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Kojima K, Sudo Y. Convergent evolution of animal and microbial rhodopsins. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5367-5381. [PMID: 36793294 PMCID: PMC9923458 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsins, a family of photoreceptive membrane proteins, contain retinal as a chromophore and were firstly identified as reddish pigments from frog retina in 1876. Since then, rhodopsin-like proteins have been identified mainly from animal eyes. In 1971, a rhodopsin-like pigment was discovered from the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum and named bacteriorhodopsin. While it was believed that rhodopsin- and bacteriorhodopsin-like proteins were expressed only in animal eyes and archaea, respectively, before the 1990s, a variety of rhodopsin-like proteins (called animal rhodopsins or opsins) and bacteriorhodopsin-like proteins (called microbial rhodopsins) have been progressively identified from various tissues of animals and microorganisms, respectively. Here, we comprehensively introduce the research conducted on animal and microbial rhodopsins. Recent analysis has revealed that the two rhodopsin families have common molecular properties, such as the protein structure (i.e., 7-transmembrane structure), retinal structure (i.e., binding ability to cis- and trans-retinal), color sensitivity (i.e., UV- and visible-light sensitivities), and photoreaction (i.e., triggering structural changes by light and heat), more than what was expected at the early stages of rhodopsin research. Contrastingly, their molecular functions are distinctively different (e.g., G protein-coupled receptors and photoisomerases for animal rhodopsins and ion transporters and phototaxis sensors for microbial rhodopsins). Therefore, based on their similarities and dissimilarities, we propose that animal and microbial rhodopsins have convergently evolved from their distinctive origins as multi-colored retinal-binding membrane proteins whose activities are regulated by light and heat but independently evolved for different molecular and physiological functions in the cognate organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kojima
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Japan
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2
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de Grip WJ, Ganapathy S. Rhodopsins: An Excitingly Versatile Protein Species for Research, Development and Creative Engineering. Front Chem 2022; 10:879609. [PMID: 35815212 PMCID: PMC9257189 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.879609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The first member and eponym of the rhodopsin family was identified in the 1930s as the visual pigment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the animal retina. It was found to be a membrane protein, owing its photosensitivity to the presence of a covalently bound chromophoric group. This group, derived from vitamin A, was appropriately dubbed retinal. In the 1970s a microbial counterpart of this species was discovered in an archaeon, being a membrane protein also harbouring retinal as a chromophore, and named bacteriorhodopsin. Since their discovery a photogenic panorama unfolded, where up to date new members and subspecies with a variety of light-driven functionality have been added to this family. The animal branch, meanwhile categorized as type-2 rhodopsins, turned out to form a large subclass in the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors and are essential to multiple elements of light-dependent animal sensory physiology. The microbial branch, the type-1 rhodopsins, largely function as light-driven ion pumps or channels, but also contain sensory-active and enzyme-sustaining subspecies. In this review we will follow the development of this exciting membrane protein panorama in a representative number of highlights and will present a prospect of their extraordinary future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J. de Grip
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biophysical Organic Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Srividya Ganapathy
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
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3
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Rho SJ, Kim YR. Improving solubility and stability of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) using large-ring cycloamylose. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Kochman MA, Palczewski K, Kubas A. Theoretical Study of the Photoisomerization Mechanism of All- Trans-Retinyl Acetate. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8358-8372. [PMID: 34546761 PMCID: PMC8488936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
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The compound 9-cis-retinyl acetate (9-cis-RAc) is a precursor
to 9-cis-retinal,
which has potential application in the treatment of some hereditary
diseases of the retina. An attractive synthetic route to 9-cis-RAc is based on the photoisomerization reaction of the
readily available all-trans-RAc. In the present study,
we examine the mechanism of the photoisomerization reaction with the
use of state-of-the-art electronic structure calculations for two
polyenic model compounds: tEtEt-octatetraene and tEtEtEc-2,6-dimethyl-1,3,5,7,9-decapentaene. The occurrence
of photoisomerization is attributed to a chain-kinking mechanism,
whereby a series of S1/S0 conical intersections
associated with kinking deformations at different positions along
the polyenic chain mediate internal conversion to the S0 state, and subsequent isomerization around one of the double bonds.
Two other possible photoisomerization mechanisms are taken into account,
but they are rejected as incompatible with simulation results and/or
the available spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Andrzej Kochman
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ul. Marcina Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Adam Kubas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ul. Marcina Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
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Sunny AS, Ramamurthy V. An Organic Capsule as a Matrix to Capture and Store Reactive Molecules at Room Temperature in Aqueous Solution: 7-cis-β-Ionone †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1365-1375. [PMID: 34146419 DOI: 10.1111/php.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Low-temperature m atrix isolation method is the most popular one to generate and store reactive molecules and characterize them by in situ IR spectroscopy. Recognizing the need for a simpler method to trap and store such molecules and characterize by NMR spectroscopy at room temperature in solution, we have performed experiments exploring the value of water-soluble octa acid (OA) capsule as a storage vessel. The molecule we have chosen to illustrate the feasibility is the highly hindered 7-cis-β-ionone, which has been established to exist in equilibrium with its cyclic form with the later favored at room temperature. In this study, we have shown that confined space can be an alternative to temperature to tilt an equilibrium toward higher energy isomer. During the course of the study, we were surprised to note that 7-trans-β-ionone aggregates in water and has distinct 1 H NMR spectra. Ability to assemble characterizable organic aggregates in water reveals the value of water as a reaction medium that is yet to be fully explored by photochemists. Finally, we have clarified the likely mechanism of secondary photoreaction of α-pyran to the final photoproduct that involves 1,5-hydrogen migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Sam Sunny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
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6
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Rühl R, Krezel W, de Lera AR. 9-Cis-13,14-dihydroretinoic acid, a new endogenous mammalian ligand of retinoid X receptor and the active ligand of a potential new vitamin A category: vitamin A5. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:929-941. [PMID: 30358857 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The identity of the endogenous RXR ligand has not been conclusively determined, even though several compounds of natural origin, including retinoids and fatty acids, have been postulated to fulfill this role. Filling this gap, 9-cis-13,14-dihydroretinoic acid (9CDHRA) was identified as an endogenous RXR ligand in mice. This review examines the physiological relevance of various potential endogenous RXR ligands, especially 9CDHRA. The elusive steps in the metabolic synthesis of 9CDHRA, as well as the nutritional/nutrimetabolic origin of 9CDHRA, are also explored, along with the suitability of the ligand to be the representative member of a novel vitamin A class (vitamin A5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Wojciech Krezel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Inserm, Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Centro De Investigaciones Biomédicasand Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, Vigo, Spain
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7
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Naskar S, Roy Chowdhury S, Mondal S, Maiti DK, Mishra S, Das I. Visible-Light-Activated Divergent Reactivity of Dienones: Dimerization in Neat Conditions and Regioselective E to Z Isomerization in the Solvent. Org Lett 2019; 21:1578-1582. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Naskar
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sabyasachi Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Somrita Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Dilip K. Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Sabyashachi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Indrajit Das
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Deng
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jisong Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Kai Wang
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
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9
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Agnihotri H, Paramasivam M, Palakollu V, Kanvah S. Photoisomerization ofTrans Ortho-,Meta-,Para-Nitro Diarylbutadienes: A Case of Regioselectivity. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1324-31. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Agnihotri
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar; Ahmedabad India
| | | | | | - Sriram Kanvah
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar; Ahmedabad India
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10
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Vogler A. Fluorescence of retinoic acid in the presence of metal salts. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Christmann M, Hu J, Kitamura M, Stoltz B. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(15)00744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Penzkofer A, Luck M, Mathes T, Hegemann P. Bistable retinal schiff base photodynamics of histidine kinase rhodopsin HKR1 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:773-85. [PMID: 24460585 DOI: 10.1111/php.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photodynamics of the recombinant rhodopsin fragment of the histidine kinase rhodopsin HKR1 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The retinal cofactor of HKR1 exists in two Schiff base forms RetA and RetB. RetA is the deprotonated 13-cis-retinal Schiff base (RSB) absorbing in the UVA spectral region. RetB is the protonated all-trans RSB absorbing in the blue spectral region. Blue light exposure converts RetB fully to RetA. UVA light exposure converts RetA to RetB and RetB to RetA giving a mixture determined by their absorption cross sections and their conversion efficiencies. The quantum efficiencies of conversion of RetA to RetB and RetB to RetA were determined to be 0.096 ± 0.005 and 0.405 ± 0.01 respectively. In the dark thermal equilibration between RetA and RetB with dominant RetA content occurred with a time constant of about 3 days at room temperature. The fluorescence emission behavior of RetA and RetB was studied, and fluorescence quantum yields of ϕ(F) (RetA) = 0.00117 and ϕ(F) (RetB) = 9.4 × 10(-5) were determined. Reaction coordinate schemes of the photodynamics are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons Penzkofer
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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13
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Álvarez R, Vaz B, Gronemeyer H, de Lera ÁR. Functions, therapeutic applications, and synthesis of retinoids and carotenoids. Chem Rev 2013; 114:1-125. [PMID: 24266866 DOI: 10.1021/cr400126u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CINBIO), and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV), Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo, Spain
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14
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Sato S, Fukagawa T, Tachibanaki S, Yamano Y, Wada A, Kawamura S. Substrate specificity and subcellular localization of the aldehyde-alcohol redox-coupling reaction in carp cones. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:36589-97. [PMID: 24217249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.521153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study suggested the presence of a novel cone-specific redox reaction that generates 11-cis-retinal from 11-cis-retinol in the carp retina. This reaction is unique in that 1) both 11-cis-retinol and all-trans-retinal were required to produce 11-cis-retinal; 2) together with 11-cis-retinal, all-trans-retinol was produced at a 1:1 ratio; and 3) the addition of enzyme cofactors such as NADP(H) was not necessary. This reaction is probably part of the reactions in a cone-specific retinoid cycle required for cone visual pigment regeneration with the use of 11-cis-retinol supplied from Müller cells. In this study, using purified carp cone membrane preparations, we first confirmed that the reaction is a redox-coupling reaction between retinals and retinols. We further examined the substrate specificity, reaction mechanism, and subcellular localization of this reaction. Oxidation was specific for 11-cis-retinol and 9-cis-retinol. In contrast, reduction showed low specificity: many aldehydes, including all-trans-, 9-cis-, 11-cis-, and 13-cis-retinals and even benzaldehyde, supported the reaction. On the basis of kinetic studies of this reaction (aldehyde-alcohol redox-coupling reaction), we found that formation of a ternary complex of a retinol, an aldehyde, and a postulated enzyme seemed to be necessary, which suggested the presence of both the retinol- and aldehyde-binding sites in this enzyme. A subcellular fractionation study showed that the activity is present almost exclusively in the cone inner segment. These results suggest the presence of an effective production mechanism of 11-cis-retinal in the cone inner segment to regenerate visual pigment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sato
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, and
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15
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Stoltz B, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(13)01252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Delcamp JH, Gormisky PE, White MC. Oxidative Heck vinylation for the synthesis of complex dienes and polyenes. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:8460-3. [PMID: 23701421 DOI: 10.1021/ja402891m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an oxidative Heck reaction for selective complex diene and polyene formation. The reaction proceeds via oxidative Pd(II)/sulfoxide catalysis that retards palladium-hydride isomerizations which previously limited the Heck manifold's capacity for furnishing stereodefined conjugated dienes. Limiting quantities of nonactivated terminal olefins (1 equiv) and slight excesses of vinyl boronic esters (1.5 equiv) that feature diverse functionality can be used to furnish complex dienes and polyenes in good yields and excellent selectivities (generally E:Z = >20:1; internal:terminal = >20:1). Because this reaction only requires prior activation of a single vinylic carbon, improvements in efficiency are observed for synthetic sequences relative to ones featuring reactions that require activation of both coupling partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared H Delcamp
- University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
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Bergueiro J, Montenegro J, Saá C, López S. Synthesis of 11-cis-Retinoids by Hydrosilylation-Protodesilylation of an 11,12-Didehydro Precursor: Easy Access to 11- and 12-Mono- and 11,12-Dideuteroretinoids. Chemistry 2012; 18:14100-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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The investigation of the intermediates of spiropyran retinal analogs by laser flash photolysis techniques with different excitation wavelengths. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cross-Coupling Reactions of Organosilicon Compounds in the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Retinoids. Chemistry 2012; 18:4401-10. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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McLean NJ, Gansmuller A, Concistre M, Brown LJ, Levitt MH, Brown RC. Syntheses of 13C2-labelled 11Z-retinals. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Stoltz B, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(11)00770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Stoltz B, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(10)01735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Groesbeek M, de Vries EFJ, Berden JA, Lugtenburg J. The influence of the 5-methyl group in bacteriorhodopsin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19931120505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Groesbeek M, Lugtenburg J. Synthesis of nitroxide containing polyenes: Two chemically modified retinals and their interaction with bacterioopsin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19951140906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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van der Steen R, Groesbeek M, van Amsterdam LJP, Lugtenburg J, van Oostrum J, de Grip WJ. All E-10,20-methanoretinoylopsin, light-stable rhodopsin. Synthesis and spectroscopy of all E-10,20-methano- and all-E-retinoyl fluoride and their reaction with bovine opsin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19891080105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Spijker-Assink MB, Robijn GW, Ippel JH, Lugtenburg J, Groen BH, van Dam K. (1R)- and (1S)-5-demethyl-8,16-methanobacteriorhodopsin and its properties. The synthesis and spectroscopy of 5-demethyl-8,16-methanoretinal in optically active and isotopic forms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19921110104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Groesbeek M, Robijn GW, Lugtenburg J. Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of the doubly locked 9E,11Z retinal model systems 7E,13E-11,19-10,20-dimethanoretinal and its 13Z isomer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19921110206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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van der Steen R, Biesheuvel PL, Lugtenburg J, Erkelens C, Mathies RA. 8,16- And 8,18-methanobacteriorhodopsin. Synthesis and spectroscopy of 8,16- and 8,18-methanoretinal and their interaction with bacterioopsin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19891080302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Spijker-Assink MB, Winkel C, Baldwin GS, Lugtenburg J. 5-Demethylretinal and its 5-2H, 7-2H2 and 5,7-2H2 isotopomers. Synthesis, photochemistry and spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19881070304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Groesbeek M, van der Steen R, van Vliet JC, Vertegaal LBJ, Lugtenburg J. Synthesis of three retinal models, including the 10-s-cis-locked retinal, all-E-12,19-methanoretinal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19891081202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Vaezi MF, Robinson CY, Hope KD, Brouillette WJ, Muccio DD. PREPARATION OF THE 9-cis, 13-cos-. AND ALL trans-ISOMERS OF α- AND β2-RETINAL. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948709356186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Vaezi
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, 35294
| | - Cynthia Y. Robinson
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, 35294
| | - Kenneth D. Hope
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, 35294
| | - Wayne J. Brouillette
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, 35294
| | - Donald D. Muccio
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, 35294
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López CS, Álvarez R, Domínguez M, Faza ON, de Lera ÁR. Complex Thermal Behavior of 11-cis-Retinal, the Ligand of the Visual Pigments. J Org Chem 2008; 74:1007-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801899k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Silva López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, E-36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Rosana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, E-36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Domínguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, E-36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Olalla Nieto Faza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, E-36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ángel R. de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, E-36310, Vigo, Spain
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33
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Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(08)00897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Prilezhaeva EN. Sulfones and sulfoxides in the total synthesis of biologically active natural compounds. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2000v069n05abeh000561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(07)01371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(07)00834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Rao GV, Reddy MJR, Srinivas K, Reddy MJR, Bushan KM, Rao VJ. Ionic Photodissociation in Arylallyl Acetates¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760029ipiaa2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Singh AK, Mahalaxmi GR. Excited State Properties of α,ω-Diphenylpolyenes: Photophysical and Photochemical Studies of Donor-Acceptor Diarylbutadienes. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710387espodp2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Muthyala R, Watanabe D, Asato AE, Liu RSH. The Nature of the Delocalized Cations in Azulenic Bacteriorhodopsin Analogs¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740837tnotdc2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Fu PP, Xia Q, Yin JJ, Cherng SH, Yan J, Mei N, Chen T, Boudreau MD, Howard PC, Wamer WG. Photodecomposition of Vitamin A and Photobiological Implications for the Skin†. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:409-24. [PMID: 17576350 DOI: 10.1562/2006-10-23-ir-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A (retinol), an essential human nutrient, plays an important role in cellular differentiation, regulation of epidermal cell growth and normal cell maintenance. In addition to these physiological roles, vitamin A has a rich photochemistry. Photoisomerization of vitamin A, involved in signal transduction for vision, has been extensively investigated. The biological effects of light-induced degradation of vitamin A and formation of reactive species are less understood and may be important for light-exposed tissues, such as the skin. Photochemical studies have demonstrated that excitation of retinol or its esters with UV light generates a number of reactive species including singlet oxygen and superoxide radical anion. These reactive oxygen species have been shown to damage a number of cellular targets, including lipids and DNA. Consistent with the potential for damaging DNA, retinyl palmitate has been shown to be photomutagenic in an in vitro test system. The results of mechanistic studies were consistent with mutagenesis through oxidative damage. Vitamin A in the skin resides in a complex environment that in many ways is very different from the chemical environment in solution and in in vitro test systems. Relevant clinical studies or studies in animal models are therefore needed to establish whether the pro-oxidant activity of photoexcited vitamin A is observed in vivo, and to assess the related risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA.
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41
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Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(07)00205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Singh AK, Hota PK. Development of Bacteriorhodopsin Analogues and Studies of Charge Separated Excited States in the Photoprocesses of Linear Polyenes†. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:50-62. [PMID: 16872254 DOI: 10.1562/2006-03-11-ir-844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) analogues employing chromophore substitution technique for the purpose of characterizing the binding site of bR and generating bR analogues with novel opto-electronic properties for applications as photoactive element in nanotechnical devices are described. Additionally, the photophysical and photochemical properties of variously substituted diarylpolyenes as models of photobiologically relevant linear polyenes are discussed. The role of charge separated dipolar excited states in the photoprocesses of linear polyenes is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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43
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Lectka T, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(06)01801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Alvarez R, Domínguez B, de Lera AR. AN EXPEDIENT STEREOCONTROLLED SYNTHESIS OF 7-CIS-RETINOIDS. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-100104430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Alvarez
- a Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Vigo , Vigo , 36200 , Spain
| | - Beatriz Domínguez
- a Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Vigo , Vigo , 36200 , Spain
| | - Angel R. de Lera
- b Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Vigo , Vigo , 36200 , Spain
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Dawson MI, Hobbs PD, Cameron JF, Rhee SW. Preparation of 9-cis-retinoic acid [11,12-3H(N)] by photochemical isomerization. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580330310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Lectka T, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(06)00771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Posner PG, Motherwell PW. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(04)01396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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49
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Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(04)00315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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50
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Liu RS, Asato AE. Tuning the color and excited state properties of the azulenic chromophore: NIR absorbing pigments and materials. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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