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The Role of Myrrh Metabolites in Cancer, Inflammation, and Wound Healing: Prospects for a Multi-Targeted Drug Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080944. [PMID: 36015092 PMCID: PMC9416713 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Myrrh extract is a well-known medicinal plant with significant therapeutic benefits attributed to the activity of its diverse metabolites. It has promising activity against cancer and inflammatory diseases, and could serve as a potential therapeutic alternative since most therapeutic agents have severe side effects that impair quality of life. Method: The current study identified the active metabolites from the myrrh resin methanolic extract. Then, the extracts were tested for in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity using cancer cell lines and Tamm-Horsfall Protein 1 (Thp-1)-like macrophage cell lines. Furthermore, using an in vivo rat model, the extracts’ anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activity was investigated. In addition, in silico predictions of the myrrh constituents highlighted the pharmacokinetic properties, molecular targets, and safety profile, including cytochrome P 450 (CYP) inhibition and organ toxicity. Results: Nine secondary metabolites were identified, and computational predictions suggested a good absorption profile, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing effects. The myrrh extract had moderate cytotoxic activity against both HL60 and K562 leukemia cell lines and the KAIMRC1 breast cancer cell line. Myrrh caused a dose-dependent effect on macrophages to increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, promote their polarization to classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) phenotypes, and consequently induce apoptosis, highlighting its ability to modulate macrophage function, which could potentially aid in several desired therapeutic processes, including the resolution of inflammation, and autophagy which is an important aspect to consider in cancer treatment. The topical application of myrrh improved wound healing, with no delayed inflammatory response, and promoted complete re-epithelization of the skin, similar to the positive control. In conclusion, we provide evidence for the methanolic extract of myrrh having cytotoxic activity against cancer cells and anti-inflammatory wound-healing properties, which may be attributed to its role in modulating macrophage function. Furthermore, we suggest the active constituents responsible for these properties, which warrants further studies focusing on the precise roles of the active metabolites.
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Frum Y, Viljoen AM. In Vitro 5-Lipoxygenase Activity of Three Indigenous South African Aromatic Plants Used in Traditional Healing and the Stereospecific Activity of Limonene in the 5-Lipoxygenase Assay. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2006.12067127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yakov Frum
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alvaro M. Viljoen
- School of Pharmacy, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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Yang YX, Zheng LT, Shi JJ, Gao B, Chen YK, Yang HC, Chen HL, Li YC, Zhen XC. Synthesis of 5α-cholestan-6-one derivatives and their inhibitory activities of NO production in activated microglia: discovery of a novel neuroinflammation inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:1222-7. [PMID: 24456901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glial activation-mediated neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the process of several neuroinflammatory diseases including stroke, Alzheimer's diseases, Parkinson's diseases, multiple sclerosis and ischemia. Inhibition of microglial activation may ameliorate neuronal degeneration under the inflammatory conditions. In the present study, a number of 5α-cholestan-6-one derivatives were prepared and the anti-inflammatory effects of these compounds were evaluated in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia cells. Those derivatives were synthesized from readily available hyodeoxycholic acid (1). Among the tested compounds, several analogs (16-18, 25, 35, 38) exhibited potent inhibitory activities on nitric oxide production with no or weak cell toxicity. Compound 16 also significantly suppressed the expression of TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, cyclooxygenase (COX-2) as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia cells. In addition, compound 16 markedly reduced infarction volume in a focal ischemic mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xi Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Road Zu Chong Zhi, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Long-Tai Zheng
- Jiansu Key Laboratory for Translational Research for Neuro-Psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Road Zu Chong Zhi, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Bo Gao
- Jiansu Key Laboratory for Translational Research for Neuro-Psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yan-Ke Chen
- Jiansu Key Laboratory for Translational Research for Neuro-Psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Hui-Chi Yang
- Jiansu Key Laboratory for Translational Research for Neuro-Psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Hong-Li Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Road Ling Ling, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Yuan-Chao Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Road Zu Chong Zhi, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Xue-Chu Zhen
- Jiansu Key Laboratory for Translational Research for Neuro-Psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
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Errahali YJ, Thomas LD, Keller TCS, Lee HJ. Inhibition by new glucocorticoid antedrugs [16α, 17α-d] isoxazoline and [16α, 17α-d]-3'-hydroxy-iminoformyl isoxazoline derivatives of chemotaxis and CCL26, CCL11, IL-8, and RANTES secretion. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:493-507. [PMID: 23679817 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying inflammation present in chronic airway diseases is orchestrated by increased secretion of CC and CXC chemokines that selectively recruit the leukocyte populations into the pulmonary system. Human chemokines, eotaxins (CCL11 and CCL26), RANTES, and interleukin (IL)-8, are dramatically upregulated through G-protein receptors in cell inflammation, including human asthma. In previous studies, a series of new glucocorticoid antedrugs (GCAs) were synthesized as derivatives of isoxazoline and oxime, and their pharmacological properties based on the antedrug concepts were evaluated. Utilizing both human airway epithelium (HAE) and eosinophil (EOS) cell culture models, we carried out studies to test the hypothesis that new GCA cell treatment would ameliorate Th-1/Th-2-driven secretion of these asthmatic biomarkers, eotaxins (CCL11 and CCL26), RANTES, and IL-8 chemokines, that would in turn decrease recruitment, proliferation, and activation of EOS cells. Results demonstrate that isoxazoline and oxime derivatives exhibit concentration-dependent inhibition, and specifically the compound No. 7 decreases significantly the secretion of eotaxins, RANTES, and IL-8 in cytokine-stimulated HAE cells. It was shown that EOS proliferation and activation were reduced considerably, and cell apoptosis occurred when exposed to nonfluorinated isoxazoline derivatives. These results provide evidence that concentration and structural manipulation of GCAs could increase the anti-inflammatory potency in treatment of chronic diseases, including asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes J Errahali
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Omar F Khan
- College of Pharmacy, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, Oklahoma 73096, USA.
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Abdelhamid AO, Baghos VB, Doss SH, Halim MMA. Reaction of Hydrazonoyl Halides 55 1: Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydro[1,3,4]-Thiadiazoles Containing Steroid Moiety. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500701521811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. O. Abdelhamid
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Cairo University , Giza, Egypt
| | - V. B. Baghos
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Cairo University , Giza, Egypt
| | - S. H. Doss
- b Hormone Department , National Research Centre , Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - M. M. A. Halim
- b Hormone Department , National Research Centre , Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Abdelhamid AO, Abdelhalim MM, Elmegeed GA. New routes to steroidal heterocyclic derivatives: Synthesis of biologically active pyrazolyl- and isoxazolylpregnene derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570440102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Park KK, Ko DH, You Z, Khan MOF, Lee HJ. In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of new steroidal antedrugs: [16alpha,17alpha-d] Isoxazoline and [16alpha,17alpha-d]-3'-hydroxy-iminoformyl isoxazoline derivatives of prednisolone and 9alpha-fluoroprednisolone. Steroids 2006; 71:183-8. [PMID: 16309722 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of new anti-inflammatory steroidal antedrugs with C-16,17-isoxazoline ring system were synthesized and their pharmacological activities were evaluated. We reported earlier that these compounds are promising antedrugs based on the results of 5-day rat croton oil ear edema assay. In the present study, most of these compounds showed high binding affinities to the glucocorticoid receptor of liver cytosol. 21-acetyloxy-9alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadieno [16alpha,17alpha-d] isoxazoline (FP-ISO-21AC) and 11beta,21-dihydroxy-9alpha-fluoro-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadieno [16alpha,17alpha-d] isoxazoline (FP-ISO-21OH) were found 5.0-, 5.3-fold more potent than prednisolone, respectively. Inhibitory effects of the antedrugs on the nitric oxide (NO) production were assessed using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. All these steroidal antedrugs exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of NO production, but their relative potencies were lower than prednisolone. In vitro metabolism study in rat plasma showed that FP-ISO-21AC and 21-acetyloxy-9alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadieno [16alpha,17alpha-d]-3'-hydroxyiminoformyl isoxazoline (FP-OXIM-21AC) were hydrolyzed rapidly, with the half-lives of 2.1 and 4.2 min, respectively. The half-lives of FP-ISO-21OH and 11beta,21-dihydroxy-9alpha-fluoro-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadieno [16alpha,17alpha-d]-3'-hydroxyiminoformyl isoxazoline (FP-OXIM-21OH) were 92.2 and 110.2 min, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-K Park
- Center for Anti-Inflammatory Research, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, FL 32307, USA.
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Park KK, Ko DH, You Z, Cooperwood JS, Park J, Lee HJ. Chirality effect of C-20 on metabolism of methyl 11beta,17alpha,20-trihydroxy-3-oxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate derivatives. Steroids 2004; 69:87-91. [PMID: 15013686 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2003] [Revised: 09/29/2003] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epimers at C-20 of methyl 11beta,17alpha,20-trihydroxy-3-oxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oates, their 9alpha-fluoro analogs, their carbonate derivatives, and their acetonide derivatives were subjected to metabolism study in rat plasma and rat liver homogenate. These steroids were synthesized based on the antedrug concept. In rat plasma, the carboxy ester bonds of 20beta-triols and their acetonides were hydrolyzed with half-lives (T(1/2)) of between 5.7 and 7.7 min, while their corresponding alpha-epimers had longer half-lives of more than 2.5 h. A more profound difference was observed between the alpha- and beta-epimers of the carbonates, with the latter showing a T(1/2) less than 1 min (0.3 and 0.43 min for P20beta- and PF20beta-carbonate, respectively), while that of the former about 3 h (165 min for P20alpha-carbonate and 191 min for PF20alpha-carbonate). In rat liver homogenate, the triol and acetonide derivatives showed greater stability than they did in rat plasma, with T(1/2) for the beta-group in the range of 54-108 min, and T(1/2) for the alpha-group over 7 h. A significant difference in hydrolysis of the carbonate derivatives was also observed in rat liver homogenate. The half-lives of P20beta- and PF20beta-carbonate were 0.67 and 0.66 min, respectively, and the alpha-isomers showed the similar metabolic rate with other alpha-isomers. An esterase inhibitor effectively blocked the hydrolysis of the ester bond, indicating that this metabolism is an enzymatic reaction. Molecular modeling studies show that steric hindrance around the ester group of the alpha-epimers is much greater than that of their beta-counterparts, affording one explanation for the large difference in the metabolic hydrolysis rate; i.e. the carboxy ester bond of beta-isomer which is less hindered sterically than their counter alpha-isomers is hydrolyzed faster than that of alpha-isomers. In conclusion, this study confirms that chirality at C-20 had profound effects on metabolism and pharmacological profile of the steroid acid ester derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-kyun Park
- Center for Anti-Inflammatory Research, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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