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Chambers GE, Sayan AE, Brown RCD. The synthesis of biologically active indolocarbazole natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1794-1820. [PMID: 33666619 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00096e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2020The indolocarbazoles, in particular indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole derivatives, are an important class of natural products that exhibit a wide range of biological activities. There has been a plethora of synthetic approaches to this family of natural products, leading to advances in chemical methodology, as well as affording access to molecular scaffolds central to protein kinase drug discovery programmes. In this review, we compile and summarise the synthetic approaches to the indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole derivatives, spanning the period from their isolation in 1980 up to 2020. The selected natural products include indolocarbazoles not functionalised at indolic nitrogen, pyranosylated indolocarbazoles, furanosylated indolocarbazoles and disaccharideindolocarbazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Chambers
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - A Emre Sayan
- University of Southampton Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Richard C D Brown
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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2
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Ourhzif EM, Pâris A, Abrunhosa-Thomas I, Ketatni EM, Chalard P, Khouili M, Daniellou R, Troin Y, Akssira M. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of cytotoxic activities of arylnaphthalene lignans and aza-analogs. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2000479. [PMID: 33586249 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A concise and versatile synthetic strategy for the total synthesis of arylnaphthalene lignans and aza-analogs was developed. The main objective was to develop synthetic tactics for the creation of the lactone and lactam unit that would give access to an array of synthetic, natural, and/or bioactive compounds through rather simple chemical manipulation. The flexibility and potentiality of these new processes were further illustrated by the total synthesis of retrojusticidin B (13b), justicidin C (14b), and methoxy-vitedoamine A (22a). In this study, a series of novel aryl-naphthalene lignans and aza-analogs were synthesized, and the cytotoxic activities of all compounds on cancer cell growth were evaluated. The target compounds were structurally characterized by 1 H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), 13 C NMR, infrared, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. The IC50 values of these compounds on five tumor cell lines (A549, HS683, MCF-7, SK-MEL-28, and B16-F1) were obtained by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) colorimetric assay. Five of the compounds exhibited excellent activity compared to 5-fluorouracil and etoposide against the five cell lines tested, with IC50 values ranging from 1 to 10 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Mahdi Ourhzif
- SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Chimie Bioorganique, FST, Université Hassan II Casablanca, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Arnaud Pâris
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans/CNRS, UMR 7311, Orléans, France
| | | | - El Mostafa Ketatni
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Analytique, FST, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Pierre Chalard
- SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mostafa Khouili
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Analytique, FST, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Richard Daniellou
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans/CNRS, UMR 7311, Orléans, France
| | - Yves Troin
- SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mohamed Akssira
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Chimie Bioorganique, FST, Université Hassan II Casablanca, Mohammedia, Morocco
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3
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An account of synthetic strategies towards indolocarbazole alkaloids: Arcyriaflavin A and staurosporinone. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Janosik T, Rannug A, Rannug U, Wahlström N, Slätt J, Bergman J. Chemistry and Properties of Indolocarbazoles. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9058-9128. [PMID: 30191712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The indolocarbazoles are an important class of nitrogen heterocycles which has evolved significantly in recent years, with numerous studies focusing on their diverse biological effects, or targeting new materials with potential applications in organic electronics. This review aims at providing a broad survey of the chemistry and properties of indolocarbazoles from an interdisciplinary point of view, with particular emphasis on practical synthetic aspects, as well as certain topics which have not been previously accounted for in detail, such as the occurrence, formation, biological activities, and metabolism of indolo[3,2- b]carbazoles. The literature of the past decade forms the basis of the text, which is further supplemented with older key references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Janosik
- Research Institutes of Sweden , Bioscience and Materials, RISE Surface, Process and Formulation , SE-151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Agneta Rannug
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , SE-171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ulf Rannug
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | | | - Johnny Slätt
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jan Bergman
- Karolinska Institutet , Department of Biosciences and Nutrition , SE-141 83 Huddinge , Sweden
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5
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Jung JH, Kim S, Eum H, Lee WK, Ha HJ. N -methylative aziridine ring opening and the synthesis of ( S )-3-methylamino-3-[( R )-pyrrolidin-3-yl]propanenitrile. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Fox JC, Gilligan RE, Pitts AK, Bennett HR, Gaunt MJ. The total synthesis of K-252c (staurosporinone) via a sequential C-H functionalisation strategy. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2706-2710. [PMID: 28660044 PMCID: PMC5477024 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04399a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthesis of the bioactive indolocarbazole alkaloid K-252c (staurosporinone) via a sequential C-H functionalisation strategy is reported. The route exploits direct functionalisation reactions around a simple arene core and comprises of two highly-selective copper-catalysed C-H arylations, a copper-catalysed C-H amination and a palladium-catalysed C-H carbonylation, which build up the structural complexity of the natural product framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Fox
- Department of Chemistry , Department of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - R E Gilligan
- Department of Chemistry , Department of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - A K Pitts
- Department of Chemistry , Department of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - H R Bennett
- Department of Chemistry , Department of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - M J Gaunt
- Department of Chemistry , Department of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
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7
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Raju P, Gobi Rajeshwaran G, Mohanakrishnan AK. Synthetic Studies on Indolocarbazoles: A Facile Synthesis of Staurosporinone Analogues. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Pelkey ET, Pelkey SJ, Greger JG. De Novo Synthesis of 3-Pyrrolin-2-Ones. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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van Loon AA, Holton MK, Downey C, White TM, Rolph CE, Bruening SR, Li G, Delaney KM, Pelkey SJ, Pelkey ET. Preparation of dibenzo[e,g]isoindol-1-ones via Scholl-type oxidative cyclization reactions. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8049-58. [PMID: 25138638 PMCID: PMC4156242 DOI: 10.1021/jo501185f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A flexible synthesis of dibenzo[e,g]isoindol-1-ones has been developed. Dibenzo[e,g]isoindol-1-ones represent simplified benzenoid analogues of biological indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazol-5-ones (indolocarbazoles), compounds that have demonstrated a wide range of biological activity. The synthesis of the title compounds involved tetramic acid sulfonates. Different aryl groups were introduced at C4 of the heterocyclic ring via Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. Finally, mild Scholl-type oxidative cyclizations mediated by phenyliodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA) converted some of the latter compounds into the corresponding dibenzo[e,g]isoindol-1-ones. A systematic study of the oxidative cyclization revealed the following reactivity trend: 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl ≫ 3-methoxyphenyl > 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl > 4-methoxyphenyl ≈ phenyl. Overall, the oxidative cyclization required at least two methoxy groups distributed in the aromatic rings, at least one of which had to be located para to the site of the cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A. van Loon
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Maeve K. Holton
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Catherine
R. Downey
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Taryn M. White
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Carly E. Rolph
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Stephen R. Bruening
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Guanqun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Katherine M. Delaney
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Sarah J. Pelkey
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Erin T. Pelkey
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
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10
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Pan X, Wang K, Guan BH, Liu ZZ. Synthesis of Indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazoles via the Oxidative Cyclization of Bisindolylmaleimides with Pd(TFA)2/Cu(OAc)2. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing 100050 People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing 100050 People's Republic of China
| | - Bao He Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing 100050 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Zhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing 100050 People's Republic of China
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Giraud F, Akué-Gédu R, Nauton L, Candelon N, Debiton E, Théry V, Anizon F, Moreau P. Synthesis and biological activities of 4-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazole Pim kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 56:225-36. [PMID: 22982527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazole-3-carbaldehydes are potent Pim kinase inhibitors with in vitro antiproliferative activities. In the present study, we report the synthesis and biological activities (Pim kinase inhibition and in vitro antiproliferative potency) of new 4-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazoles. The results demonstrated that the Pim kinase inhibitory potency (especially Pim-3) can be conserved for pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazoles bearing a methoxycarbonyl group at the 4-position without a formyl at the 3-position. Moreover, compound 27 that was found to be active against Pim-1 and Pim-3 kinases showed antiproliferative activities in the micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Giraud
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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12
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Funktionalisierung von C-H-Bindungen: neue Synthesemethoden für Naturstoffe und Pharmazeutika. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 756] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Yamaguchi J, Yamaguchi AD, Itami K. CH Bond Functionalization: Emerging Synthetic Tools for Natural Products and Pharmaceuticals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8960-9009. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2423] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Roberts AA, Ryan KS, Moore BS, Gulder TA. Total (bio)synthesis: strategies of nature and of chemists. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010; 297:149-203. [PMID: 21495259 PMCID: PMC3109256 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathways to a number of natural products have been reconstituted in vitro using purified enzymes. Many of these molecules have also been synthesized by organic chemists. Here we compare the strategies used by nature and by chemists to reveal the underlying logic and success of each total synthetic approach for some exemplary molecules with diverse biosynthetic origins.
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Tranchant MJ, Dalla V. Reaction of vinyl triflates of α-keto esters and imides with secondary amines: synthesis of α,β-diamino carboxylic acid derivatives through aziridinium ions. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Pd-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of pyrrolo-2-carboxamides: regiodivergent routes to pyrrolo-pyrazines and pyrrolo-pyridines. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Chinchilla R, Nájera C, Yus M. Metalated Heterocycles and Their Applications in Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2667-722. [PMID: 15137804 DOI: 10.1021/cr020101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Chinchilla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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18
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Gaudêncio SP, Santos MM, Lobo AM, Prabhakar S. A short synthesis of staurosporinone (K-252c). Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Beccalli EM, Broggini G. Uncommon intramolecular palladium-catalyzed cyclization of indole derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Knölker HJ, Reddy KR. Isolation and synthesis of biologically active carbazole alkaloids. Chem Rev 2002; 102:4303-427. [PMID: 12428991 DOI: 10.1021/cr020059j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1083] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Knölker
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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21
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Deville JP, Behar V. Tandem conjugate cyanide addition-Dieckmann condensation in the synthesis of the ABCD-ring system of lactonamycin. Org Lett 2002; 4:1403-5. [PMID: 11950373 DOI: 10.1021/ol0257373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of the ABCD-ring system of lactonamycin (1) is reported in this Letter. The key step is the tandem cyanide conjugate addition-Dieckmann condensation of alkyne 17 to afford a fully functionalized anthracene. Selective reduction of the cyano group with subsequent lactam formation affords the tetracyclic core of lactonamycin 19. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P Deville
- Department of Chemistry MS-60, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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22
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Dalla V, Decroix B. Sodium borohydride and vinyl triflates of α-keto esters: a new combination toward monoalkylated 1,2-diols. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Practical synthesis of the rebeccamycin aglycone and related analogs by oxidative cyclization of bisindolylmaleimides with a Wacker-type catalytic system. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)02021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Indolocarhazoles. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(01)80012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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25
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Beccalli EM, Broggini G, La Rosa C, Passarella D, Pilati T, Terraneo A, Zecchi G. Access to pyrrolo- and pyrido[1,2-a]indole derivatives by intramolecular nitrone cycloadditions. Effect of steric factors on the regioselective product formation. J Org Chem 2000; 65:8924-32. [PMID: 11149834 DOI: 10.1021/jo000842g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On starting from N-allyl-substituted 2-indolecarbaldehydes and exploiting the intramolecular nitrone cycloaddition methodology, we synthesized a number of the title fused-ring indole derivatives in racemic as well as enantiopure form.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Beccalli
- Istituto di Chimica Organica della Facoltà di Farmacia dell'Università di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Effect of ligands and additives on the palladium-promoted carbonylative coupling of vinyl stannanes and electron-poor enol triflates. J Org Chem 2000; 65:6254-6. [PMID: 10987971 DOI: 10.1021/jo0004310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Hegedus LS. Transition metals in organic synthesis: highlights for the year 1998 (25th Anniversary). Coord Chem Rev 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(99)00172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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29
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Li JJ. Applications of Palladium Chemistry to the Total Syntheses of Naturally Occurring Indole Alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-8210(99)80006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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