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Nett RS, Dickschat JS, Peters RJ. Labeling Studies Clarify the Committed Step in Bacterial Gibberellin Biosynthesis. Org Lett 2016; 18:5974-5977. [PMID: 27934361 PMCID: PMC5139915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved gibberellin phytohormone biosynthesis independently of plants and fungi. Through 13C-labeling and NMR analysis, the mechanistically unusual "B" ring contraction catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 (CYP114), which is the committed step in gibberellin biosynthesis, was shown to occur via oxidative extrusion of carbon-7 from ent-kaurenoic acid in bacteria. This is identical to the convergently evolved chemical transformation in plants and fungi, suggesting a common semipinacol rearrangement mechanism potentially guided by carbon-4α carboxylate proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Nett
- Roy
J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institut
für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Reuben J. Peters
- Roy
J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Kimura M, Tokai T, Takahashi-Ando N, Ohsato S, Fujimura M. Molecular and Genetic Studies ofFusariumTrichothecene Biosynthesis: Pathways, Genes, and Evolution. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:2105-23. [PMID: 17827683 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are a large family of sesquiterpenoid secondary metabolites of Fusarium species (e.g., F. graminearum) and other molds. They are major mycotoxins that can cause serious problems when consumed via contaminated cereal grains. In the past 20 years, an outline of the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway has been established based on the results of precursor feeding experiments and blocked mutant analyses. Following the isolation of the pathway gene Tri5 encoding the first committed enzyme trichodiene synthase, 10 biosynthesis genes (Tri genes; two regulatory genes, seven pathway genes, and one transporter gene) were functionally identified in the Tri5 gene cluster. At least three pathway genes, Tri101 (separated alone), and Tri1 and Tri16 (located in the Tri1-Tri16 two-gene cluster), were found outside of the Tri5 gene cluster. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the pathways of biosynthesis, the functions of cloned Tri genes, and the evolution of Tri genes, focusing on Fusarium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kimura
- Plant & Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Citron CA, Brock NL, Tudzynski B, Dickschat JS. Labelling studies on the biosynthesis of terpenes in Fusarium fujikuroi. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5224-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45982a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Citron CA, Dickschat JS. [(2)H26]-1-epi-Cubenol, a completely deuterated natural product from Streptomyces griseus. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2841-5. [PMID: 24367448 PMCID: PMC3869315 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During growth on fully deuterated medium the volatile terpene [(2)H26]-1-epi-cubenol was released by the actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. This compound represents the first completely deuterated terpene obtained by fermentation. Despite a few previous reports in the literature the operability of this approach to fully deuterated compounds is still surprising, because the strong kinetic isotope effect of deuterium is known to slow down all metabolic processes in living organisms. Potential applications of completely labelled compounds from natural sources in structure elucidation, biosynthetic or pharmacokinetic investigations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Citron
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Albermann S, Linnemannstöns P, Tudzynski B. Strategies for strain improvement in Fusarium fujikuroi: overexpression and localization of key enzymes of the isoprenoid pathway and their impact on gibberellin biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2979-95. [PMID: 22983595 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi is known to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites, such as the pigments bikaverin and fusarubins, the mycotoxins fusarins and fusaric acid, and the phytohormones gibberellic acids (GAs), which are applied as plant growth regulators in agri- and horticulture. The development of high-producing strains is a prerequisite for the efficient biotechnological production of GAs. In this work, we used different molecular approaches for strain improvement to directly affect expression of early isoprenoid genes as well as GA biosynthetic genes. Overexpression of the first GA pathway gene ggs2, encoding geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 2, or additional integration of ggs2 and cps/ks, the latter encoding the bifunctional ent-copalyldiphosphate synthase/ent-kaurene synthase, revealed an enhanced production level of 150%. However, overexpression of hmgR and fppS, encoding the key enzymes of the mevalonate pathway, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, and farnesyldiphosphate synthase, resulted in a reduced production level probably due to a negative feedback regulation of HmgR. Subsequent deletion of the transmembrane domains of HmgR and overexpression of the remaining catalytic domain led to an increased GA content (250%). Using green fluorescent protein and mCherry fusion constructs, we localized Cps/Ks in the cytosol, Ggs2 in small point-like structures, which are not the peroxisomes, and HmgR at the endoplasmatic reticulum. In summary, it was shown for the first time that amplification or truncation of key enzymes of the isoprenoid and GA pathway results in elevated production levels (2.5-fold). Fluorescence microscopy revealed localization of the key enzymes in different compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Albermann
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
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Birch AJ. Biosynthesis in theory and practice: structure determinations. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008:5-24. [PMID: 246781 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720349.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Classical appraoches to structure determinations of natural molecules can be assisted by biosynthetic considerations. Application of these needs some structural evidence, based on degradations and spectra, as to biogenetic type. This evidence can be effectively supplemented by incorporations of precursors labelled with 14C, 13C or 15N, as appropriate, with examinations of the distributions of label in the product. Several examples of both classical and incorporation techniques are reviewed.
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Tudzynski B. Gibberellin biosynthesis in fungi: genes, enzymes, evolution, and impact on biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 66:597-611. [PMID: 15578178 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Revised: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) constitute a large family of tetracyclic diterpenoid carboxylic acids, some members of which function as growth hormones in higher plants. As well as being phytohormones, GAs are also present in some fungi and bacteria. In recent years, GA biosynthetic genes from Fusarium fujikuroi and Arabidopsis thaliana have been cloned and well characterised. Although higher plants and the fungus both produce structurally identical GAs, there are important differences indicating that GA biosynthetic pathways have evolved independently in higher plants and fungi. The fact that horizontal gene transfer of GA genes from the plant to the fungus can be excluded, and that GA genes are obviously missing in closely related Fusarium species, raises the question of the origin of fungal GA biosynthetic genes. Besides characterisation of F. fujikuroi GA pathway genes, much progress has been made in the molecular analysis of regulatory mechanisms, especially the nitrogen metabolite repression controlling fungal GA biosynthesis. Basic research in this field has been shown to have an impact on biotechnology. Cloning of genes, construction of knock-out mutants, gene amplification, and regulation studies at the molecular level are powerful tools for improvement of production strains. Besides increased yields of the final product, GA3, it is now possible to produce intermediates of the GA biosynthetic pathway, such as ent-kaurene, ent-kaurenoic acid, and GA14, in high amounts using different knock-out mutants. This review concentrates mainly on the fungal biosynthetic pathway, the genes and enzymes involved, the regulation network, the biotechnological relevance of recent studies, and on evolutionary aspects of GA biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Tudzynski
- Institut für Botanik der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossgarten 3, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] The syntheses via tandem oxy-Cope/transannular ene reaction of 1,2-divinylcyclohexanols to bi- and tricyclic skeletons are described. This strategy generates a rapid method for the preparation of advanced polycyclic intermediates with high diastereoselectivity.
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Avalos J, Fernández-Martín R, Prado MM, Cerdá-Olmedo E. Gibberellin biosynthesis inGibberella. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/12538078.1999.10515801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kumar P, Lonsane B. Microbial Production of Gibberellins: State of the Art. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Synthesis and transannular diels-alder reaction of a 13-membered macrocyclic triene having a tetrasubstituted enol ether as a dienophile. Tetrahedron Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)96701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Application du couplage13C-13C a la determination de l'origine biogenetique des substituants en C-4 des virescenols A et B. Tetrahedron Lett 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)71899-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Recent Aspects of the Chemistry and Biosynthesis of the Gibberellins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-612407-1.50007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kubota T, Matsuura T, Tsutsui T, Uyeo S, Irie H, Numata A, Fujita T, Suzuki T. Constitution and stereochemistry of enmein, a diterpene from isodon trichocarpus kudo. Tetrahedron 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(66)80156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Birch A, Holzapfel C, Rickards R. The structure and some aspects of the biosynthesis of pleuromutilin. Tetrahedron 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)90949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chemical evidence for the mode of action of AMO-1618, a plant growth retardant. Naturwissenschaften 1965. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00602942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kubota T, Matsuura T, Tsutsui T, Uyeo S, Takahashi M, Irie H, Numata A, Fujita T, Okamoto T, Natsume M, Kawazoe Y, Sudo K, Ikeda T, Tomoeda M, Kanatomo S, Kosuge T, Adachi K. The constitution and stereochemistry of enmein. Tetrahedron Lett 1964. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)90460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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MARTIN-SMITH M, KHATOON T. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE TERPENOIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1963; 5:279-346. [PMID: 14287132 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7050-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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The synthesis of the dl-9-iso-pimaradienes and the revision of the structures of isopimaric acid and rimuene. Tetrahedron Lett 1961. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)71760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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