1
|
Leyva-Ramos S, Cardoso-Ortiz J. Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Tetrazoles and their Pharmacological Relevance. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999201210193344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The heterocycle ring tetrazole is an important moiety relevant to medicinal chemistry
since it is present in some drugs with clinical importance. Its primary biological activity is
being a bioisosteric analogue of the carboxylic acid and cis-amide groups. Its metabolic stability
and other physicochemical properties make it an attractive structure for designing and synthesizing
new pharmaceuticals. The biological activity of tetrazoles is quite extensive and
includes antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, and antioxidant properties; all of them
are discussed in this review. The most effective way to obtain tetrazoles is by azide derivatives,
either in the starting materials by the cycloaddition [3 + 2] of organic azides and nitriles
or by preparing a reactive imidoyl azide intermediate. The nucleophilic behavior of the azide
group is discussed when the raw materials include isocyanides. Some other methods include
alternative synthetic routes like thermolysis. This review also highlights some of the developments regarding the use
of different heterogeneous catalysts to synthesize several tetrazole derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Socorro Leyva-Ramos
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Jaime Cardoso-Ortiz
- Unidad Academica de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Tetrazole derivatives are a prime class of heterocycles, very important to medicinal chemistry and drug design due to not only their bioisosterism to carboxylic acid and amide moieties but also to their metabolic stability and other beneficial physicochemical properties. Although more than 20 FDA-approved drugs contain 1 H- or 2 H-tetrazole substituents, their exact binding mode, structural biology, 3D conformations, and in general their chemical behavior is not fully understood. Importantly, multicomponent reaction (MCR) chemistry offers convergent access to multiple tetrazole scaffolds providing the three important elements of novelty, diversity, and complexity, yet MCR pathways to tetrazoles are far from completely explored. Here, we review the use of multicomponent reactions for the preparation of substituted tetrazole derivatives. We highlight specific applications and general trends holding therein and discuss synthetic approaches and their value by analyzing scope and limitations, and also enlighten their receptor binding mode. Finally, we estimated the prospects of further research in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos G. Neochoritis
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ting Zhao
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prabhu G, Nagendra G, Sagar NR, Pal R, Guru Row TN, Sureshbabu VV. A Facile Synthesis of 1,5-Disubstituted Tetrazole Peptidomimetics by Desulfurization/Electrocyclization of Thiopeptides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Girish Prabhu
- #109, Peptide Research Laboratory; Department of Studies in Chemistry; Central College Campus, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi; Bangalore University; Bangalore 560001 India
| | - Govindappa Nagendra
- #109, Peptide Research Laboratory; Department of Studies in Chemistry; Central College Campus, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi; Bangalore University; Bangalore 560001 India
| | - N. R. Sagar
- #109, Peptide Research Laboratory; Department of Studies in Chemistry; Central College Campus, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi; Bangalore University; Bangalore 560001 India
| | - Rumpa Pal
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560 012 India
| | - Tayur N. Guru Row
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560 012 India
| | - Vommina V. Sureshbabu
- #109, Peptide Research Laboratory; Department of Studies in Chemistry; Central College Campus, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi; Bangalore University; Bangalore 560001 India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Popova EA, Trifonov RE. Synthesis and biological properties of amino acids and peptides containing a tetrazolyl moiety. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
5
|
Xu HC, Moeller KD. Intramolecular anodic olefin coupling reactions: use of the reaction rate to control substrate/product selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:8004-7. [PMID: 20839207 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Chao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ung P, Winkler DA. Tripeptide Motifs in Biology: Targets for Peptidomimetic Design. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1111-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1012984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phuc Ung
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South MDC 3169, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Parkville 3152, Australia
| | - David A. Winkler
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South MDC 3169, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Parkville 3152, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu HC, Moeller KD. Intramolecular hydroamination of dithioketene acetals: an easy route to cyclic amino acid derivatives. Org Lett 2010; 12:5174-7. [PMID: 20945849 DOI: 10.1021/ol102193x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic intramolecular hydroamination of dithioketene acetals was developed for the synthesis of cyclic amino acid derivatives. Triggered by the addition of a catalytical amount of n-BuLi, the reaction proceeds to give proline and pipecolic acid derivatives in excellent yields and diastereoselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Chao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu HC, Moeller KD. Intramolecular Anodic Olefin Coupling Reactions: Use of the Reaction Rate To Control Substrate/Product Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
9
|
Xu HC, Moeller KD. Intramolecular anodic olefin coupling reactions and the synthesis of cyclic amines. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:2839-44. [PMID: 20131795 PMCID: PMC3950632 DOI: 10.1021/ja910586v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anodic olefin coupling reactions using a tosylamine trapping group have been studied. The cyclizations are favored by the use of a less-polar radical cation and more basic reaction conditions. The most significant factor for obtaining good yields of cyclic product is the use of the more basic reaction conditions. However, a number of factors including the nature of both the solvent and the electrolyte used can influence the yield of the cyclizations. The cyclizations allow for the rapid synthesis of both substituted proline and pipecolic acid type derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Chao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
During molecular recognition of proteins in biological systems, helices, reverse turns, and beta-sheets are dominant motifs. Often there are therapeutic reasons for blocking such recognition sites, and significant progress has been made by medicinal chemists in the design and synthesis of semirigid molecular scaffolds on which to display amino acid side chains. The basic premise is that preorganization of the competing ligand enhances the binding affinity and potential selectivity of the inhibitor. In this chapter, current progress in these efforts is reviewed.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kesselring D, Maurer K, Moeller KD. Building Addressable Libraries: Site-Selective Formation of an N-Acyliminium Ion Intermediate. Org Lett 2008; 10:2501-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol8007827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Kesselring
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, and CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbor Heights Parkway, Suite 301, Mukilteo, Washington 98275
| | - Karl Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, and CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbor Heights Parkway, Suite 301, Mukilteo, Washington 98275
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, and CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbor Heights Parkway, Suite 301, Mukilteo, Washington 98275
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Calaza MI, Cativiela C. Stereoselective Synthesis of Quaternary Proline Analogues. European J Org Chem 2008; 20:3427-3448. [PMID: 19655047 PMCID: PMC2719988 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review describes available methods for the diastereoselective and asymmetric synthesis of quaternary prolines. The focus is on the preparation of alpha-functionalized prolines with the pyrrolidine moiety not embedded in a polycyclic frame. The diverse synthetic approaches are classified according to the bond which is formed to complete the quaternary skeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Isabel Calaza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza–CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, Fax: +34 976 761210
| | - Carlos Cativiela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza–CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, Fax: +34 976 761210
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Engel S, Gershengorn MC. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and its receptors — A hypothesis for binding and receptor activation. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 113:410-9. [PMID: 17123625 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a tripeptide, exerts its biological effects through stimulation of cell-surface receptors, TRH-R, belonging to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Because of the intermediate size of TRH, it is smaller than polypeptide ligands that interact at GPCR ectodomains and larger than biogenic amines, which interact within GPCR transmembrane domains (TMD), the TRH/TRH-R complex probably shares properties of these 2 extremes, representing a unique system to study GPCR/ligand interactions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the structure-activity relationships in the TRH/TRH-R system. Based on experimental data and the structural information acquired from computer simulations, we formulate a working hypothesis to describe the molecular events underlying the processes of TRH binding and TRH-R activation. This hypothesis represents a starting point for understanding the biology of the TRH/TRH-R system on a molecular level and provides a basis for potential design of new potent and selective modulators of TRH-R's activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Engel
- Clinical Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The beta-turn is a common motif in both proteins and peptides and often a recognition site in protein interactions. A beta-turn of four sequential residues reverses the direction of the peptide chain and is classified by the phi and psi backbone torsional angles of residues i + 1 and i + 2. The type VI turn usually contains a proline with a cis-amide bond at residue i + 2. Cis-proline analogs that constrain the peptide to adopt a type VI turn led to peptidomimetics with enhanced activity or metabolic stability. To compare the impact of different analogs on amide cis-trans isomerism and peptide conformation, the conformational preference for the cis-amide bond and the type VI turn was investigated at the MP2/6-31+G** level of theory in water (polarizable continuum water model). Analogs stabilize the cis-amide conformations through different mechanisms: (1) 5-alkylproline, with bulky hydrocarbon substituent on the C(delta) of proline, increases the cis-amide population through steric hindrance between the alkyl substituent and the N-terminal residues; (2) oxaproline or thioproline, the oxazolidine- or thiazolidine-derived proline analog, favors interactions between the dipole of the heterocyclic ring and the preceding carbonyl oxygen; and (3) azaproline, containing a nitrogen atom in place of the C(alpha) of proline, prefers the cis-amide bond by lone-pair repulsion between the alpha-nitrogen and the preceding carbonyl oxygen. Preference for the cis conformation was augmented by combining different modifications within a single proline. Azaproline and its derivatives are most effective in stabilizing cis-amide bonds without introducing additional steric bulk to compromise receptor interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Che
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Che Y, Brooks BR, Marshall GR. Development of small molecules designed to modulate protein-protein interactions. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2006; 20:109-30. [PMID: 16622794 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-006-9040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are ubiquitous, essential to almost all known biological processes, and offer attractive opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Developing small molecules that modulate protein-protein interactions is challenging, owing to the large size of protein-complex interface, the lack of well-defined binding pockets, etc. We describe a general approach based on the "privileged-structure hypothesis" [Che, Ph.D. Thesis, Washington University, 2003] - that any organic templates capable of mimicking surfaces of protein-recognition motifs are potential privileged scaffolds as protein-complex antagonists--to address the challenges inherent in the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Che
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lima Leite AC, Santos LMF, Barbosa FF, de Oliveira Cardoso MV, Moreira DRM, de Souza IA. Synthesis of aminoacyl thiaolidones as potential antitumour agents. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 60:121-6. [PMID: 16545938 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the scope of a research program aiming to perform the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel possible antitumour prototype compounds, we report in this paper the synthesis of new peptidyl derivatives from 4-thiazolidone nucleus. The synthesis reactions have been performed based in peptide synthesis as strategies. The characterisation of this new class of compounds was performed with IR and (1)H-NMR spectroscopy. In vivo, antitumour activity tests showed that some of these compounds were able to inhibit significantly sarcoma S-180 tumour growth in mice, revealing itself as a new potential class of drugs in cancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Lima Leite
- Laboratório de Planejamento, Avaliação e Síntese de Fármacos, LABSINFA, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Prof. Artur Sa, S/N, CDU, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wittelsberger A, Patiny L, Slaninova J, Barberis C, Mutter M. Introduction of a cis-Prolyl Mimic in Position 7 of the Peptide Hormone Oxytocin Does Not Result in Antagonistic Activity. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6553-62. [PMID: 16220972 DOI: 10.1021/jm049205z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New insights into the structure-activity relationship of the peptide hormone oxytocin are presented. Incorporation of the novel cis-prolyl mimic 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (pseudoproline, PsiPro) at position 7 of the hormone yielded the analogue [Cys(Psi(Me,Me)pro)]7oxytocin (1) that showed a 92-95% induction of the cis peptide bond conformation between Cys6 and PsiPro7, as determined by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra in water and in DMSO-d6. The impact of the dimethyl moiety regarding conformation and bioactivity was investigated by the synthesis of the corresponding dihydro compound, [Cys(Psi(H,H)pro)]7oxytocin (2). Biological tests of the uterotonic activity, the pressor activity, and the binding affinity to the rat and human oxytocin receptors were carried out. As a most significant result, no antagonistic activities were found for both the cis-constrained analogue 1 and analogue 2, suggesting that a cis conformation between residues 6 and 7 of the molecule does not result in antagonistic activity. However, the about 10-fold reduction in agonistic activity of 1 as compared to oxytocin is consistent with the reduction of the trans conformation from 90% for oxytocin to 5-8% for compound 1. Compound 1 retained a high binding affinity for the oxytocin receptor, with K(i) values of 8.0 and 1.9 nM for the rat and the human receptor, respectively. The correlation between the biological activities and the cis contents obtained from NMR analysis for compounds 1, 2, and oxytocin leads to the hypothesis that a cis/trans conformational change plays an important role in oxytocin receptor binding and activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wittelsberger
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL-BCH, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chierici S, Jourdan M, Figuet M, Dumy P. A case study of 2,2-dimethylthiazolidine as locked cis proline amide bond: synthesis, NMR and molecular modeling studies of a δ-conotoxin EVIA peptide analog. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:2437-41. [PMID: 15326523 DOI: 10.1039/b408325c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The delta-conotoxin EVIA from the Conus ermineus venom, a recently characterized toxin, exhibits cis-trans isomerism of the Leu12-Pro13 bond associated with the triggering of its biological activity. In this paper we use the pseudoproline concept to target the presumed bioactive cis conformation. We report the design and the synthesis of loop 2 analogs from residue 8 to 18 containing either the cis-inducing Cys(PsiMe,MePro)13 unit or the natural proline residue. NMR studies in water and molecular modeling allowed us to identify the amide bond "locked" in a cis conformation for as in the suggested bioactive form of the natural toxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Chierici
- LEDSS UMR 5616 & ICMG-FR2607, Universite Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hitotsuyanagi Y, Motegi S, Fukaya H, Takeya K. A cis amide bond surrogate incorporating 1,2,4-triazole. J Org Chem 2002; 67:3266-71. [PMID: 12003534 DOI: 10.1021/jo010904i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel cis amide bond surrogate incorporating 1,2,4-triazole was designed and synthesized by the reaction of a thionotripeptide, formic hydrazide, and mercury(II) acetate. This method of surrogate formation was also applicable to a cyclic thionopeptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Hitotsuyanagi
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Peptide recognition by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is reviewed with an emphasis on the indirect approach used to determine the receptor-bound conformation of peptide ligands. This approach was developed in response to the lack of detailed structural information available for these receptors. Recent advances in the structural determination of rhodopsin (the GPCR of the visual system) by crystallography have provided a scaffold for homology modeling of the inactive state of a wide variety of GPCRs that interact with peptide messages. Additionally, the ability to mutate GPCRs and assay compounds of similar chemical structure to test a common binding site on the receptor provides a firm experimental basis for structure-activity studies. Recognition motifs, common in other well-studied systems such as proteolytic enzymes and major histocompatibility class receptors (MHC) are reviewed briefly to provide a basis of comparison. Finally, the development of true peptidomimetics is contrasted with nonpeptide ligands, discovered through combinatorial chemistry. In many systems, the evidence suggests that the peptide ligands bind at the interface between the transmembrane segments and the extracellular loops, while nonpeptide antagonists bind within the transmembrane segments. Plausible models of GPCRs and the mechanism by which they activate G-proteins on binding peptides are beginning to emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Marshall
- Center for Computational Biology, 700 S. Euclid Avenue, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dabak K, Akar A. SYNTHESIS OF 1,2,3-TRIAZOLE DERIVED POTENTIAL PEPTIDOMIMETICS. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2002. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.2002.8.4.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
22
|
Pyroglutamic acid as a pseudoproline moiety: a facile method for its introduction into polypeptide chains. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00981-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
|