1
|
Marinho CR, Teixeira SP. Cellulases and pectinases act together on the development of articulated laticifers in Ficus montana and Maclura tinctoria (Moraceae). PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1093-1107. [PMID: 30927084 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of articulated laticifers in the Moraceae family was recently discovered, which means that the location of pectinase and cellulase activities must be of great importance for their growth. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the role of these enzymes in the laticifer growth in Ficus montana and Maclura tinctoria. Reproductive meristems were collected and fixed in Karnovsky. Pectinase and cellulase labeling was performed in part of the samples, while another part was processed for usual TEM analyses. Pectinase and cellulase activities were detected in the vacuole and close to the middle lamella in both species. The presence of cellulases in the laticifers supports their articulated origin. Therefore, the occurrence of pectinase and cellulase activity in the laticifers points out that these enzymes could act in the dissolution of the transverse walls and in the processes of intrusive growth (through the dissolution of the middle lamella) and cell elongation (through the partial disassembly of components of the wall making it more plastic). Both enzymes are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and transported to the cell wall by exocytosis or stored in the vacuole. The species studied showed a diverse subcellular composition, which is probably related to the species and not to the laticifer type (they present the same type) and to the composition of the latex (they show similar latex composition). We conclude that the presence of pectinases and cellulases can be used as a diagnostic condition for the laticifer types (articulated vs. non-articulated).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ribeiro Marinho
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Simone Pádua Teixeira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Q, Tang JS, Hu MJ, Liu J, Chen HF, Gao H, Wang GH, Li SL, Hao XJ, Zhang XK, Yao XS. Antiproliferative cardiac glycosides from the latex of Antiaris toxicaria. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1771-1780. [PMID: 24033101 DOI: 10.1021/np4005147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the latex of Antiaris toxicaria resulted in the isolation of 15 new [antiarosides J-X (1-15)] and 17 known cardiac glycosides. The effects of the cardiac glycosides on apoptosis and the expression of orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 were examined in human NIH-H460 lung cancer cells. Several of the cardiac glycosides induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells, which was accompanied by induction of Nur77 protein expression. Treatment of cancer cells with the cardiac glycosides resulted in translocation of the Nur77 protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and subsequent targeting to mitochondria. The results show that the cardiac glycosides exert their apoptotic effect through the Nur77-dependent apoptotic pathway.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antiaris/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cardiac Glycosides/chemistry
- Cardiac Glycosides/isolation & purification
- Cardiac Glycosides/pharmacology
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Humans
- Latex/chemistry
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li YN, Huang FY, Mei WL, Dai HF, Guo JL, Tan GH, Zhou P. Toxicarioside A, isolated from tropical Antiaris toxicaria, blocks endoglin/TGF-β signaling in a bone marrow stromal cell line. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 5:91-7. [PMID: 22221748 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(12)60002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate possible mechanism of toxicarioside A in HS-5 bone stromal cells. METHODS HS-5 bone stromal cells were cultured in media supplemented with various concentrations of toxicarioside A or control DMSO (not treatment). Endoglin and TGF-β were detected by Northern and Western blot analysis and quantified in a standard method. Downstream molecules of endoglin and TGF-β (Smad1, Smad2 and their active phosphorylated counterparts, pSmad1 and pSmad2) were also detected and quantified by Western blot analysis. In addition, cell proliferation assay and small interfering RNA (siRNA) against endoglin were used to certificate the function of endolgin in the HS-5 cells. RESULTS Compared with the not treated (0 μg/mL) or DMSO treated control HS-5 cells, HS-5 cells treated with toxicarioside A were found significant attenuation of endolgin and TGF-β expression. Significant inhibition of cell proliferation was also found in the HS-5 cells treated with toxicarioside A. ALK1-related Smad1 and ALK5-related Smad2 were decreased in HS-5 cells treated with toxicarioside A. In addition, phosphorylated Smad1 (pSmad1) and Smad2 (pSmad2) were also found attenuation in toxicarioside A-treated HS-5 cells. RNA interference showed that blockage of endoglin by siRNA also decreased Smad1 and Smad2 expression in HS-5 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that toxicarioside A can influence bone marrow stromal HS-5's function and inhibit HS-5 cell proliferation by alteration of endoglin-related ALK1 (Smad1) and ALK5 (Smad2) signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Nan Li
- Agriculture College, and Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Konno K. Plant latex and other exudates as plant defense systems: roles of various defense chemicals and proteins contained therein. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1510-30. [PMID: 21450319 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant latex and other exudates are saps that are exuded from the points of plant damage caused either mechanically or by insect herbivory. Although many (ca. 10%) of plant species exude latex or exudates, and although the defensive roles of plant latex against herbivorous insects have long been suggested by several studies, the detailed roles and functions of various latex ingredients, proteins and chemicals, in anti-herbivore plant defenses have not been well documented despite the wide occurrence of latex in the plant kingdom. Recently, however, substantial progress has been made. Several latex proteins, including cysteine proteases and chitin-related proteins, have been shown to play important defensive roles against insect herbivory. In the mulberry (Morus spp.)-silkworm (Bombyx mori) interaction, an old and well-known model system of plant-insect interaction, plant latex and its ingredients--sugar-mimic alkaloids and defense protein MLX56--are found to play key roles. Complicated molecular interactions between Apocynaceae species and its specialist herbivores, in which cardenolides and defense proteins in latex play key roles, are becoming more and more evident. Emerging observations suggested that plant latex, analogous to animal venom, is a treasury of useful defense proteins and chemicals that has evolved through interspecific interactions. On the other hand, specialist herbivores developed sophisticated adaptations, either molecular, physiological, or behavioral, against latex-borne defenses. The existence of various adaptations in specialist herbivores itself is evidence that latex and its ingredients function as defenses at least against generalists. Here, we review molecular and structural mechanisms, ecological roles, and evolutionary aspects of plant latex as a general defense against insect herbivory and we discuss, from recent studies, the unique characteristics of latex-borne defense systems as transport systems of defense substances are discussed based on recent studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Konno
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shi LS, Liao YR, Su MJ, Lee AS, Kuo PC, Damu AG, Kuo SC, Sun HD, Lee KH, Wu TS. Cardiac glycosides from Antiaris toxicaria with potent cardiotonic activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:1214-1222. [PMID: 20553004 PMCID: PMC2917517 DOI: 10.1021/np9005212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An ethanolic extract of Antiaris toxicaria trunk bark showed potent in vitro cardiotonic effect on isolated guinea pig atria. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract led to identification of nine new cardiac glycosides (1-9, named antiarosides A-I), antiarotoxinin A (10), and 18 known compounds. Their structures were established using MS and NMR spectroscopic studies, including homonuclear and heteronuclear correlation experiments. The ability of these cardiotonic compounds to produce positive inotropic action and their safety indexes were examined in comparison with those of ouabain, a classical inhibitor of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Malayoside (23) was nearly equipotent and had a similar safety index to ouabain in guinea pig atria. However, the maximal positive inotropic effect and safety index of 23 in papillary muscle were better than those of ouabain. An electrophysiological recording showed that 23 inhibited the sodium pump current in a concentration-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tian-Shung Wu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 886-6-2747538. Fax: 886-6-2740552.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Freitas CDTD, Souza DPD, Araújo ES, Cavalheiro MG, Oliveira LS, Ramos MV. Anti-oxidative and proteolytic activities and protein profile of laticifer cells of Cryptostegia grandiflora, Plumeria rubra and Euphorbia tirucalli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202010000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
7
|
Agrawal AA, Konno K. Latex: A Model for Understanding Mechanisms, Ecology, and Evolution of Plant Defense Against Herbivory. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag A. Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Entomology, and Cornell Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2701;
| | - Kotaro Konno
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dai HF, Gan YJ, Que DM, Wu J, Wen ZC, Mei WL. A new cytotoxic 19-nor-cardenolide from the latex of Antiaris toxicaria. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2009. [PMID: 19783952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2008.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new nor-cardenolide, named toxicarioside H (1), was isolated from the latex of Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch (Moraceae). Its structure was elucidated on the basis of HRFAB-MS and spectroscopic techniques (IR, UV, 1D and 2D NMR). Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxicity against K562, SGC-7901, SMMC-7721, and HeLa cell lines in vitro by MTT method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Fu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dai HF, Gan YJ, Que DM, Wu J, Wen ZC, Mei WL. Two new cytotoxic cardenolides from the latex of Antiaris toxicaria. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2009; 11:832-837. [PMID: 20183332 DOI: 10.1080/10286020903164285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two new cardenolides, toxicarioside F (1) and toxicarioside G (2), were isolated from the latex of Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch (Moraceae). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data and chemical evidence. Compounds 1 and 2 showed significant cytotoxicity against K562, SGC-7901, SMMC-7721, and HeLa cell lines in vitro by the MTT method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Fu Dai
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jiang MM, Dai Y, Gao H, Zhang X, Wang GH, He JY, Hu QY, Zeng JZ, Zhang XK, Yao XS. Cardenolides from Antiaris toxicaria as potent selective Nur77 modulators. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:1005-8. [PMID: 18591820 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Toxicarioside D (1), a new cardenolide, along with 10 other known ones, was isolated from the stem of Antiaris toxicaria LESCH. by bioassay-guided fractionation. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. All the reported compounds effectively inhibited the growth of various cancer cell lines at nanomolar concentrations. Inhibition of cancer cell growth was accompanied with induction of the expression of Nur77, a potent apoptotic member of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Miao Jiang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Philippe G, Angenot L. Recent developments in the field of arrow and dart poisons. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 100:85-91. [PMID: 15993556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Arrow and dart poisons, considered as conventional natural sources for future drug discovery, have already provided numerous biologically active molecules used as drugs in therapeutic applications or in pharmacological research. Plants containing alkaloids or cardiotonic glycosides have generally been the main ingredients responsible for the efficacy of these poisons, although some animals, such as frogs, have also been employed. This paper, without being exhaustive, reports the greater strides made during the past 15 years in the understanding of the chemical nature and biological properties of arrow and dart poison constituents. Examples both of promising biological properties shown by these molecules and of crucial discoveries achieved by their use as pharmacological tools are given. Further studies of these toxic principles are likely to enable scientists to find new valuable lead compounds, useful in many fields of research, like oncology, inflammation and infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Philippe
- University of Liège, Natural and Synthetic Drugs Research Centre, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, B36, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
In this review, we consider the general principles and specific methods for the purification of different classes of phytosteroids which have been isolated from plant sources: brassinosteroids, bufadienolides, cardenolides, cucurbitacins, ecdysteroids, steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids, vertebrate-type steroids and withanolides. For each class we give a brief summary of the characteristic structural features, their distribution in the plant world and their biological effects and applications. Most classes are associated with one or a few plant families, e.g., the withanolides with the Solanaceae, but others, e.g., the saponins, are very widespread. Where a compound class has been extensively studied, a large number of analogues are present across a range of species. We discuss the general principles for the isolation of plant steroids. The predominant methods for isolation are solvent extraction/partition followed by column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography/HPLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Dinan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Devon, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carter CA, Gray EA, Schneider TL, Lovett CM, Scott L, Messer AC, Richardson DP. Toxicarioside B and toxicarioside C. New cardenolides isolated from Antiaris toxicaria latex-derived dart poison. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)10174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|