Versatile roles of Lewis acids in the reactions of allylic tin compounds

The remarkable journey of catalysts from stoichiometric to catalytic quantity for allyltrimethylsilane inspired allylation of acetals, ketals, aldehydes and ketones

Allyltrimethylsilane inspired allylation of acetals, ketals, aldehydes, and ketones comprises one of the most viable, significant and graceful methods for the formation of carbon–carbon bonds leading to stereochemical transformation.

Transition-metal-free coupling reaction of vinylcyclopropanes with aldehydes catalyzed by tin hydride

Donor-acceptor cyclopropanes are useful building blocks for catalytic cycloaddition reactions with a range of electrophiles to give various cyclic products. In contrast, relatively few methods are available for the synthesis of homoallylic alcohols through coupling of vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs) with aldehydes, even with transition-metal catalysts. Here, we report that the hydrostannation of vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs) was effectively promoted by dibutyliodotin hydride (Bu2 SnIH). The resultant allylic tin compounds reacted easily with aldehydes. Furthermore, the use of Bu2 SnIH was effectively catalytic in the presence of hydrosilane as a hydride source, which established a coupling reaction of VCPs with aldehydes for the synthesis of homoallylic alcohols without the use of transition-metal catalysts. In contrast to conventional catalytic reactions of VCPs, the presented method allowed the use of several VCPs in addition to conventional donor-acceptor cyclopropanes.

Regulation of diastereoselectivity in the carbocyclization of allenyl (S)-N-tert-butylsulfinimines through a three-component assembly

Allenyl sulfinimines can be stereoselectively cyclized with hexamethylditin under palladium catalysis conditions followed by a selection of additives for an activated transmetalation. Reactivity and diastereoselectivity for the cyclization strongly depend on the characteristics of additives. A highly diastereoselective synthesis of five-membered rings is achieved from the reaction of the corresponding allenyl (S)-N-tert-butylsulfinimies through the following sequence. After the distannylation of the allenyl group with hexamethylditin catalyzed by the Pd complex, stereochemical routes are additive dependent: addition of SnCl4 affords a cis ring exclusively, whereas a trans ring is formed predominantly by the introduction of B-bromocatecholborane. Extension of the methodology to the synthesis of six-membered cis rings is achieved by using B-bromocatecholborane. Stereochemical relationships of products were unambiguously deduced by X-ray crystallography.

Stereoselective Synthesis of Five Biologically Active, Naturally Occurring Medium and Large Ring Lactones

Stereoselective syntheses of five naturally occurring, pharmacologically active medium and large ring lactones are described. Key synthetic methods used were, depending on the cases, olefin metatheses, asymmetric allylations and C-glycosidations.

Generation of allylic indium by hydroindation of 1,3-dienes and one-pot reaction with carbonyl compounds

A hydroindation of 1,3-dienes by dichloroindium hydride (HInCl2) generates allylic indiums that react with carbonyl or imine moieties in a one-pot treatment. The former reaction proceeds in a radical manner, and the latter is ionic allylation. Moreover, both reactions require no additives such as radical initiators, Lewis acids, or transition metal catalysts.

Dihaloindium hydride as a novel reducing agent

Dihaloindium hydrides (X2InH) are novel reducing reagents, which act in both an ionic and a radical manner. The hydrides were easily generated from InX3 and Bu3SnH to reduce a variety of functionalities such as aldehydes, ketones, enones, and imines. The combination of a phosphine and Cl2InH accomplished the selective transformation from acid chlorides to aldehydes. One-pot treatment of Cl2InH, enones, and aldehydes achieved reductive aldol reactions, in which the predominant reduction of enones was followed by an aldol reaction between the resulting indium enolates and the remaining aldehydes. It is noteworthy that both anti- and syn-selective aldols were obtained by the use of THF and an aqueous solvent, respectively. The replacement of Bu3SnH with Et3SiH as a hydride source allowed the catalytic use of InBr3 to give the syn-selective aldols. The dehalogenation of alkyl halides was achieved by a catalytic amount of InCl3 in the presence of Bu3SnH. This procedure was applied to some representative cyclizations as radical proof. A simple and non-toxic system, NaBH4/InCl3, also promoted dehalogenation, intramolecular cyclization, and intermolecular coupling reactions. In addition, the Et3SiH/InCl3 system was found applicable to an effective intramolecular cyclization of enynes.

Investigation into the Allylation Reactions of Aldehydes Promoted by the CeCl3·7H2O−NaI System as a Lewis Acid

The Lewis acid promoted allylation of aldehydes has become an important carbon-carbon bond forming reaction in organic chemistry. In this context, we have developed an alternative over existing catalytic processes, wherein aldehydes are subject in acetonitrile to reaction of allylation with allyltributylstannane in the presence of 1.0 equiv of cerium(III) chloride heptahydrate (CeCl(3).7H(2)O), an inexpensive and mild Lewis acid. The allylation has been accelerated by using an inorganic iodide as a cocatalyst, and various iodide salts were examined. The procedure must use allylstannane reagent instead of allylsilane reagent, desirable for environmental reasons, but high chemoselectivity was observed, and this is opposite the results obtained with other classical Lewis acids such as TiCl(4) and Et(2)O.BF(3).

One-Pot Synthesis of Nitrogen Heterocycles Initiated by Regio- and Diastereoselective Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation of Bifunctional Carbonyl Compounds

We report a one-pot synthesis of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds initiated by the allylation of the formyl group of bifunctional carbonyl compounds accompanying chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselective carbon-carbon bond formation in side chain moieties.