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Vallan L, Istif E, Gómez IJ, Alegret N, Mantione D. Thiophene-Based Trimers and Their Bioapplications: An Overview. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1977. [PMID: 34208624 PMCID: PMC8234281 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Certainly, the success of polythiophenes is due in the first place to their outstanding electronic properties and superior processability. Nevertheless, there are additional reasons that contribute to arouse the scientific interest around these materials. Among these, the large variety of chemical modifications that is possible to perform on the thiophene ring is a precious aspect. In particular, a turning point was marked by the diffusion of synthetic strategies for the preparation of terthiophenes: the vast richness of approaches today available for the easy customization of these structures allows the finetuning of their chemical, physical, and optical properties. Therefore, terthiophene derivatives have become an extremely versatile class of compounds both for direct application or for the preparation of electronic functional polymers. Moreover, their biocompatibility and ease of functionalization make them appealing for biology and medical research, as it testifies to the blossoming of studies in these fields in which they are involved. It is thus with the willingness to guide the reader through all the possibilities offered by these structures that this review elucidates the synthetic methods and describes the full chemical variety of terthiophenes and their derivatives. In the final part, an in-depth presentation of their numerous bioapplications intends to provide a complete picture of the state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Vallan
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO—UMR 5629), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS F, 33607 Pessac, France;
| | - Emin Istif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
| | - I. Jénnifer Gómez
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Nuria Alegret
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniele Mantione
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
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Götz G, Zhu X, Mishra A, Segura JL, Mena-Osteritz E, Bäuerle P. π-Conjugated [2]Catenanes Based on Oligothiophenes and Phenanthrolines: Efficient Synthesis and Electronic Properties. Chemistry 2015; 21:7193-210. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Okujima T, Toda A, Miyashita Y, Nonoshita A, Yamada H, Ono N, Uno H. SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF AZULENE-SUBSTITUTED THIOPHENES, TERTHIOPHENES AND DITHIENOTHIOPHENES. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-12-s(n)63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ziehlke H, Fitzner R, Koerner C, Gresser R, Reinold E, Bäuerle P, Leo K, Riede MK. Side Chain Variations on a Series of Dicyanovinyl-Terthiophenes: A Photoinduced Absorption Study. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:8437-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jp203420m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhao Q, Wang J, Freeman JL, Murphy-Jolly M, Wright AM, Scardino DJ, Hammer NI, Lawson CM, Gray GM. Syntheses, and Optical, Fluorescence, and Nonlinear Optical Characterization of Phosphine-Substituted Terthiophenes. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:2015-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ic101624y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ashley M. Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Coulter Hall 113, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Debra J. Scardino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Coulter Hall 113, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Nathan I. Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Coulter Hall 113, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Saini G, Jacob J. Synthesis and Characterization of Hexathiophenes with Methylthienyl Side Chains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Steinberger S, Mishra A, Reinold E, Levichkov J, Uhrich C, Pfeiffer M, Bäuerle P. Vacuum-processed small molecule solar cells based on terminal acceptor-substituted low-band gap oligothiophenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:1982-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04541a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Steinberger S, Mishra A, Reinold E, Müller CM, Uhrich C, Pfeiffer M, Bäuerle P. A-D-A-D-A-Type Oligothiophenes for Vacuum-Deposited Organic Solar Cells. Org Lett 2010; 13:90-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol102603n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Steinberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany, Heliatek GmbH, Treidlerstrasse 3, 01139 Dresden, Germany
| | - Amaresh Mishra
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany, Heliatek GmbH, Treidlerstrasse 3, 01139 Dresden, Germany
| | - Egon Reinold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany, Heliatek GmbH, Treidlerstrasse 3, 01139 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian M. Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany, Heliatek GmbH, Treidlerstrasse 3, 01139 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Uhrich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany, Heliatek GmbH, Treidlerstrasse 3, 01139 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Pfeiffer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany, Heliatek GmbH, Treidlerstrasse 3, 01139 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany, Heliatek GmbH, Treidlerstrasse 3, 01139 Dresden, Germany
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Das S, Zade SS. Poly(cyclopenta[c]selenophene): a new polyselenophene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:1168-70. [DOI: 10.1039/b915826j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Herbivo C, Comel A, Kirsch G, Raposo MMM. Synthesis of 5-aryl-5′-formyl-2,2′-bithiophenes as new precursors for nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mishra A, Ma CQ, Bäuerle P. Functional Oligothiophenes: Molecular Design for Multidimensional Nanoarchitectures and Their Applications. Chem Rev 2009; 109:1141-276. [DOI: 10.1021/cr8004229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1228] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amaresh Mishra
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Chang-Qi Ma
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Batista RM, Costa SP, Belsley M, Lodeiro C, Raposo MMM. Synthesis and characterization of novel (oligo)thienyl-imidazo-phenanthrolines as versatile π-conjugated systems for several optical applications. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhao Q, Owens SB, Gray GM, Wang J, Lawson CM. Syntheses, characterisations and X-ray crystal structures of 5,5′-bis(diphenylphosphino)2,2′-bithiophene derivatives, Ph2(X)P(C4H2S)2P(X)Ph2(X = O, S and CH3+ · I−). MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10241220802144602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhang X, Qu Y, Bu L, Tian H, Zhang J, Wang L, Geng Y, Wang F. Synthesis and Characterization of Monodisperse Oligo(fluorene-co-bithiophene)s. Chemistry 2007; 13:6238-48. [PMID: 17458837 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of monodisperse oligo(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene-co-bithiophene)s (OFbTs) with molecular lengths of up to 19.5 nm and molecular weights up to 7025 g mol(-1) has been synthesized by a divergent/convergent approach involving Stille coupling reactions. Stille coupling is quite efficient in preparing this class of oligomers, and even the molecule with nine fluorene units and eight bithiophene units (F9Th16) can be synthesized in a yield as high as 70 %. Because of easy functionalization of the thiophene ring at its alpha position, no additional protecting group allowing activation for further reaction is necessary. However, the synthetic routes must be optimized to eliminate contamination of the targeting compounds with the homocoupling product of the organotin reagents. Synthesis of the longest oligomer F13Th24 in a relative large quantity is limited by its low yield due to the pronounced ligand-exchange side reactions of the starting materials and reaction intermediates. All oligomers longer than F4Th6 are nematic mesomorphs and exhibit enhanced glass transition temperature and clearing point with increasing molecular length, as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy. Absorption and photoluminescence (PL) measurements reveal that OFbTs are well-conjugated systems with an effective conjugation length longer than the length of F13Th24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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Zade SS, Bendikov M. Twisting of Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers: Case Study of Oligo- and Polythiophene. Chemistry 2007; 13:3688-700. [PMID: 17299815 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Interring twisting (change in the dihedral angle between conjugated rings) of polythiophene was studied theoretically using periodic boundary conditions (PBC) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. We find that the band gap of polymers is strongly dependent on the interring twist angle; yet twisting requires very little energy. A twist of 30 degrees increases the band gap by 0.75 eV in polythiophene, while requiring only 0.41 kcal mol(-1) per monomer unit. Such a small energetic value is of the order of crystal packing or van der Waals forces. These results are compared with calculations performed on model oligomers. Sexithiophene, its radical cations, and its dication are optimized at 0-180 degrees end-to-end twist angles (which correspond to 0-36 degrees interring dihedral angles) using the B3LYP/6-31G(d) method. The theoretical results suggest that the HOMO-LUMO gap, ionization potential, and charge distribution of oligomers are strongly dependent on twisting, whereas, similar to the case of polythiophene, twisting of neutral oligothiophenes costs very little energy. In the case of the radical cation, the lowest energy transition is shifted to a longer wavelength region on twisting, while the second-lowest energy transition is shifted to a shorter wavelength region. This implies that twisted, doped conducting polymers (modeled here by an oligomer radical cation), in contrast to planar, doped polymers, should be transparent within a certain optical window (in the far-visible region, at approximately 1.5 eV). This observation is explained on the basis of changes in the shape and overlap of the frontier molecular orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjio S Zade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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Barbieri A, Ventura B, Flamigni L, Barigelletti F, Fuhrmann G, Bäuerle P, Goeb S, Ziessel R. Binuclear wirelike dimers based on ruthenium(II)-bipyridine units linked by ethynylene-oligothiophene-ethynylene bridges. Inorg Chem 2006; 44:8033-43. [PMID: 16241153 DOI: 10.1021/ic050596x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses, structural characteristics, electrochemical behavior, ground-state spectra, photophysical properties, and transient absorption (TA) spectra in CH(3)CN solvent are reported for binuclear [(bpy)(2)Ru(bpy-E(T)(n)()E-bpy)Ru(bpy)(2)](4+) complexes, Ru(bpyT(n)bpy)Ru, where the Ru-based units are connected by alternating 3,4-dibutylthiophene (DBT')/thiophene (T') fragments linked via ethynyl groups (E) to bpy ligands at the 5-position (bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine). The ligand bpyT(3)bpy represents a module containing DBT'/T'/DBT' subunits, and bpyT(5)bpy accounts for a DBT'/T'/DBT'/T'/DBT' pattern. The syntheses and electrochemical and spectroscopic (emission and TA) properties in CH(2)Cl(2) solvent of the bpyT(n)()bpy ligands are likewise reported. The behavior of the Ru(bpyT(n)bpy)Ru dimers has been compared to that of the bpyT(n)bpy ligands and to that of a related mononuclear complex, [(bpy)(2)Ru(bpy-E-DBT')](2+), Ru(bpyDBT'). For the dimeric complexes, the electrochemical results show that the first reduction step takes place at the bpy ligand(s) bearing an ethynylene group, the first oxidation step is thiophene-centered, and further oxidation involves the metal centers, which are only weakly interacting. The photophysical and TA results for the Ru(bpyT(n)bpy)Ru dimers account for the presence of low-lying oligothiophene-centered (3)pi,pi levels, while higher-lying metal-ligand charge transfer ((3)MLCT) levels are thermally accessible only for the case of Ru(bpyT(3)bpy)Ru; the possible role of charge separation (CS) levels (from oxidation at the thiophene bridge and reduction at one of the coordinated bpy's) is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barbieri
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Bologna, Italy.
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Azumi R, Mena-Osteritz E, Boese R, Benet-Buchholz J, Bäuerle P. The longest oligothiophene ever examined by X-ray structure analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b513427g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Ammann M, Bäuerle P. Synthesis and electronic properties of series of oligothiophene-[1,10]phenanthrolines. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:4143-52. [PMID: 16267596 DOI: 10.1039/b508572a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors containing metal binding sites within their molecular backbones are of a general interest in organic materials chemistry. In this paper, we describe a straightforward synthetic procedure, which gives access to a series of 2-(oligothienyl)-[1,10]phenanthrolines (nT-phen), 2,9-bis(oligothienyl)-[1,10]phenanthrolines (nT-phen-nT) and 2,2'-(oligothienyl)bis-[1,10]phenanthrolines (phen-nT-phen). By a Negishi-type cross coupling of 2-iodo-[1,10]phenanthroline or 2,9-diiodo-[1,10]phenanthroline with in situ generated alpha-zinc derivatives of different mono-, ter-, and quinquethiophenes we were able to synthesize the corresponding oligothienyl-phenanthrolines in medium to excellent yields. Furthermore, characterization of the optical properties of the new materials indicated that the two subunits, oligothiophene and phenanthroline, are in pi-conjugation. Characterization of the redox properties revealed additional evidence for the role of [1,10]phenanthroline as a pi-bridging unit in the nT-phen-nT series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ammann
- Department Organic Chemistry II, University of Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Chinchilla R, Nájera C, Yus M. Metalated Heterocycles and Their Applications in Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2667-722. [PMID: 15137804 DOI: 10.1021/cr020101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Chinchilla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions towards the synthesis of well-defined thiophene-oligomers. J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(03)00626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Formylation, dicyanovinylation and tricyanovinylation of 5-alkoxy- and 5-amino- substituted 2,2′-bithiophenes. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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De Nicola A, Ringenbach C, Ziessel R. Stepwise construction of novel zig-zag shaped thiophene-based back-to-back terpyridine ligands with acetylenic tethers. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chapter 5.1 Five-membered ring systems: Thiophenes & Se, Te analogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(02)80007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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