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Saunthwal RK, Mortimer J, Orr-Ewing AJ, Clayden J. Enantioselective one-carbon expansion of aromatic rings by simultaneous formation and chromoselective irradiation of a transient coloured enolate. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2079-2085. [PMID: 35308841 PMCID: PMC8848985 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06684f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enantioenriched seven-membered carbocycles are motifs in many molecules of structural and biological interest. We report a simple, practical, transition metal-free and mechanistically unusual method for the enantioselective synthesis of substituted cycloheptatrienes. By forming a coloured enolate with an appropriate absorption band and selectively irradiating in situ, we to initiate a tandem, asymmetric anionic and photochemical ring expansion of readily accessible N-benzylbenzamides. The cascade of reactions leading to the products entails enantioselective benzylic deprotonation with a chiral lithium amide, dearomatizing cyclization of the resulting configurationally defined organolithium to give an extended amide enolate, and photochemically induced formal [1,7]-sigmatropic rearrangement and 6π-electrocyclic ring-opening – the latter all evidently being stereospecific – to deliver enantioenriched cycloheptatrienes with embedded benzylic stereocentres. Irradiation of a mixture of aromatic amide and chiral base leads to a tandem reaction sequence in which dearomatization forms a chromophore capable of photochemical rearrangement leading to overall asymmetric expansion of the aromatic ring.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Saunthwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - James Mortimer
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Andrew J Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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2
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Wurzer N, Klimczak U, Babl T, Fischer S, Angnes RA, Kreutzer D, Pattanaik A, Rehbein J, Reiser O. Heck-Type Coupling of Fused Bicyclic Vinylcyclopropanes: Synthesis of 1,2-Dihydropyridines, 2,3-Dihydro-1 H-azepines, 1,4-Cyclohexadienes, and 2 H-Pyrans. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Wurzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Urszula Klimczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Babl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fischer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ricardo A. Angnes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Rua Carlos Gomes, 241, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, 13083-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dominik Kreutzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Aryaman Pattanaik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Eagling L, Leonard DJ, Schwarz M, Urruzuno I, Boden G, Wailes JS, Ward JW, Clayden J. 'Reverse biomimetic' synthesis of l-arogenate and its stabilized analogues from l-tyrosine. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11394-11398. [PMID: 34667547 PMCID: PMC8447241 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Arogenate (also known as l-pretyrosine) is a primary metabolite on a branch of the shikimate biosynthetic pathway to aromatic amino acids. It plays a key role in the synthesis of plant secondary metabolites including alkaloids and the phenylpropanoids that are the key to carbon fixation. Yet understanding the control of arogenate metabolism has been hampered by its extreme instability and the lack of a versatile synthetic route to arogenate and its analogues. We now report a practical synthesis of l-arogenate in seven steps from O-benzyl l-tyrosine methyl ester in an overall yield of 20%. The synthetic route also delivers the fungal metabolite spiroarogenate, as well as a range of stable saturated and substituted analogues of arogenate. The key step in the synthesis is a carboxylative dearomatization by intramolecular electrophilic capture of tyrosine's phenolic ring using an N-chloroformylimidazolidinone moiety, generating a versatile, functionalizable spirodienone intermediate. l-Tyrosine provides a precursor for a practical synthesis of the unstable primary metabolite l-arogenate and some stabilised arogenate analogues.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Eagling
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Daniel J Leonard
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Maria Schwarz
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Iñaki Urruzuno
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Grace Boden
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - J Steven Wailes
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre Bracknell RG42 6EY UK
| | - John W Ward
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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4
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Huck CJ, Sarlah D. Shaping Molecular Landscapes: Recent Advances, Opportunities, and Challenges in Dearomatization. Chem 2020; 6:1589-1603. [PMID: 32715154 PMCID: PMC7380651 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dearomatization is a fundamental chemical transformation, and it underlies some of the most efficient tactics for generating three-dimensional complexity from basic two-dimensional precursors. The dearomative toolbox, once restricted to only a handful of reactions, has begun to grow more sophisticated as novel methods are added, introducing more functionality under milder conditions and with more control over chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity than ever before. Over the past two decades, major developments in dearomative processes have bolstered significant total-synthesis endeavors and greatly expanded the scope and complexity of chemical building blocks accessible from feedstock arenes. In this Perspective, we highlight some of the recent advances and key challenges that remain in this vibrant area of organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Huck
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, Universita di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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5
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Lei H, Xin S, Qiu Y, Zhang X. Enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-kainic acid and (+)-acromelic acid C via Rh(i)-catalyzed asymmetric enyne cycloisomerization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:727-730. [PMID: 29214245 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07967b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A diversity-oriented synthetic strategy was developed for the total synthesis of kainoid amino acids, which led to the enantioselective synthesis of (-)-kainic acid and the first total synthesis of (+)-acromelic acid C. Rh(i)-catalyzed asymmetric enyne cycloisomerization served as the key reaction in this strategy for the rapid construction of highly functionalized lactam, and the resulting vinyl acetate moiety was further utilized as a versatile building block for the installation of both isopropylidene and 2-pyridone units existing in natural kainoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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6
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Enantioselective Formal C−H Conjugate Addition of Acetanilides to β-Substituted Acrylates by Chiral Iridium Catalysts. Chemistry 2016; 23:88-91. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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7
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Zhang M, Watanabe K, Tsukamoto M, Shibuya R, Morimoto H, Ohshima T. A Short Scalable Route to (−)-α-Kainic Acid Using Pt-Catalyzed Direct Allylic Amination. Chemistry 2015; 21:3937-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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8
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Yajima T, Yoshida E, Hamano M. Diastereoselective radical addition to γ-alkyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactams and the synthesis of a chiral pyroglutamic acid derivative. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1432-6. [PMID: 23946839 PMCID: PMC3740493 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The cis- and trans-stereoselective radical additions to α-methylene-γ-alkyl- γ-lactams were investigated and the scope and limitation of the reaction were also revealed. This stereoselective radical reaction was used for synthesis of chiral pyroglutamic acid derivatives starting from a commercially available chiral amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yajima
- Department of Chemistry, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
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9
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Kitamoto K, Nakayama Y, Sampei M, Ichiki M, Furuya N, Sato T, Chida N. Chirality Transfers through Sequential Sigmatropic Rearrangements of Allylic Vicinal Diols: Development and Application to Total Synthesis of (-)-Kainic Acid. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Orellana A, Pandey SK, Carret S, Greene AE, Poisson JF. A Diels–Alder-Based Total Synthesis of (−)-Kainic Acid. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5286-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300608g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Orellana
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (SERCO)
CNRS, UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, Université Joseph Fourier BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sushil K. Pandey
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (SERCO)
CNRS, UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, Université Joseph Fourier BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sébastien Carret
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (SERCO)
CNRS, UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, Université Joseph Fourier BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Andrew E. Greene
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (SERCO)
CNRS, UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, Université Joseph Fourier BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-François Poisson
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (SERCO)
CNRS, UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, Université Joseph Fourier BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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11
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12
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Pansare SV, Paul EK. Synthesis of (+)-L-733,060, (+)-CP-99,994 and (2S,3R)-3-hydroxypipecolic acid: application of an organocatalytic direct vinylogous aldol reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2119-25. [PMID: 22294285 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06644k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The γ-butenolide obtained from an organocatalyzed, direct vinylogous aldol reaction of γ-crotonolactone and benzaldehyde serves as the key starting material in the expedient synthesis of a 3-hydroxy-2-phenyl piperidine intermediate which is converted to the target 2,3-disubstituted piperidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil V Pansare
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, A1B 3X7.
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13
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Chou SSP, Wu CJJ. Ring opening of dihydro-2-pyridones and intramolecular Diels–Alder reactions. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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14
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Dearomatizing anionic cyclization of N-methyl-N-benzyldi(1-naphthyl)phosphinamide: a route for access to a new class of functionalized tricyclic azaphospholes with antitumor properties. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Parsons PJ, Rushton SP, Panta RR, Murray AJ, Coles MP, Lai J. New synthetic routes to the kainoids: a synthesis of kainic acid and its analogues. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Wei G, Chalker JM, Cohen T. Synthesis of (−)-α-Kainic Acid via TMSCl-Promoted Pd-Catalyzed Zinc-ene Cyclization of an Allyl Acetate. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7912-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201341q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Justin M. Chalker
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Theodore Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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17
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Lowe MA, Ostovar M, Ferrini S, Chen CC, Lawrence PG, Fontana F, Calabrese AA, Aggarwal VK. Palladium-Mediated Annulation of Vinyl Aziridines with Michael Acceptors: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Substituted Pyrrolidines and Its Application in a Formal Synthesis of (−)-α-Kainic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:6370-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Lowe MA, Ostovar M, Ferrini S, Chen CC, Lawrence PG, Fontana F, Calabrese AA, Aggarwal VK. Palladium-Mediated Annulation of Vinyl Aziridines with Michael Acceptors: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Substituted Pyrrolidines and Its Application in a Formal Synthesis of (−)-α-Kainic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Kamon T, Irifune Y, Tanaka T, Yoshimitsu T. Total Synthesis of (±)-Kainic Acid: A Photochemical C–H Carbamoylation Approach. Org Lett 2011; 13:2674-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol200772f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kamon
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yayoi Irifune
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yoshimitsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tohru Fukuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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21
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Lemière G, Sedehizadeh S, Toueg J, Fleary-Roberts N, Clayden J. A general synthetic approach to the amnesic shellfish toxins: total synthesis of (−)-isodomoic acid B, (−)-isodomoic acid E and (−)-isodomoic acid F. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:3745-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc00048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Kitamoto K, Sampei M, Nakayama Y, Sato T, Chida N. Novel Sequential Sigmatropic Rearrangements of Allylic Diols: Application to the Total Synthesis of (−)-Kainic Acid. Org Lett 2010; 12:5756-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol1026602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Kitamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Mana Sampei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Noritaka Chida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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24
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Brice H, Clayden J, Hamilton SD. Fused bicyclic piperidines and dihydropyridines by dearomatising cyclisation of the enolates of nicotinyl-substituted esters and ketones. Beilstein J Org Chem 2010; 6:22. [PMID: 20502604 PMCID: PMC2874404 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.6.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The silyl enol ether derivatives of ketones or esters tethered by a hydrocarbon or ether linkage to the 3-position of a pyridine ring undergo dearomatising nucleophilic attack on the ring once it is activated (as an acylpyridinium species) by the addition of methyl chloroformate. The bicyclic dihydropyridine products are in some cases unstable, but may be isolated after hydrogenation as fused bicyclic piperidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloise Brice
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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25
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Farwick A, Helmchen G. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)-α-Kainic Acid. Org Lett 2010; 12:1108-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ol1001076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Farwick
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Günter Helmchen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Bunch L, Krogsgaard-Larsen P. Subtype selective kainic acid receptor agonists: Discovery and approaches to rational design. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:3-28. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Brice H, Clayden J. Doubly dearomatising intramolecular coupling of a nucleophilic and an electrophilic heterocycle. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:1964-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b901558b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Concise syntheses of enantiomerically pure protected 4-hydroxypyroglutamic acid and 4-hydroxyproline from a nitroso-cyclopentadiene cycloadduct. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 19:2835-2838. [PMID: 20011098 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
O-TBS-protected methyl trans-4-hydroxypyroglutamate and methyl trans-4-hydroxyproline ester were synthesized from nitroso-cyclopentadiene Diels-Alder cycloadducts. Enzymatic resolution of the key intermediate, 4-amino-cyclopent-2-enol, provides access to both L- and D- amino acids.
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29
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Burtoloso ACB, Correia CRD. Stereoselective synthesis of azetidine-derived glutamate and aspartate analogues from chiral azetidin-3-ones. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Sabarre A, Love J. Synthesis of 1,1-Disubstituted Olefins via Catalytic Alkyne Hydrothiolation/Kumada Cross-Coupling. Org Lett 2008; 10:3941-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol8012843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sabarre
- Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Jennifer Love
- Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
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31
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Sakaguchi H, Tokuyama H, Fukuyama T. Total Synthesis of (−)-Kainic Acid via Intramolecular Michael Addition: A Second-Generation Route. Org Lett 2008; 10:1711-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol800328q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tokuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tohru Fukuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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32
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Ruiz-Gómez G, Iglesias MJ, Serrano-Ruiz M, López-Ortiz F. Dearomatizing anionic cyclization of N-alkyl-N-benzyl(dinaphthyl)phosphinamides. A facile route to gamma-(amino)dihydronaphthalenylphosphinic acids. J Org Chem 2007; 72:9704-12. [PMID: 17979287 DOI: 10.1021/jo701607s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dearomatizing anionic cyclization of N-alkyl-N-benzyldi(n-naphthyl)phosphinamides (n = 1, 2) and subsequent trapping with a series of electrophiles (MeOH, MeI, CF3SO3Me, Me3O+BF4-, AllylBr, and PhCH2Br) have been accomplished. Optimized reaction conditions (base, temperature, reaction time) allow for synthesizing tetrahydro-1H-naphtho[1,2-c][1,2]-azaphosphole 1-oxides 13 and 18 and tetrahydro-1H-naphtho[2,1-c][1,2]azaphosphole 3-oxides 16 and 27-29 in high yield and diastereoselectivity. Appropriate selection of the base proved to be critical for promoting anionic cyclization of 2-naphthyl derivatives. The dearomatized heterocycles are transformed quantitatively into gamma-(N-alkylamino)phosphinic acids by acid hydrolysis of the P-N linkage. Bioactivity assays on five human tumor cell lines for one of these amino acids revealed growth inhibition factors (GI50) at a micromolar scale. Additionally, evidence for the feasibility of intermolecular nucleophilic dearomatization and sequential nucleophilic attack to both aromatic rings of dinaphthylphosphinamides have been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ruiz-Gómez
- Area de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento, 04120 Almería, Spain
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Oxidative fragmentation of bicyclic hydroxy silanes and stannanes: a strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of kainoids. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.09.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Ortiz FL, Iglesias MJ, Fernandez I, Sanchez CMA, Gómez GR. Nucleophilic Dearomatizing (DNAr) Reactions of Aromatic C,H-Systems. A Mature Paradigm in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2007; 107:1580-691. [PMID: 17488057 DOI: 10.1021/cr030207l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando López Ortiz
- Area de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain.
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35
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Arnott G, Clayden J, Hamilton SD. Azabicyclic amino acids by stereoselective dearomatizing cyclization of the enolates of N-nicotinoyl glycine derivatives. Org Lett 2007; 8:5325-8. [PMID: 17078709 DOI: 10.1021/ol062126s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[Structure: see text] On activation by pyridine N-acylation, enolates of N-nicotinoyl and N-isonicotinoyl glycine and alanine derivatives cyclize to yield 6,5-azabicyclic or 6,4-azaspirocyclic lactams. With an N-alpha-methyl-p-methoxybenzyl group the cyclization is diastereoselective; hydrogenation and deprotection yields azabicyclic amino acids in 94:6 er.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Arnott
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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36
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Hodgson DM, Hachisu S, Andrews MD. Synthesis of alpha-kainic acid from a 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptadiene by tandem radical addition-homoallylic radical rearrangement. Org Lett 2005; 7:815-7. [PMID: 15727448 DOI: 10.1021/ol047557u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reductive radical addition of 2-iodoethanol to N-Boc 2-tosyl-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptadiene gives N-Boc syn-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-tosyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene, which is converted into the neuroexcitants 3-(carboxymethyl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid and alpha-kainic acid. [structure: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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Montserrat Martínez M, Hoppe D. Novel Approach to the (-)-Sparteine-Mediated Synthesis of Kainoids:Total Synthesis of (-)-α-Kainic Acid by (-)-Sparteine-Mediated Deprotonation. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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39
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Ramallal AM, Fernández I, López Ortiz F, González J. Mechanism of Anionic Dearomatizing Reactions of Diphenylphosphinamide Derivatives: A Theoretical and Experimental Study. Chemistry 2005; 11:3022-31. [PMID: 15761841 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the anionic dearomatisation of phosphinamide derivatives has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The potential-energy surface of model reactions was studied at the Becke3LYP/6-31+G* level of theory, and according to this study, a pre-reactive complex is formed between the alkyllithium and the phosphinamide. This complex evolves preferentially through NC(alpha)-metalation of the phosphinamide. The intramolecular nucleophilic addition of the carbanion to the ortho position of the aromatic ring leads to the dearomatised products, in a reaction that has been shown to be under thermodynamic control. Coordinating co-solvents, such as hexamethyl phosphoramide (HMPA) or N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-propylene urea (DMPU), appear to influence the reaction by favouring the formation of solvent-separated ion pairs. The cyclisation reaction of allylphosphinamide derivatives was also studied. It was found that both the alpha- and gamma-attack of the allyl anion can take place, however the formation of the seven-membered ring products derived from the gamma-attack are clearly favoured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Morán Ramallal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo c/Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Martinez MM, Hoppe D. Total Synthesis of (−)-α-Kainic Acid by (−)-Sparteine-Mediated Asymmetric Deprotonation−Cycloalkylation. Org Lett 2004; 6:3743-6. [PMID: 15469338 DOI: 10.1021/ol0485666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] We report a new enantioselective synthesis of (-)-alpha-kainic acid from d-serine methyl ester hydrochloride, based on a (-)-sparteine-mediated asymmetric deprotonation of an intermediate carbamate that, by stereospecific anti S(N)'S(E)' intramolecular cycloalkylation, leads to the pyrrolidine ring precursor of (-)-alpha-kainic acid, in high yield and diastereoselectivity. The intermediate pyrrolidine was further transformed to (-)-alpha-kainic acid in three steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Montserrat Martinez
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Fernández I, González J, López-Ortiz F. Deuterium-Labeling and NMR Study of the Dearomatization of N-Alkyl-N-benzyldiphenylphosphinamides through Anionic Cyclization: Ortho and Benzylic Lithiation Directed by Complex-Induced Proximity Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:12551-64. [PMID: 15453788 DOI: 10.1021/ja039863t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the anionic cyclization dearomatizing reaction of N-benzyl-N-methyldiphenylphosphinamide (1) upon treatment with s-BuLi in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at -90 degrees C has been analyzed by deuterium-labeling and natural abundance multinuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H, (2)H, (7)Li, (13)C, (31)P) studies. In the absence of coordinating cosolvents such as hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), eight major anionic species were identified, which allowed us to unravel the pathway of the metalation reaction. In agreement with the complex-induced proximity effect (CIPE) mechanism, the sequence of transformations emerging from this study involves the coordination of the lithium base to the P=O group of 1 to give four dimeric precomplexes whose NMR data are consistent with structures Va/Vb and VIIIa/VIIIb. The diastereomers Va/Vb are the precursors of the monomeric benzylic anion II, whereas the VIIIa/VIIIb diastereomers are assumed to undergo ortho deprotonation leading to anions I. Translocation from the ortho anion to the benzylic one is not observed. Intramolecular conjugate addition of anion II to the P-phenyl rings happens in a reversible way, affording the monomeric dearomatized anions III, IV, VI, and VII. The reaction progresses to yield a mixture containing only the species I, III, and IV. HMPA acts as a catalyst for the ortho-to-benzylic translocation and anionic cyclization reactions. Two-dimensional (2D) (7)Li,(31)P[(1)H] shift correlations and (7)Li[(31)P] NMR spectra proved to be crucial for the structural assignment of the anionic species. These techniques also demonstrated the diastereotopicity of the two achiral ligands involved in a dimer with s-BuLi (Vb) owing to the slow configuration inversion of the carbanion center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Fernández
- Area de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería, Spain
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Fernández I, Forcén-Acebal A, García-Granda S, López-Ortiz F. Synthesis of functionalized 1,4-cyclohexadienes through intramolecular anionic dearomatization of N-alkyl-N-benzyldiphenylphosphinamides. Insight into the reaction mechanism. J Org Chem 2003; 68:4472-85. [PMID: 12762753 DOI: 10.1021/jo0342370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A generalization of the intramolecular nucleophilic dearomatization-electrophilic alkylation reactions of N-alkyl-N-benzyldiphenylphosphinamide anions is presented. The process has been optimized by analyzing the effects of metalation and quench times, additives, the nature of the electrophiles used (MeI, CF(3)SO(3)Me, Me(3)O(+)BF(4)(-), AllylBr, PhCH(2)Br, BrCH(2)CO(2)Me, and RCH=O, where R = Ph, 4-Cl-C(6)H(4), 4-MeO-C(6)H(4), and (i)()Pr), and the alkyl substituent linked to the nitrogen of the phosphinamide. Both HMPA and DMPU act as catalysts. The latter proved to be much more efficient for obtaining high yields of substituted tetrahydrobenzo[c][1,2]-1lambda(5)-phospholes containing a 1,4-cyclohexadiene system with very high regio- and diastereoselectivity. Steric effects in the neighborhood of the benzylic anion tend to decrease the stereoselectivity of the anionic cyclization. The optimization study also served to shed light on the reaction mechanism of the dearomatization process by identifying several intermediate species and showing the reversibility of the anionic cyclization step as well as of the reaction with aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Fernández
- Area de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento, Spain
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Clayden J, Knowles FE, Menet CJ. Synthesis of α-methyl kainic acid by stereospecific lithiation–dearomatizing cyclization of a chiral benzamide. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Clayden J, Menet CJ. 2,3-Dihydroisoindolones by cyclisation and rearomatisation of lithiated benzamides. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Beak P, Johnson TA, Kim DD, Lim SH. Enantioselective Synthesis by Lithiation Adjacent to Nitrogen and Electrophile Incorporation. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36117-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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