1
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Pulikkottil F, Burnett JS, Saiter J, Goodall CAI, Claringbold B, Lam K. eFluorination for the Rapid Synthesis of Carbamoyl Fluorides from Oxamic Acids. Org Lett 2024; 26:6103-6108. [PMID: 39016380 PMCID: PMC11287745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
In this letter, we disclose the anodic oxidation of oxamic acids in the presence of Et3N·3HF as a practical, scalable, and robust method to rapidly access carbamoyl fluorides from readily available and stable precursors. The simplicity of this method also led us to develop the first flow electrochemical preparation of carbamoyl fluorides, demonstrating scale-up feasibility as a proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jérémy Saiter
- School of Science, Faculty
of Engineering and Science, University of
Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Charles A. I. Goodall
- School of Science, Faculty
of Engineering and Science, University of
Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Bini Claringbold
- School of Science, Faculty
of Engineering and Science, University of
Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Lam
- School of Science, Faculty
of Engineering and Science, University of
Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
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2
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Longuet M, Vitse K, Martin-Mingot A, Michelet B, Guégan F, Thibaudeau S. Determination of the Hammett Acidity of HF/Base Reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12167-12173. [PMID: 38626381 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Harnessing the acidity of HF/base reagents is of paramount importance to improve the efficiency and selectivity of fluorination reactions. Yet, no general method has been reported to evaluate their acidic properties, and experimental designs are still relying on a trial-and-error approach. We report a new method based on 19F NMR spectroscopy which allows highly sensitive measures and short-time analyses. Advantageously, the basic properties of the indicators can be determined upstream by DFT calculations, affording a simple yet robust semiempirical approach. In particular, the indicators used in this study were rationally designed to fit on the conceptually appealing and commonly used Hammett scale. This method has been applied to commercially available and recently developed HF/base reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Longuet
- UMR-CNRS 7285, IC2MP, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, Poitiers Cedex 9 86073, France
| | - Kassandra Vitse
- UMR-CNRS 7285, IC2MP, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, Poitiers Cedex 9 86073, France
| | - Agnès Martin-Mingot
- UMR-CNRS 7285, IC2MP, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, Poitiers Cedex 9 86073, France
| | - Bastien Michelet
- UMR-CNRS 7285, IC2MP, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, Poitiers Cedex 9 86073, France
| | - Frédéric Guégan
- UMR-CNRS 7285, IC2MP, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, Poitiers Cedex 9 86073, France
| | - Sébastien Thibaudeau
- UMR-CNRS 7285, IC2MP, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, Poitiers Cedex 9 86073, France
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3
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Haufe G. Selective Synthesis of Monofluorinated Compounds Applying Amine/HF Reagents. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300140. [PMID: 37229773 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
For nucleophilic monofluorination, amine/HF reagents such as Et3 N⋅3HF, Pyr⋅9HF (Olah's reagent) and similar combinations belong to the most frequently used fluoride sources, whereupon the selectivity of these reagents can be very different depending of its acidity, the nucleophilicity of the fluoride equivalent, and the structure of the particular substrate. These reagents can be used safely in ordinary chemistry laboratories for nucleophilic substitution reactions by fluoride at sp3 -hybridized carbon centers. For ring opening reactions of epoxides, the regio- and stereoselectivity is very much depending of the nature of the epoxide and the acidity of the HF reagent favoring either SN 1 or SN 2 type reactions. Similarly, the outcome of halofluorination and similar reactions with sulfur or seleno electrophiles can be controlled by the particular combination of the electrophile and the fluoride source. Examples for the application of these reaction types for the synthesis of fluorine-containing analogues of natural products or biologically relevant compounds are in the focus of this personal account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D-48149, Münster, Germany
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4
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See NW, Xu X, Ferro V. An Improved Protocol for the Stereoselective Synthesis of β-d-Glycosyl Fluorides from 2- O-Acyl Thioglycosides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14230-14240. [PMID: 36222442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A safe and operationally simple protocol for the preparation of β-d-glycosyl fluorides is presented. We demonstrate that a precise combination of XtalFluor-M, N-bromosuccinimide, and Et3N·3HF can mediate facile, high-yielding, and diastereoselective conversions of 2-O-acyl thioglycosides to β-d- and other 1,2-trans glycosyl fluorides. The key roles of these reagents are dissected in this work, as is the impact of their interplay on the fluorination stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W See
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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5
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Abstract
![]()
Fluorinated
carbohydrates have found many applications in the glycosciences.
Typically, these contain fluorination at a single position. There
are not many applications involving polyfluorinated carbohydrates,
here defined as monosaccharides in which more than one carbon has
at least one fluorine substituent directly attached to it, with the
notable exception of their use as mechanism-based inhibitors. The
increasing attention to carbohydrate physical properties, especially
around lipophilicity, has resulted in a surge of interest for this
class of compounds. This review covers the considerable body of work
toward the synthesis of polyfluorinated hexoses, pentoses, ketosugars,
and aminosugars including sialic acids and nucleosides. An overview
of the current state of the art of their glycosidation is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kler Huonnic
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Bruno Linclau
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.,Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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6
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Saraswat A, Sharma A. Revitalization of electro-catalysis for the formation of organic scaffolds. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Tan X, Zeng W, Wen J, Zhang X. Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α-Fluoro Ketones via a Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Strategy. Org Lett 2020; 22:7230-7233. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Tan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Weijun Zeng
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jialin Wen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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8
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Zhang XG, Guo P, Han JF, Ye KY. Cobalt fluorides: preparation, reactivity and applications in catalytic fluorination and C-F functionalization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8512-8523. [PMID: 32558844 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the investigation of cobalt fluorides in organofluorine chemistry are highlighted. The preparation and reactivity of inorganic and organometallic cobalt fluorides are discussed. The in-depth understanding of the structures and reactivity of cobalt fluorides allows chemists to develop diverse innovative catalytic fluorination and C-F functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Gui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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9
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10
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Wang L, Jiang X, Chen J, Huang Y. Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Hydrofluorination of Enals by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical OncogenomicsKey Laboratory of Chemical GenomicsPeking UniversityShenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xinhang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical OncogenomicsKey Laboratory of Chemical GenomicsPeking UniversityShenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jiean Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical OncogenomicsKey Laboratory of Chemical GenomicsPeking UniversityShenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical OncogenomicsKey Laboratory of Chemical GenomicsPeking UniversityShenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
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11
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Wang L, Jiang X, Chen J, Huang Y. Enantio- and Diastereoselective Hydrofluorination of Enals by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7410-7414. [PMID: 30942950 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to well-established asymmetric hydrogenation reactions, enantioselective protonation is an orthogonal approach for creating highly valuable methine chiral centers under redox-neutral conditions. Reported here is the highly enantio- and diastereoselective hydrofluorination of enals by an asymmetric β-protonation/α-fluorination cascade catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). The two nucleophilic sites of a homoenolate intermediate, generated from enals and an NHC, are sequentially protonated and fluorinated. The results show that controlling the relative rates of protonation, fluorination, and esterification is crucial for this transformation, and can be accomplished using a dual shuttling strategy. Structurally diverse carboxylic acid derivatives with two contiguous chiral centers are prepared in a single step with excellent d.r. and ee values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xinhang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiean Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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12
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Zhou B, Haj MK, Jacobsen EN, Houk KN, Xue XS. Mechanism and Origins of Chemo- and Stereoselectivities of Aryl Iodide-Catalyzed Asymmetric Difluorinations of β-Substituted Styrenes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15206-15218. [PMID: 30350956 PMCID: PMC6261351 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the aryl iodide-catalyzed asymmetric migratory geminal difluorination of β-substituted styrenes ( Banik et al. Science 2016, 353, 51 ) has been explored with density functional theory computations. The computed mechanism consists of (a) activation of iodoarene difluoride (ArIF2), (b) enantiodetermining 1,2-fluoroiodination, (c) bridging phenonium ion formation via SN2 reductive displacement, and (d) regioselective fluoride addition. According to the computational model, the ArIF2 intermediate is stabilized through halogen-π interactions between the electron-deficient iodine(III) center and the benzylic substituents at the catalyst stereogenic centers. Interactions with the catalyst ester carbonyl groups (I(III)+···O) are not observed in the unactivated complex, but do occur upon activation of ArIF2 through hydrogen-bonding interactions with external Brønsted acid (HF). The 1,2-fluoroiodination occurs via alkene complexation to the electrophilic, cationic I(III) center followed by C-F bond formation anti to the forming C-I bond. The bound olefin and the C-I bond of catalyst adopt a spiro arrangement in the favored transition structures but a nearly periplanar arrangement in the disfavored transition structures. Multiple attractive non-covalent interactions, including slipped π···π stacking, C-H···O, and C-H···π interactions, are found to underlie the high asymmetric induction. The chemoselectivity for 1,1-difluorination versus 1,2-difluorination is controlled mainly by (1) the steric effect of the substituent on the olefinic double bond and (2) the nucleophilicity of the carbonyl oxygen of substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Moriana K Haj
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Eric N Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
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13
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Tarakanova EG, Yukhnevich GV. Equilibrium Compositions of HF Solutions in N,N-Dimethylformamide. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023618040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Finck L, Brals J, Pavuluri B, Gallou F, Handa S. Micelle-Enabled Photoassisted Selective Oxyhalogenation of Alkynes in Water under Mild Conditions. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7366-7372. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Finck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Jeremy Brals
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Bhavana Pavuluri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | | | - Sachin Handa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
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15
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Lu Z, Zeng X, Hammond GB, Xu B. Widely Applicable Hydrofluorination of Alkenes via Bifunctional Activation of Hydrogen Fluoride. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18202-18205. [PMID: 29206450 PMCID: PMC5742534 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Expanding the use of fluorine in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and materials requires a widely applicable and more efficient protocol for the preparation of fluorinated compounds. We have developed a new generation nucleophilic fluorination reagent, KHSO4-13HF, HF 68 wt/wt %, that is not only easily handled and inexpensive but also capable of hydrofluorinating diverse, highly functionalized alkenes, including natural products. The high efficiency observed in this reaction hinges on the activation of HF using a highly "acidic" hydrogen bond acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Lu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gerald B. Hammond
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Bo Xu
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
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16
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Liang S, Hammond GB, Xu B. Hydrogen Bonding: Regulator for Nucleophilic Fluorination. Chemistry 2017; 23:17850-17861. [PMID: 28833711 PMCID: PMC5740003 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in nucleophilic fluorination, regulated through hydrogen bonding interactions are summarized. Two main categories of fluorine nucleophiles are discussed. Alkali-metal fluorides are widely used in various fluorination transformations because they are inexpensive and safe nucleophilic fluorine sources. But the non-controllable nucleophilicity and strong basicity of some of them cause undesired side reactions, which led to the introduction of hydrogen bonding to fine tune their nucleophilicity and basicity. In contrast, an HF-based fluorine nucleophile, HF/DMPU, is in some aspects superior to the conventional HF/pyridine (Olah's reagent) or HF/Et3 N because of the higher hydrogen bond basicity of DMPU. It has been used in several nucleophilic fluorinations such as fluorination of alkynes, fluoro-Prins reaction and fluorination of aziridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzong Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, USA
| | - Gerald B Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, USA
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
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17
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Song Z, Yi W. One-Pot Synthesis of Fluorovinyl Acetates and β,β
-Difluoro Carboxylates from a Hypervalent Iodine and Hydrogen Fluoride-Based Fluorination Reagent. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Song
- Chemical Enginering college; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street Nanjing, Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Yi
- Chemical Enginering college; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street Nanjing, Jiangsu People's Republic of China
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18
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Tarakanova EG, Yukhnevich GV. Structure of hydrogen fluoride complexes with diethylketone in a HF–Et2CO solution. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476616040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Buckingham F, Calderwood S, Checa B, Keller T, Tredwell M, Collier TL, Newington IM, Bhalla R, Glaser M, Gouverneur V. Oxidative fluorination of N-arylsulfonamides. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Ueta Y, Mikami K, Ito S. Chemical Detection of Hydrogen Fluoride by the Phosphorus Congener of Cyclobutane-1,3-diyl. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:8778-85. [PMID: 26313533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heteroaryl-substituted air-tolerant 2,4-bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyls in the open-shell singlet state were synthesized by a sterically promoted regioselective S(N)Ar process. Here we demonstrate that these diyls are effective for capturing hydrogen fluoride (HF) generated by intermediary base-coordinated HF and amine-stabilized HF reagents. The hydrofluorination reaction predominantly occurred on the λ(3)σ(3)-phosphorus atoms to afford the energetically disfavored 1λ(5),3λ(5)-diphosphete. The positively charged t-butyl-substituted phosphorus atom trapped the fluoride anion, and the subsequent protonation was controlled by the steric effect. X-ray crystallographic analysis and an Atoms in Molecule study of the air-stable 1λ(5),3λ(5)-diphosphete bearing P-H and P-F bonds revealed that the delocalized ylidic linkages in the four-membered ring were almost identical, in contrast to the nonsymmetrically substituted 2,4-bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl. Hydrofluorination efficiently induced a remarkable exchange of visible photoabsorption. The charge-transfer-type transition from highest occupied molecular orbital to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital was highly tuned, which is advantageous for the facile identification of HF. In contrast to hitherto known trapping reagents for HF based on cleavage of the H-F bond, several hydrofluorinated P-heterocycles were reconverted into the 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl by treatment with sodium hydride. However, in the hydrofluorination of the benzoyl-substituted 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl, fluorination and protonation occurred at the t-butyl-substituted phosphorus atom and the skeletal carbon atom, respectively, and the energetically preferable 1λ(5),3λ(3)-dihydrodiphosphete was isolated as a purple-blue crystalline compound. These findings are promising not only for the practical detection of HF but also for the development of fluorine technology based on the chemistry of phosphorus heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ueta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Koichi Mikami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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21
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Christmann M, Hu J, Kitamura M, Stoltz B. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(15)00744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Bouvet S, Pégot B, Diter P, Marrot J, Magnier E. Oxidative desulfurization–fluorination reaction promoted by [bdmim][F] for the synthesis of difluorinated methyl ethers. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Okoromoba O, Han J, Hammond GB, Xu B. Designer HF-based fluorination reagent: highly regioselective synthesis of fluoroalkenes and gem-difluoromethylene compounds from alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14381-4. [PMID: 25260170 PMCID: PMC4210154 DOI: 10.1021/ja508369z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen fluoride (HF) and selected nonbasic and weakly coordinating (toward cationic metal) hydrogen-bond acceptors (e.g., DMPU) can form stable complexes through hydrogen bonding. The DMPU/HF complex is a new nucleophilic fluorination reagent that has high acidity and is compatible with cationic metal catalysts. The gold-catalyzed mono- and dihydrofluorination of alkynes using the DMPU/HF complex yields synthetically important fluoroalkenes and gem-difluoromethlylene compounds regioselectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otome
E. Okoromoba
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United
States
| | - Junbin Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United
States
| | - Gerald B. Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United
States
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United
States
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24
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Cresswell AJ, Davies SG, Roberts PM, Thomson JE. Beyond the Balz-Schiemann reaction: the utility of tetrafluoroborates and boron trifluoride as nucleophilic fluoride sources. Chem Rev 2014; 115:566-611. [PMID: 25084541 DOI: 10.1021/cr5001805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Cresswell
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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25
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Yukhnevich GV, Tarakanova EG. Relationship between variously associated molecules in the HF-Et2CO solution. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476614020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Dolbier WR, Wang F, Tang X, Thomoson CS, Wang L. Three step procedure for the preparation of aromatic and aliphatic difluoromethyl ethers from phenols and alcohols using a chlorine/fluorine exchange methodology. J Fluor Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Stoltz B, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(13)01252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Yadav AK, Srivastava VP, Yadav LDS. An easy access to fluoroalkanes by deoxygenative hydrofluorination of carbonyl compounds via their tosylhydrazones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2154-6. [PMID: 23389778 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and operationally simple synthesis of fluoroalkanes by deoxygenative hydrofluorination of carbonyl compounds via their tosylhydrazone surrogates is reported. The reaction can be carried out in a one-pot procedure directly from carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind K Yadav
- Green Synthesis Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
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30
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Tarakanova EG, Yukhnevich GV. Structure of heteroassociates formed in the HF-(CH3)2CO binary liquid system. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476612030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Yukhnevich GV, Tarakanova EG, Kargov SI. Relationship between free molecules and molecules involved in various heteroassociates in HF-Me2CO solution. Russ Chem Bull 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-012-0146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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33
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Gao Z, Lim YH, Tredwell M, Li L, Verhoog S, Hopkinson M, Kaluza W, Collier TL, Passchier J, Huiban M, Gouverneur V. Metal-Free Oxidative Fluorination of Phenols with [18F]Fluoride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:6733-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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34
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Kalow JA, Schmitt DE, Doyle AG. Synthesis of β-Fluoroamines by Lewis Base Catalyzed Hydrofluorination of Aziridines. J Org Chem 2012; 77:4177-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300433a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544,
United States
| | - Dana E. Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544,
United States
| | - Abigail G. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544,
United States
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35
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36
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Composition and structure of heteroassociates formed in the HF-N, N-dimethylformamide binary liquid system. Russ Chem Bull 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-011-0011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Stoltz B, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(11)00770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Mathiessen B, Jensen ATI, Zhuravlev F. Homogeneous Nucleophilic Radiofluorination and Fluorination with Phosphazene Hydrofluorides. Chemistry 2011; 17:7796-805. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bente Mathiessen
- Hevesy Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 49, 4000 Roskilde (Denmark), Fax: (+45) 46775347
| | - Andreas T. I. Jensen
- Hevesy Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 49, 4000 Roskilde (Denmark), Fax: (+45) 46775347
| | - Fedor Zhuravlev
- Hevesy Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 49, 4000 Roskilde (Denmark), Fax: (+45) 46775347
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Hallett
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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40
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Hallett JP, Welton T. Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: Solvents for Synthesis and Catalysis. 2. Chem Rev 2011; 111:3508-76. [PMID: 21469639 DOI: 10.1021/cr1003248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2679] [Impact Index Per Article: 206.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Hallett
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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41
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Stoltz B, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(10)01735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Husstedt WS, Wiehle S, Stillig C, Bergander K, Grimme S, Haufe G. Synthesis and Preferred Conformations of All Regio- and Diastereoisomeric Methyl 2,3-Fluorohydroxyalkanoates. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Brunet VA, Slawin AMZ, O'Hagan D. Three step synthesis of single diastereoisomers of the vicinal trifluoro motif. Beilstein J Org Chem 2009; 5:61. [PMID: 20300509 PMCID: PMC2839549 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.5.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A three step route to single diastereoisomers of the vicinal trifluoromethyl motif is described. The route starts from either syn- or anti-α,β-epoxy alcohols and takes a direct approach in that each of the three steps introduces a fluorine atom in a regio- and stereo-specific manner. Starting from either the syn- or the anti-α,β-epoxy alcohol, stereospecific reactions generate two separate diastereoisomeric series of this motif. The route is a significant improvement on an earlier six step strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A Brunet
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
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44
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Podichetty AK, Wagner S, Schröer S, Faust A, Schäfers M, Schober O, Kopka K, Haufe G. Fluorinated Isatin Derivatives. Part 2. New N-Substituted 5-Pyrrolidinylsulfonyl Isatins as Potential Tools for Molecular Imaging of Caspases in Apoptosis. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3484-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8015014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Podichetty
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany, European Institute of Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Mendelstrasse 11, D-48149 Münster
| | - Stefan Wagner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany, European Institute of Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Mendelstrasse 11, D-48149 Münster
| | - Sandra Schröer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany, European Institute of Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Mendelstrasse 11, D-48149 Münster
| | - Andreas Faust
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany, European Institute of Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Mendelstrasse 11, D-48149 Münster
| | - Michael Schäfers
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany, European Institute of Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Mendelstrasse 11, D-48149 Münster
| | - Otmar Schober
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany, European Institute of Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Mendelstrasse 11, D-48149 Münster
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany, European Institute of Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Mendelstrasse 11, D-48149 Münster
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany, European Institute of Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Mendelstrasse 11, D-48149 Münster
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45
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Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(08)00897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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47
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Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(07)01371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(07)00834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(07)00205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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Lectka T, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(06)01801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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