1
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Shaaban M, Ghani MA. Pyrane-based cembranoid and 2-dehydro-4-peroxy-sarcophine: two new diterpenes from Sarcophyton glaucum. Z NATURFORSCH C 2024; 79:81-87. [PMID: 38509702 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2024-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Soft corals, particularly Sarcophyton sp. are rich in metabolites with variety of biological activities. In this study, a pyran-based 9-exo-methylene-10-hydroxy-sarcotrocheliol (1) and 2-dehydro-4-peroxy-sarcophine (2), two new cembranoide diterpenes, were isolated together with 9-hydroxy-10,11-dehydro-sarcotrocheliol, sarcotrocheliol, sarcotrocheliol acetate, sarcophine, (+)-7α,8β-dihydroxydeepoxysarcophine, (±)-sarcophytonine B, and peridinin from the organic extract of Sarcophyton glaucum collected at the coasts of Hurghada, Egypt. The structures of the new diterpenes 1-2 were identified based on cumulative analyses of HRESIMS and NMR (1D/2D NMR) spectra. The relative configurations of both compounds were verified by NOESY spectra and comparison with our recently reported analogues. The compounds showed no antimicrobial activity against a set of diverse tested microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shaaban
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Behoos St. 33 12622 Dokki-Cairo, Egypt
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohamed A Ghani
- Red Sea Marine Parks, PO Box 363, Red Sea, A.R, Hurghada, Egypt
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2
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Xia ZY, Sun MM, Jin Y, Su MZ, Li SW, Wang H, Guo YW. Four uncommon cycloamphilectane-type diterpenoids with antibacterial activity from the South China Sea soft coral Sinularia brassica. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 219:113960. [PMID: 38159620 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The chemical investigation on the soft coral Sinularia brassica collected off Xuwen Country, Guangdong Province, China, has resulted in the isolation and characterization of three uncommon cycloamphilectane-type diterpenoids, namely sinucycloamtin A-C (1-3), along with two known analogues (5 and 6). In addition, compounds 2 and 3 were hydrolyzed and their hydrolytic derivative sinucycloamtin D (4) was obtained. The structures of these previously undescribed compounds were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, chemical conversion, as well as the comparison with the literature reported data. Compounds 1-3 represented the first examples of benzene-containing cycloamphilectane-type diterpenoids isolated from soft coral of genus Sinularia. In the in vitro bioassays, all the isolated and derived diterpenoids exhibited significant antibacterial activities against the fish pathogenic bacteria Phoyobacterium damselae FP2244 and Streptococcus parauberis SPOF3K with MIC90 values ranging from 3.7 to 9.1 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yi Xia
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Man-Man Sun
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Su
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117, China
| | - Song-Wei Li
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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3
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Yu DD, Ke LM, Liu J, Li SW, Su MZ, Yao LG, Luo H, Guo YW. Four New Diterpenoids from the South China Sea Soft Coral Sinularia nanolobata and DFT-Based Structure Elucidation. Molecules 2023; 28:6892. [PMID: 37836735 PMCID: PMC10574229 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new cembranoids (1-3) and a new casbanoid (4), along with three known analogues (5-7), have been isolated from the soft coral Sinularia nanolobata collected off Ximao Island. The structures, including the absolute configurations of new compounds, were established using extensive spectroscopic data analysis, time-dependent density functional theory/electronic circular dichroism (TDDFT-ECD) calculations, and the comparison with spectroscopic data of known compounds. In the in vitro bioassay, compounds 1 and 5 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against human erythroleukemia (HEL) cell lines, with IC50 values of 37.1 and 42.4 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (D.-D.Y.); (L.-M.K.)
| | - Lin-Mao Ke
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (D.-D.Y.); (L.-M.K.)
| | - Jiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (J.L.); (L.-G.Y.)
| | - Song-Wei Li
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
| | - Ming-Zhi Su
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China;
| | - Li-Gong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (J.L.); (L.-G.Y.)
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China;
| | - Hui Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (D.-D.Y.); (L.-M.K.)
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (J.L.); (L.-G.Y.)
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China;
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4
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Zeng ZR, Li WS, Nay B, Hu P, Zhang HY, Wang H, Li XW, Guo YW. Sinunanolobatone A, an Anti-inflammatory Diterpenoid with Bicyclo[13.1.0]pentadecane Carbon Scaffold, and Related Casbanes from the Sanya Soft Coral Sinularia nanolobata. Org Lett 2021; 23:7575-7579. [PMID: 34553931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel diterpenoid, sinunanolobatone A (1), featuring an unprecedented bicyclo[13.1.0]pentadecane carbon framework, along with two new casbane diterpenoids (2 and 3), and five known related ones (4-8) were isolated from the Sanya soft coral Sinularia nanolobata. The structures of the new compounds were established by detailed spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, chemical reactions, or a quantum chemical computation method. A plausible biosynthetic pathway of 1 was proposed. In bioassay, the novel compound 1 showed significant inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation in BV-2 microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Rong Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wang-Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bastien Nay
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, Ecole Polytechnique, ENSTA, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Pei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xu-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.,Bohai rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, 198 Binhai East Road, High-tech Zone, Yantai, Shandong Province 264000, China
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5
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Xeniaphyllane-Derived Terpenoids from Soft Coral Sinularia nanolobata. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16020040. [PMID: 29364140 PMCID: PMC5852468 DOI: 10.3390/md16020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel tetranorditerpenoid, sinubatin A (1) (having an unprecedented carbon skeleton), a new norditerpenoid, sinubatin B (2) (a 4,5-epoxycaryophyllene possessing an unusual methylfuran moiety side chain), and a known diterpenoid, gibberosin J (3) were isolated from soft coral Sinulariananolobata. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data.
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6
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Ngoc NT, Huong PTM, Thanh NV, Cuong NX, Nam NH, Thung DC, Kiem PV, Minh CV. Sesquiterpene constituents from the soft coral Sinularia nanolobata. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:1799-1804. [PMID: 28278636 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1292508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Using various chromatographic separations, four sesquiterpenes (1-4), including two new compounds, nanolobatols A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from the Vietnamese soft coral Sinularia nanolobata. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data (1H and 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY, NOESY and FT-ICR-MS) and by comparison with the literature values. The cytotoxic activity of isolated compounds against a panel of eight human cancer cell lines was also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninh Thi Ngoc
- a Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , Hanoi , Vietnam.,b Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Mai Huong
- a Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Thanh
- a Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , Hanoi , Vietnam.,b Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Xuan Cuong
- a Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , Hanoi , Vietnam.,b Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoai Nam
- a Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Do Cong Thung
- c Institute of Marine Environment and Resources, VAST , Haiphong , Vietnam
| | - Phan Van Kiem
- a Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Chau Van Minh
- a Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , Hanoi , Vietnam
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7
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Shaaban M, Ghani MA, Shaaban KA. Unusual pyranosyl cembranoid diterpene from Sarcophyton trocheliophorum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2016-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
9-Hydroxy-10,11-dehydro-sarcotrocheliol (1), a new pyrane-based cembranoid diterpene, has been isolated along with three other known compounds, namely, sarcotrocheliol acetate (2), (+)-sarcophytol A (3), and (−)-sarcophytonin A (4), from the organic extract of the soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum. The chemical structures of compounds 1–4 were determined on the basis of their 1D and 2D NMR [1H, 13C, 1H–1H correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence, heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation, and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE)] and mass spectra [electron ionization (EI), electrospray ionization, and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)], and by comparison with related structures. The compounds 1–4 showed neither antimicrobial activity against 11 diverse tested microorganisms, nor cytotoxicity against brine shrimp, whereas the soft coral extract showed low cytotoxicity with a mortality rate of 1.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shaaban
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Division of Pharmaceutical Industries, National Research Centre, El-Behoos st. 33, Dokki-Cairo 12622, A.R. Egypt
| | | | - Khaled A. Shaaban
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
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8
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Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Fronczek FR, Jacob MR, Ross SA. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers from the marine organisms Lendenfeldia dendyi and Sinularia dura with anti-MRSa activity. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Laville R, Castel C, Filippi JJ, Delbecque C, Audran A, Garry PP, Legendre L, Fernandez X. Amphilectane diterpenes from Salvia sclarea: biosynthetic considerations. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:121-6. [PMID: 22264035 DOI: 10.1021/np2004177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Salviatrienes A and B, two new diterpenes belonging to the amphilectane/elisabethane family, have been isolated from an extract of clary sage (Salvia sclarea). These molecules are the first representatives of this family to be described from the plant kingdom. This study has led to consideration of the possible enzymatic machinery and biosynthesis pathways within S. sclarea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Laville
- LCMBA, UMR 6001 CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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10
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Singh KS, Kaminsky WH, Rodrigues C, Naik CG. Structural studies and antimicrobial properties of norcembrane diterpenoid from an Indian soft coral Sinularia inelegans Tixier-Durivault. J CHEM SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-009-0117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Lakshmi
- a Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division , Central Drug Research Institute , Chhattar Manzil, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - R. Kumar
- a Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division , Central Drug Research Institute , Chhattar Manzil, Lucknow, 226 001, India
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12
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Cytotoxic Effect of the Genus Sinularia Extracts on Human SCC25 and HaCaT Cells. J Toxicol 2008; 2009:634868. [PMID: 20130779 PMCID: PMC2809361 DOI: 10.1155/2009/634868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft corals of the
genus Sinularia are being
increasingly adopted to treat a wide variety of
disease processes. However,
the mechanism underlying its activity against human oral cancer cells is poorly
understood. This study evaluates the cyototoxicity effects of the genus
Sinularia extracts (S.
grandilobata, S. parva, S. triangula, S. scabra,
S. nanolobata and S. gibberosa) by
SCC25 and HaCaT cells. The cell adhesion assay
indicates that extracts reduce the cell
attachment. Extracts exhibit a dose-dependent
cytotoxic effect using MTS assay.Treatment of extracts to observe
the morphological alterations in cells, membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation, and
apoptotic bodies is demonstrated. Flow cytometry shows that extracts
sensitized the cells in the G0/G1 and G2/M phases with a concomitant significantly increased sub-G1 fraction, suggesting cell death by apoptosis. Extracts
of the genus Sinularia thus apparently cause
apoptosis of SCC25 and HaCaT cells, and warrant further research
investigating the possible antioral cancer compounds in these
soft corals.
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13
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Radwan MM, Manly SP, El Sayed KA, Wali VB, Sylvester PW, Awate B, Shah G, Ross SA. Sinulodurins A and B, antiproliferative and anti-invasive diterpenes from the soft coral Sinularia dura. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:1468-1471. [PMID: 18630962 DOI: 10.1021/np800208k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two new diterpenes, sinulodurin A (1) and sinulodurin B (2), along with two known sterols, 24 S-methyl cholesterol and 24-methylene cholesterol, were isolated from the Palau soft coral Sinularia dura. The structures of the new metabolites were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods and by comparison of NMR data with those of related metabolites. Sinulodurin A (1) and sinulodurin B (2) showed antiproliferative activity against highly malignant +SA mammary epithelial cells with an IC 50 range of 20-30 microM. They also displayed anti-invasive activity against human highly metastatic prostate cancer PC-3M-CT+ cells in the spheroid disaggregation assay. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of the isolates were tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, USA
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14
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Grote D, Soliman HSM, Shaker KH, Hamza M, Seifert K. Cembranoid diterpenes and a briarane diterpene from corals. Nat Prod Res 2007; 20:285-91. [PMID: 16401561 DOI: 10.1080/14786410500087657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two new cembrane diterpenes (+)-polydactylide (1) and (+)-7alpha,8beta-dihydroxydeepoxysarcophine (2) together with (+)-sarcophine (3) and (+)-sarcophytoxide (4) have been isolated from the soft coral Sinularia polydactyla. The new cembrane diterpene (-)-7beta-hydroxy-8alpha-methoxydeepoxysarcophine (5) has been obtained from the soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum and the known briarane diterpene briaexcavatolide W (6) from the gorgonian coral Briareum sp.The structures were determined primarily by NMR spectroscopy. The assignment of NMR signals was performed by means of (1)H-(1)H COSY, ROESY, HMQC and HMBC experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grote
- University of Bayreuth, Organic Chemistry, NW II, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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15
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Higuchi R, Miyamoto T, Yamada K, Komori T. Cytotoxic and ichthyotoxic compounds from marine Opisthobranchia and soft coral. Toxicon 1998; 36:1703-5. [PMID: 9792187 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Higuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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