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Abstract
Covering: 2011 to 2022The natural world is a prolific source of some of the most interesting, rare, and complex molecules known, harnessing sophisticated biosynthetic machinery evolved over billions of years for their production. Many of these natural products represent high-value targets of total synthesis, either for their desirable biological activities or for their beautiful structures outright; yet, the high sp3-character often present in nature's molecules imparts significant topological complexity that pushes the limits of contemporary synthetic technology. Dearomatization is a foundational strategy for generating such intricacy from simple materials that has undergone considerable maturation in recent years. This review highlights the recent achievements in the field of dearomative methodology, with a focus on natural product total synthesis and retrosynthetic analysis. Disconnection guidelines and a three-phase dearomative logic are described, and a spotlight is given to nature's use of dearomatization in the biosynthesis of various classes of natural products. Synthetic studies from 2011 to 2021 are reviewed, and 425 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaroslav D Boyko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - David Sarlah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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2
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Gatin A, Duchambon P, van der Rest G, Billault I, Sicard-Roselli C. Protein Dimerization via Tyr Residues: Highlight of a Slow Process with Co-Existence of Numerous Intermediates and Final Products. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031174. [PMID: 35163094 PMCID: PMC8835203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein dimerization via tyrosine residues is a crucial process in response to an oxidative attack, which has been identified in many ageing-related pathologies. Recently, it has been found that for isolated tyrosine amino acid, dimerization occurs through three types of tyrosine–tyrosine crosslinks and leads to at least four final products. Herein, considering two protected tyrosine residues, tyrosine-containing peptides and finally proteins, we investigate the dimerization behavior of tyrosine when embedded in a peptidic sequence. After azide radical oxidation and by combining UPLC-MS and H/D exchange analyzes, we were able to evidence: (i) the slow kinetics of Michael Addition Dimers (MAD) formation, i.e., more than 48 h; (ii) the co-existence of intermediates and final cyclized dimer products; and (iii) the probable involvement of amide functions to achieve Michael additions even in proteins. This raises the question of the possible in vivo existence of both intermediates and final entities as well as their toxicity and the potential consequences on protein structure and/or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouchka Gatin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CEDEX, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.G.); (G.v.d.R.); (I.B.)
| | - Patricia Duchambon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Curie UMR 9187, INSERM U1196, CEDEX, 91405 Orsay, France;
| | - Guillaume van der Rest
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CEDEX, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.G.); (G.v.d.R.); (I.B.)
| | - Isabelle Billault
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CEDEX, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.G.); (G.v.d.R.); (I.B.)
| | - Cécile Sicard-Roselli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CEDEX, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.G.); (G.v.d.R.); (I.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-69-15-77-32
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3
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Liu C, Zhao R, Song L, Li Z, Tian G, He Y, Van Meervelt L, Peshkov VA, Van der Eycken EV. Palladium-catalyzed post-Ugi arylative dearomatization/Michael addition cascade towards plicamine analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9752-9757. [PMID: 34730164 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01805a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of Ugi-adducts via a cascade dearomatization/aza-Michael addition process has been developed. Diverse plicamine analogues are constructed in a rapid, highly efficient and step-economical manner, through the combination of an Ugi-4CR and a palladium-catalyzed dearomatization. The synthetic utility of this approach is illustrated by further functional group transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ruiqi Zhao
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Liangliang Song
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhenghua Li
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Guilong Tian
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Yi He
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Luc Van Meervelt
- Biomolecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vsevolod A Peshkov
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Dushu Lake Campus, Suzhou 215123, China.,Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave, Nur-Sultan 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium. .,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, Moscow, 117198, Russia
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Takeuchi H, Inuki S, Nakagawa K, Kawabe T, Ichimura A, Oishi S, Ohno H. Total Synthesis of Zephycarinatines via Photocatalytic Reductive Radical ipso-Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21210-21215. [PMID: 32770565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report herein a nonbiomimetic strategy for the total synthesis of the plicamine-type alkaloids zephycarinatines C and D. The key feature of the synthesis is a stereoselective reductive radical ipso-cyclization using visible-light-mediated photoredox catalysis. This cyclization enabled the construction of a 6,6-spirocyclic core structure through the addition of a carbon-centered radical onto the aromatic ring. Biological evaluation of zephycarinatines and their derivatives revealed that the synthetic derivative with a keto group displays moderate inhibitory activity against LPS-induced NO production. This approach could offer future opportunities to expand the chemical diversity of plicamine-type alkaloids as well as providing useful intermediates for their syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kawabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Ichimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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5
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Takeuchi H, Inuki S, Nakagawa K, Kawabe T, Ichimura A, Oishi S, Ohno H. Total Synthesis of Zephycarinatines via Photocatalytic Reductive Radical
ipso
‐Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Kohei Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Takaaki Kawabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Ichimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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Kulkarni MR, Gaikwad ND. Recent Advances in Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydroisoquinolin‐1(2
H
)‐one. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh R. Kulkarni
- Organic Chemistry Research Centre Department of Chemistry K.R.T. Arts B.H. Commerce and A.M. Science College Gangapur Road Nashik 422 002, MS India
| | - Nitin D. Gaikwad
- Organic Chemistry Research Centre Department of Chemistry K.R.T. Arts B.H. Commerce and A.M. Science College Gangapur Road Nashik 422 002, MS India
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7
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Kaur N, Ahlawat N, Grewal P, Bhardwaj P, Verma Y. Organo or Metal Complex Catalyzed Synthesis of Five-membered Oxygen Heterocycles. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666191122111351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:The reactions involving the formation of C-O bond using metal as a catalyst have emerged to be one of the most influential reactions for the synthesis of heterocycles in modern organic chemistry. Catalysis by metals offers diverse opportunities to invent new organic reactions with a promising range of selectivities such as chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, diastereoselectivity, and enantioselectivity. The methodologies used earlier for synthesis were less approachable to the organic chemist because of their high cost, highly specified instrumentation and inconvenient methods. For both stereoselective and regioselective formation of five-membered O-containing heterocycles, cyclic reactions that are metal and non-metal-catalyzed have known to be very efficient. The present review article covers the applications of metal and non-metal as a catalyst for the synthesis of five-membered O-containing heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Neha Ahlawat
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pooja Grewal
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pranshu Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yamini Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India
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Singh FV, Kole PB, Mangaonkar SR, Shetgaonkar SE. Synthesis of spirocyclic scaffolds using hypervalent iodine reagents. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1778-1805. [PMID: 30112083 PMCID: PMC6071689 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypervalent iodine reagents have been developed as highly valuable reagents in synthetic organic chemistry during the past few decades. These reagents have been identified as key replacements of various toxic heavy metals in organic synthesis. Various synthetically and biologically important scaffolds have been developed using hypervalent iodine reagents either in stoichiometric or catalytic amounts. In addition, hypervalent iodine reagents have been employed for the synthesis of spirocyclic scaffolds via dearomatization processes. In this review, various approaches for the synthesis of spirocyclic scaffolds using hypervalent iodine reagents are covered including their stereoselective synthesis. Additionally, the applications of these reagents in natural product synthesis are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateh V Singh
- Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences (SAS), VIT University, Chennai Campus, Chennai-600 127, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyanka B Kole
- Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences (SAS), VIT University, Chennai Campus, Chennai-600 127, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saeesh R Mangaonkar
- Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences (SAS), VIT University, Chennai Campus, Chennai-600 127, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samata E Shetgaonkar
- Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences (SAS), VIT University, Chennai Campus, Chennai-600 127, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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van Otterlo WAL, Green IR. A Review on Recent Syntheses of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids and Isocarbostyrils (Time period mid-2016 to 2017). Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids from the Amaryllidaceae have become valuable targets for synthetic organic chemists, mainly due to their wide variety of bioactivities and potential for utilization in medicinal chemistry ventures. In addition, the structural complexity of a number of these alkaloids has also been a reason for the interest in these compounds. In this review, the last 18 months of literature was perused and synthetic highlights have been presented here, with the hope to further focus attention on this interesting class of compounds and to encourage others to synthesize these compounds and their derivatives and/or analogues. The review contains examples of syntheses from most of the important alkaloid scaffold classes previously isolated from the Amaryllidaceae, namely: lycorine, crinine, galanthamine, tazettine, montanine, phenanthridone, phenanthridine, plicamine, mesembrine and some minor scaffolds (like gracilamine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem A. L. van Otterlo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Ivan R. Green
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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10
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He Y, Li Z, Tian G, Song L, Van Meervelt L, Van der Eycken EV. Gold-catalyzed diastereoselective domino dearomatization/ipso-cyclization/aza-Michael sequence: a facile access to diverse fused azaspiro tetracyclic scaffolds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:6413-6416. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03152a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A facile and diversity-oriented access to complex tetracyclic benzo[e]pyrrolo[2,3-c]indole-2,4,7(5H)-triones through a post-Ugi gold(i)-catalyzed domino dearomatization/ipso-cyclization/aza-Michael sequence is elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC)
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- Celestijnenlaan 200F
- Leuven
| | - Zhenghua Li
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC)
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- Celestijnenlaan 200F
- Leuven
| | - Guilong Tian
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC)
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- Celestijnenlaan 200F
- Leuven
| | - Liangliang Song
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC)
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- Celestijnenlaan 200F
- Leuven
| | - Luc Van Meervelt
- Biomolecular Architecture
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Erik V. Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC)
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- Celestijnenlaan 200F
- Leuven
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Hypervalent Iodine-Induced Oxidative Couplings (New Metal-Free Coupling Advances and Their Applications in Natural Product Syntheses). HYPERVALENT IODINE CHEMISTRY 2016; 373:1-23. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2016_667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Mijangos MV, Miranda LD. Multicomponent access to indolo[3,3a-c]isoquinolin-3,6-diones: formal synthesis of (±)-plicamine. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3677-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00231e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The complete tetracyclic core structure of plicamine, a novel Amaryllidaceae-type alkaloid, was expeditously prepared by an Ugi four-component condensation reaction, followed by a one-pot sequential phenolic oxidation and intramolecular coupling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco V. Mijangos
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Coyoacán
- México
| | - Luis D. Miranda
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Coyoacán
- México
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- a Department of Chemistry , Banasthali University , Banasthali , Rajasthan , India
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14
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Rizzo S, Wakchaure V, Waldmann H. Natural Product-Derived and Natural Product-Inspired Compound Collections. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527676545.ch02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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Rizzo S, Waldmann H. Development of a Natural-Product-Derived Chemical Toolbox for Modulation of Protein Function. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4621-39. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400442v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rizzo
- Abteilung
Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät
für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Abteilung
Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät
für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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Battilocchio C, Hawkins JM, Ley SV. Mild and selective heterogeneous catalytic hydration of nitriles to amides by flowing through manganese dioxide. Org Lett 2014; 16:1060-3. [PMID: 24495110 DOI: 10.1021/ol403591c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable flow chemistry process for the hydration of nitriles, whereby an aqueous solution of the nitrile is passed through a column containing commercially available amorphous manganese dioxide, has been developed. The product is obtained simply by concentration of the output stream without any other workup steps. The protocol described is rapid, robust, reliable, and scalable, and it has been applied to a broad range of substrates, showing a high level of chemical tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Battilocchio
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge U.K
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17
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Microwave-assisted degradation of acid orange using a conjugated polymer, polyaniline, as catalyst. ARAB J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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18
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Zheng Z, Zhang-Negrerie D, Du Y, Zhao K. The applications of hypervalent iodine(III) reagents in the constructions of heterocyclic compounds through oxidative coupling reactions. Sci China Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-013-5043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Battilocchio C, Bhawal BN, Chorghade R, Deadman BJ, Hawkins JM, Ley SV. Flow-Based, Cerium Oxide Enhanced, Low-Level Palladium Sonogashira and Heck Coupling Reactions by Perovskite Catalysts. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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20
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Veerasamy N, Carlson EC, Collett ND, Saha M, Carter RG. Enantioselective approach to quinolizidines: total synthesis of cermizine D and formal syntheses of senepodine G and cermizine C. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4779-800. [PMID: 23627426 DOI: 10.1021/jo400324t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The formal syntheses of C5-epi-senepodine G and C5-epi-cermizine C have been accomplished through a novel diastereoselective, intramolecular amide Michael addition process. The total synthesis of cermizine D has been achieved through use of an organocatalyzed, heteroatom Michael addition to access a common intermediate. Additional key steps of this sequence include a matched, diastereoselective alkylation with an iodomethylphenyl sulfide and sulfone-aldehyde coupling/reductive desulfurization sequence to combine the major subunits. The utility of a Hartwig-style C-N coupling has been explored on functionally dense coupling partners. Diastereoselective conjugate additions to α,β-unsaturated sulfones have been investigated, which provided the key sulfone intermediate in just six steps from commercially available starting materials. The formal syntheses of senepodine G and cermizine C have been accomplished through an intramolecular cyclization process of a N-Boc-protected piperidine sulfone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarathanam Veerasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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Battilocchio C, Hawkins JM, Ley SV. A Mild and Efficient Flow Procedure for the Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones and Aldehydes using Hydrous Zirconia. Org Lett 2013; 15:2278-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ol400856g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Battilocchio
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K., and Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Joel M. Hawkins
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K., and Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K., and Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Nilewski C, Ioannidou HA. Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5185-238. [PMID: 22743704 PMCID: PMC3426871 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis and the understanding of the molecule as they occurred in the nineteenth century and were refined in the twentieth century constitute two of the most profound scientific developments of all time. These discoveries set in motion a revolution that shaped the landscape of the molecular sciences and changed the world. Organic synthesis played a major role in this revolution through its ability to construct the molecules of the living world and others like them whose primary element is carbon. Although the early beginnings of organic synthesis came about serendipitously, organic chemists quickly recognized its potential and moved decisively to advance and exploit it in myriad ways for the benefit of mankind. Indeed, from the early days of the synthesis of urea and the construction of the first carbon-carbon bond, the art of organic synthesis improved to impressively high levels of sophistication. Through its practice, today chemists can synthesize organic molecules--natural and designed--of all types of structural motifs and for all intents and purposes. The endeavor of constructing natural products--the organic molecules of nature--is justly called both a creative art and an exact science. Often called simply total synthesis, the replication of nature's molecules in the laboratory reflects and symbolizes the state of the art of synthesis in general. In the last few decades a surge in total synthesis endeavors around the world led to a remarkable collection of achievements that covers a wide ranging landscape of molecular complexity and diversity. In this article, we present highlights of some of our contributions in the field of total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. For perspective, we also provide a listing of selected examples of additional natural products synthesized in other laboratories around the world over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Microwave-assisted efficient synthesis of bisphosphonate libraries: a useful procedure for the preparation of bisphosphonates containing nitrogen and sulfur. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yin Q, You SL. Intramolecular alkene electrophilic bromination initiated ipso-bromocyclization for the synthesis of functionalized azaspirocyclohexadienones. Org Lett 2012; 14:3526-9. [PMID: 22724508 DOI: 10.1021/ol301531z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular alkene electrophilic bromination initiated dearomative cyclization has been realized in the presence of DBDMH to provide functionalized azaspirocyclohexadienones in excellent yields under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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Abstract
The principles of Green Chemistry are important but challenging drivers for most modern synthesis programs. To meet these challenges new flow chemistry tools are proving to be very effective by providing improved heat/mass transfer opportunities, lower solvent usage, less waste generation, hazardous compound containment, and the possibility of a 24/7 working regime. This machine-assisted approach can be used to effect repetitive or routine scale-up steps or when combined with reagent and scavenger cartridges, to achieve multi-step synthesis of complex natural products and pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK CB2 1EW.
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de Andrade JP, Pigni NB, Torras-Claveria L, Berkov S, Codina C, Viladomat F, Bastida J. Bioactive alkaloid extracts from Narcissus broussonetii: mass spectral studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 70:13-25. [PMID: 22673940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants of the Amaryllidaceae family are a well-known source of tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids with a wide range of biological activities, including antiviral, antitumoral, antiparasitic, psychopharmacological, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, among others. Recent advances in the use of GC or LC coupled to MS have allowed a chemically guided isolation of uncommon and bioactive alkaloids. In the present work, analytical methods were applied to study the alkaloid profile of Narcissus broussonetii, a plant endemic to North Africa. Using the GC-MS technique and an in-home mass fragmentation database, twenty-three alkaloids were identified, including the very rare dinitrogenous alkaloids obliquine, plicamine, and secoplicamine. Applying LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS, fragmentation profiles were found to be similar for obliquine and plicamine but different for secoplicamine. Pretazettine, a potent cytotoxic alkaloid, was also isolated from N. broussonetii, although its identification by GC-MS was only possible after a BSTFA-derivatization. The silylated crude methanolic extract only showed the presence of pretazettine-TMS, confirming that tazettine was formed after the alkaloid extraction. The same observation was made in Narcissus cultivars in which tazettine had been detected as the major alkaloid. As part of an ongoing project on MS of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, the silylated tazettine and pretazettine were studied by GC-MS/MS, and found to differ in their fragmentation routes. Finally, the EtOAc extract of N. broussonetii showed notable in vitro activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, with an IC(50) value of 1.77 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Paulo de Andrade
- Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Lange H, Carter CF, Hopkin MD, Burke A, Goode JG, Baxendale IR, Ley SV. A breakthrough method for the accurate addition of reagents in multi-step segmented flow processing. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00603c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Silva, Jr. LF, Olofsson B. Hypervalent iodine reagents in the total synthesis of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1722-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00028d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Français A, Leyva-Pérez A, Etxebarria-Jardi G, Peña J, Ley SV. Total Synthesis of Iso- and Bongkrekic Acids: Natural Antibiotics Displaying Potent Antiapoptotic Properties. Chemistry 2010; 17:329-43. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Martins MAP, Beck PH, Moreira DN, Buriol L, Frizzo CP, Zanatta N, Bonacorso HG. Straightforward microwave-assisted synthesis of 1-carboxymethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-5-hydroxy-4,5-dihydro-1 H-pyrazoles under solvent-free conditions. J Heterocycl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Obermayer D, Kappe CO. On the importance of simultaneous infrared/fiber-optic temperature monitoring in the microwave-assisted synthesis of ionic liquids. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:114-21. [DOI: 10.1039/b918407d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Strauss CR. On Scale Up of Organic Reactions in Closed Vessel Microwave Systems. Org Process Res Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/op900194z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Strauss
- QUILL Centre, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 5AG, U.K., and Strauss Consulting Ltd., Box 1065, Kunyung LPO, Mt. Eliza, Victoria 3930, Australia
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Kumar K, Waldmann H. Synthesis of natural product inspired compound collections. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:3224-42. [PMID: 19267376 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural products, their derivatives, and their analogues are among the most important sources for new drug candidates and tools for chemical biology and medicinal chemistry research. Therefore, there is a need for the development of efficient synthesis methods which give access to natural product derived and inspired compound collections. To meet this challenge, the requirements of multistep stereoselective syntheses, and the logic and methodology of natural product total synthesis need to be translated and adapted to the methods and formats for the synthesis of compound collections. Recent developments in the synthesis of natural product inspired compound collections having carbocyclic and heterocyclic scaffolds highlight the fact that this goal can be successfully attained. The progress made has paved the way for the integration of natural product inspired compound collections into medicinal chemistry and chemical biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Kumar
- Max Planck Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Palmieri A, Ley SV, Polyzos A, Ladlow M, Baxendale IR. Continuous flow based catch and release protocol for the synthesis of alpha-ketoesters. Beilstein J Org Chem 2009; 5:23. [PMID: 19590738 PMCID: PMC2707014 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.5.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a combination of commercially available mesofluidic flow equipment and tubes packed with immobilised reagents and scavengers, a new synthesis of alpha-ketoesters is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Palmieri
- Innovative Technology Centre (ACS), Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Steven V Ley
- Innovative Technology Centre (ACS), Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- Innovative Technology Centre (ACS), Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Bayview Avenue, Clayton South, Melbourne, Australia, 3169
| | - Mark Ladlow
- Uniqsis, Shepreth, Cambridgeshire, SG8 6GB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Innovative Technology Centre (ACS), Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Baxendale I, Ley S, Mansfield A, Smith C. Multistep Synthesis Using Modular Flow Reactors: Bestmann-Ohira Reagent for the Formation of Alkynes and Triazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Baxendale I, Ley S, Mansfield A, Smith C. Multistep Synthesis Using Modular Flow Reactors: Bestmann-Ohira Reagent for the Formation of Alkynes and Triazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4017-21. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kumar K, Waldmann H. Die Synthese von naturstoffinspirierten Verbindungsbibliotheken. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Nandy JP, Prakesch M, Khadem S, Reddy PT, Sharma U, Arya P. Advances in Solution- and Solid-Phase Synthesis toward the Generation of Natural Product-like Libraries. Chem Rev 2009; 109:1999-2060. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800188v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti P. Nandy
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael Prakesch
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Shahriar Khadem
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - P. Thirupathi Reddy
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Utpal Sharma
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Prabhat Arya
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Frawley Cass SM, Reid GE, Tepe JJ. Synthesis of diazo functionalized solid supports and their application towards the enrichment of phosphorylated peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3291-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b906577f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
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Baxendale IR, Hayward JJ, Ley SV, Tranmer GK. Pharmaceutical strategy and innovation: an academics perspective. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:768-88. [PMID: 17458911 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry is under increasing pressure on many fronts, from investors requiring larger returns to consumer groups and health authorities demanding cheaper and safer drugs. It is also feeling additional pressure from the infringement upon its profit margins by generic drug producers. Many companies are aggressively pursuing outsourcing contracts in an attempt to counter many of the financial pressures and streamline their operations. At the same time, the productivity of the pharmaceutical industry at its science base is being questioned in terms of the number of products and the timeframes required for each company to deliver them to market. This has generated uncertainties regarding the current corporate strategies that have been adopted and the levels of innovation being demonstrated. In this essay we discuss these topics in the context of the global pharmaceutical market, investigating the basis for many of these issues and highlighting the hurdles the industry needs to overcome, especially as they relate to the chemical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Baxendale
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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Welzel M, Morwick TM. Tandem alkylation/ester hydrolysis using polymer-supported hydroxide for catch and release isolation of a series of benzoimidazolonecarboxylic acids. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2008; 10:498-500. [PMID: 18557654 DOI: 10.1021/cc800030n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Welzel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06801-0368, USA
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR, Ley SV, Nikbin N, Smith CD. Azide monoliths as convenient flow reactors for efficient Curtius rearrangement reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:1587-93. [PMID: 18421390 DOI: 10.1039/b801634h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and use of an azide-containing monolithic reactor is described for use in a flow chemistry device and in particular for conducting Curtius rearrangement reactions via acid chloride inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
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Herrero MA, Kremsner JM, Kappe CO. Nonthermal Microwave Effects Revisited: On the Importance of Internal Temperature Monitoring and Agitation in Microwave Chemistry. J Org Chem 2007; 73:36-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jo7022697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Antonia Herrero
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jennifer M. Kremsner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Abstract
The frequently overlooked benefits that considerably simplify and enrich our standard of living are most often hinged upon chemical synthesis. From the development of drugs in the ongoing fight against disease to the more aesthetic aspects of society with the preparation of perfumes and cosmetics, synthetic chemistry is the pivotally involved science. Furthermore, the quality and quantity of our food supply relies heavily upon synthesised products, as do almost all aspects of our modern society ranging from paints, pigments and dyestuffs to plastics, polymers and other man-made materials. However, the demands being made on chemists are changing at an unprecedented pace and synthesis, or molecular assembly, must continue to evolve in response to the new challenges and opportunities that arise. Responding to this need for improved productivity and efficiency chemists have started to explore new approaches to compound synthesis. Flow-based synthesis incorporating solid supported reagents and scavengers has emerged as a powerful way of manipulating chemical entities and is envisaged to become a core laboratory technology of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Baxendale
- Innovative Technology Center (ACS), Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Smith CD, Baxendale IR, Tranmer GK, Baumann M, Smith SC, Lewthwaite RA, Ley SV. Tagged phosphine reagents to assist reaction work-up by phase-switched scavenging using a modular flow reactor. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:1562-8. [PMID: 17571185 DOI: 10.1039/b703033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of three orthogonally tagged phosphine reagents to assist chemical work-up via phase-switch scavenging in conjunction with a modular flow reactor is described. These techniques (acidic, basic and Click chemistry) are used to prepare various amides and tri-substituted guanidines from in situ generated iminophosphoranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Smith
- Innovative Technology Centre (ACS), Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UKCB2 1EW
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Tanaka H, Hasegawa T, Kita N, Nakahara H, Shibata T, Oe S, Ojika M, Uchida K, Takahashi T. Polymer-Assisted Solution-Phase Synthesis and Neurite-Outgrowth-Promoting Activity of 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 Derivatives. Chem Asian J 2006; 1:669-77. [PMID: 17441107 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An efficient solution-phase synthesis of rac-15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-PGJ2 (15dPGJ2) derivatives that contain variable alpha and omega chains based on a polymer-assisted strategy and their neurite-outgrowth-promoting activity are described. The strategy for the synthesis of PGJ2 derivatives involves the use of a vinyl iodide bearing cyclopentenone as a key intermediate, which undergoes Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and subsequent Lewis acid catalyzed aldol condensation for incorporation of the omega and alpha chains, respectively. For easy access to the PGJ2 derivatives, a polymer-supported catalyst and scavengers were adapted for use in these four diverse steps, in which workup and purification can be performed by simple filtration of the solid-supported reagents. By using this methodology, we succeeded in the synthesis of 16 PGJ2 derivatives with four alkyl boranes and four aldehydes. The neurite-outgrowth-promoting activity of the 16 synthetic compounds in PC12 cells revealed that the side-chains play a major role in modulating their biological activity. The carboxylic acid on the alpha chain improved the biological activity, although it was not absolutely required. Furthermore, a PGJ2 derivative with a phenyl moiety on the omega chain was found to exhibit an activity comparable to that of natural 15dPGJ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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