anabolic and therapeutic doses of dexamethasone on thymus morphology and apoptosis in veal calves. Vet Rec 2008; 163:448-52. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.15.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. T. Cannizzo
- Dipartimento di Patalogia Animale; University of Turin; via L. Da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - B. Miniscalco
- Dipartimento di Patalogia Animale; University of Turin; via L. Da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - F. Riondato
- Dipartimento di Patalogia Animale; University of Turin; via L. Da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - E. Bollo
- Dipartimento di Patalogia Animale; University of Turin; via L. Da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - G. Barbarino
- Regione Piemonte, Settore Sanitá Animale ed Igiene delli Allevamenti, corso Stati Uniti 1 10100 Torino Italy
| | - P. Giorgi
- Coop Italia, Via del Iavoro 6/8 40033 Casalecchio di Reno Bo Italy
| | - C. Mazzini
- Coop Italia, Via del Iavoro 6/8 40033 Casalecchio di Reno Bo Italy
| | - B. Biolatti
- Dipartimento di Patalogia Animale; University of Turin; via L. Da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
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Cheng WX, Jin Y, Duan ZJ, Xu ZQ, Qi HM, Zhang Q, Yu JM, Zhu L, Jin M, Liu N, Cui SX, Li HY, Fang ZY. Human bocavirus in children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:161-7. [PMID: 18532891 PMCID: PMC7107984 DOI: 10.1086/589244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Human bocavirus (HBoV) was recently discovered in children with respiratory tract disease and gastroenteritis. The causative role of HBoV in human gastroenteritis remains uncertain, and, to our knowledge, no previous case-control study has studied the relationship between HBoV and gastroenteritis. Methods. We conducted a case-control study that examined stool samples from 397 children with diarrhea and from 115 asymptomatic control subjects. HBoV was detected using polymerase chain reaction. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the HBoV loads in case and control groups. Common enteric viruses were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, polymerase chain reaction, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results. At least 1 viral agent was discovered in 60.2% of cases. HBoV was detected in 14 samples, and 9 were coinfected with either rotavirus (7 of 14 samples) or human calicivirus (2 of 14). Many (8 [57.1%] of 14) of the HBoV infections occurred during September-December 2006. Most (12 [85.7%]) of the HBoV-infected children were 7–18 months of age. The percentage of children with HBoV infection did not differ significantly between case patients and control subjects (3.5% vs. 3.5%), and the statistical analysis did not support a correlation between HBoV infection and more-severe clinical symptoms. The viral load differences between the 2 groups were not statistically significant (P = .09, by log-normal Student's t test). In addition, the VP1/VP2 partial gene of HBoV from case patients and control subjects showed minimal sequence variation. Conclusions. A single genetic lineage of HBoV was revealed in persons in China. Despite its high prevalence in stool samples, our study does not support a causative role of HBoV in gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-xia Cheng
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Human bocavirus: passenger or pathogen in acute respiratory tract infections? Clin Microbiol Rev 2008; 21:291-304, table of contents. [PMID: 18400798 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00030-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly identified virus tentatively assigned to the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, genus Bocavirus. HBoV was first described in 2005 and has since been detected in respiratory tract secretions worldwide. Herein we review the literature on HBoV and discuss the biology and potential clinical impact of this virus. Most studies have been PCR based and performed on patients with acute respiratory symptoms, from whom HBoV was detected in 2 to 19% of the samples. HBoV-positive samples have been derived mainly from infants and young children. HBoV DNA has also been detected in the blood of patients with respiratory tract infection and in fecal samples of patients with diarrhea with or without concomitant respiratory symptoms. A characteristic feature of HBoV studies is the high frequency of coinciding detections, or codetections, with other viruses. Available data nevertheless indicate a statistical association between HBoV and acute respiratory tract disease. We present a model incorporating these somewhat contradictory findings and suggest that primary HBoV infection causes respiratory tract symptoms which can be followed by prolonged low-level virus shedding in the respiratory tract. Detection of the virus in this phase will be facilitated by other infections, either simply via increased sample cell count or via reactivation of HBoV, leading to an increased detection frequency of HBoV during other virus infections. We conclude that the majority of available HBoV studies are limited by the sole use of PCR diagnostics on respiratory tract secretions, addressing virus prevalence but not disease association. The ability to detect primary infection through the development of improved diagnostic methods will be of great importance for future studies seeking to assign a role for HBoV in causing respiratory illnesses.
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Pediatric hospitalization of acute respiratory tract infections with Human Bocavirus in Hong Kong. J Clin Virol 2008; 42:72-4. [PMID: 18296108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Human Bocavirus (HBoV) has recently been identified and implicated as an aetiologic agent of lower respiratory tract infection in children. OBJECTIVES The prevalence of HBoV and clinical manifestations of children hospitalized for acute respiratory illness in Hong Kong were determined. STUDY DESIGN 1906 non-duplicate nasopharyngeal aspirates obtained from children aged >1 month to 15 years of age hospitalized with respiratory tract infections during a 13-month period were investigated for the presence of HBoV by PCR. These children were admitted to the general pediatric wards in a teaching and tertiary Hong Kong hospital in a prospective study for surveillance of acute respiratory illness. RESULTS Human Bocavirus was detected in 5.0% (95/1906) of nasopharyngeal aspirates by PCR. The percentage was highest in 25-36 months group (12%). Seasonal distribution was noted from September to February. Co-infection with human parainfluenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus was present in 16% and 3% of cases, respectively. Gastrointestinal symptoms of vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhoea were common, besides respiratory symptoms and fever. CONCLUSIONS HBoV plays an important role in hospitalized children </=3 years with upper and lower respiratory tract infections in Hong Kong.
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Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) was first described in 2005 in nasopharyngeal aspirates of children with respiratory tract infection. Multiple studies have confirmed the presence of HBoV in respiratory tract samples of children world-wide. HBoV has recently also been detected in blood and fecal samples. Most studies so far have studied virus prevalence, and only a few reports provide data regarding the linkage of HBoV to disease. These reports indicate that HBoV infection is indeed associated with acute respiratory tract symptoms, but also that HBoV may persist in the respiratory tract for a longer time than other respiratory agents, resulting in frequent detection of low load HBoV carriage. This phenomenon has complicated the use of PCR diagnostics, which has been the only available diagnostic method. Development of alternative diagnostic strategies such as serology will be important for future studies of HBoV and its association with disease.
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Endo R, Ishiguro N, Kikuta H, Teramoto S, Shirkoohi R, Ma X, Ebihara T, Ishiko H, Ariga T. Seroepidemiology of human bocavirus in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:3218-23. [PMID: 17699639 PMCID: PMC2045318 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02140-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A new human virus, provisionally named human bocavirus (HBoV), was discovered by Swedish researchers in 2005. A new immunofluorescence assay using Trichoplusia ni insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus expressing the VP1 protein of HBoV was developed, and the levels of immunoglobulin G antibody to the VP1 protein of HBoV in serum samples were measured. The overall seroprevalence rate of antibodies against the VP1 protein of HBoV in a Japanese population aged from 0 months to 41 years was 71.1% (145 of 204). The seropositive rate was lowest in the age group of 6 to 8 months and gradually increased with age. All of the children had been exposed to HBoV by the age of 6 years. A rise in titers of antibody against the VP1 protein of HBoV during the convalescent phase was observed for four patients with lower respiratory tract infections, and HBoV DNA was detected in nasopharyngeal swab and serum samples from all four patients. These results suggest that HBoV is a ubiquitous virus acquired early in life and that HBoV might play a role in the course of lower respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Endo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Vicente D, Cilla G, Montes M, Pérez-Yarza EG, Pérez-Trallero E. Human bocavirus, a respiratory and enteric virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:636-7. [PMID: 17553287 PMCID: PMC2725986 DOI: 10.3201/eid1304.061501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In Spain, human bocavirus (HBoV) was detected in 48 (9.1%) of 527 children with gastroenteritis at similar frequency as for children with respiratory illness (40/520, 7.7%). Fecal excretion adds new concern about the transmission of HBoV. To our knowledge, this report is the first to document HBoV in human feces.
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Allander T, Jartti T, Gupta S, Niesters HGM, Lehtinen P, Osterback R, Vuorinen T, Waris M, Bjerkner A, Tiveljung-Lindell A, van den Hoogen BG, Hyypiä T, Ruuskanen O. Human bocavirus and acute wheezing in children. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:904-10. [PMID: 17342639 PMCID: PMC7107819 DOI: 10.1086/512196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Human bocavirus is a newly discovered parvovirus. It has been detected primarily in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection, but its occurrence, clinical profile, and role as a causative agent of respiratory tract disease are not clear. Methods. We investigated the presence of human bocavirus by quantitative polymerase chain reaction of nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens and selected serum samples obtained from 259 children (median age, 1.6 years) who had been hospitalized for acute expiratory wheezing. The samples were analyzed for 16 respiratory viruses by polymerase chain reaction, virus culture, antigen detection, and serological assays. Results. At least 1 potential etiologic agent was detected in 95% of children, and >1 agent was detected in 34% of children. Human bocavirus was detected in 49 children (19%). A large proportion of the cases were mixed infections with other viruses, but human bocavirus was the only virus detected in 12 children (5%). High viral loads of human bocavirus were noted mainly in the absence of other viral agents, suggesting a causative role for acute wheezing. In addition, infections that had uncertain clinical relevance and low viral loads were prevalent. Human bocavirus DNA was frequently detected in serum specimens obtained from patients with acute wheezing, suggesting systemic infection. Conclusions. Human bocavirus is prevalent among children with acute wheezing and can cause systemic infection. Results suggest a model for bocavirus infection in which high viral loads are potentially associated with respiratory symptoms and low viral loads indicate asymptomatic shedding. Therefore, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis may be important for additional studies of human bocavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Allander
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. JUBB, KENNEDY & PALMER'S PATHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7155580 DOI: 10.1016/b978-070202823-6.50096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Allander T, Tammi MT, Eriksson M, Bjerkner A, Tiveljung-Lindell A, Andersson B. Cloning of a human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:12891-6. [PMID: 16118271 PMCID: PMC1200281 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504666102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1163] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of new virus species is a key issue for the study of infectious disease but is technically very difficult. We developed a system for large-scale molecular virus screening of clinical samples based on host DNA depletion, random PCR amplification, large-scale sequencing, and bioinformatics. The technology was applied to pooled human respiratory tract samples. The first experiments detected seven human virus species without the use of any specific reagent. Among the detected viruses were one coronavirus and one parvovirus, both of which were at that time uncharacterized. The parvovirus, provisionally named human bocavirus, was in a retrospective clinical study detected in 17 additional patients and associated with lower respiratory tract infections in children. The molecular virus screening procedure provides a general culture-independent solution to the problem of detecting unknown virus species in single or pooled samples. We suggest that a systematic exploration of the viruses that infect humans, "the human virome," can be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Allander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Productive infection by the murine autonomous parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM) depends on a dividing cell population and its differentiation state. We have extended the in vivo analysis of the MVM host cell type range into the developing embryo by in utero inoculation followed by further gestation. The fibrotropic p strain (MVMp) and the lymphotropic i strain (MVMi) did not productively infect the early mouse embryo but were able to infect overlapping sets of cell types in the mid- or late-gestation embryo. Both MVMp and MVMi infected developing bone primordia, notochord, central nervous system, and dorsal root ganglia. MVMp exhibited extensive infection in fibroblasts, in the epithelia of lung and developing nose, and, to a lesser extent, in the gut. MVMi also infected endothelium. The data indicated that the host ranges of the two MVM strains consist of overlapping sets of cell types that are broader than previously known from neonate and in vitro infection experiments. The correlation between MVM host cell types and the cell types that activate the transgenic P4 promoter is consistent with the hypothesis that activation of the incoming viral P4 promoter by the host cell is one of the host range determinants of MVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refael Itah
- Department of Developmental Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Abstract
The single-stranded DNA parvoviruses occur in humans and many species of animals. In general, they are species-specific and capable of producing disease at any stage of life. Parvoviruses have a requirement to replicate in cells in a permissive S-phase of DNA mitosis. The infections may be cytolytic to select cell groups resulting in specific developmental defects or may produce more generalized effects such as anemia, pancytopenia, or hemorrhage. The fetus is at particular risk for damage because of the vast number of cells in active mitosis. The teratogenic effects may be severe, often resulting in fetal death. Infections in childhood and adulthood are more frequently mild to subclinical. Some of the teratogenic effects recognized in animal species have been identified in humans. With increased knowledge of parvovirus effects in animals, more pathogenic effects may be related to human parvoviral disease. The need for vaccination, currently used annually in many domestic animal species, continues to be evaluated for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Jordan
- Animal Health and Care Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Siegl GÃ, Tratschin JD. Parvoviruses: agents of distinct pathogenic and molecular potential. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Durham PJ, Johnson RH, Isles H, Parker RJ, Holroyd RG, Goodchild I. Epidemiological studies of parvovirus infections in calves on endemically infected properties. Res Vet Sci 1985. [PMID: 2988094 PMCID: PMC7127321 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)31832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine parvovirus serology and virus excretion were monitored in calves located on three endemically infected North Queensland properties. Maternally derived serum antibody to bovine parvovirus was found to have a half-life of 19 days. On all three properties, calves developed intestinal bovine parvovirus infection with seroconversion soon after weaning. This occurred more promptly where the environment was subject to heavier bovine parvovirus contamination due to management practices. The concurrent presence of moderate levels of residual serum antibody had only minor influence on the onset of the infection. On one beef cattle property, onset of intestinal bovine parvovirus infection was associated with an outbreak of post-weaning diarrhoea. Anthelmintic treatment trials indicated that this syndrome was unrelated to helminth burdens, though coccidiosis appeared responsible for occasional subsequent cases of dysentery. It was considered that bovine parvovirus may have significantly contributed to the development of the diarrhoea syndrome, in conjunction with substantial weaning stresses.
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Durham P, Johnson R, Parker R. Exacerbation of experimental parvoviral enteritis in calves by coccidia and weaning stress. Res Vet Sci 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)31763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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