Novel chiral building blocks derived from Baker's yeast reduction products: Synthesis and odour of mono- and bicyclic macrolides

Synthesis and receptor-binding examinations of the normal and 13-epi-D-homoestrones and their 3-methyl ethers

An effective epimerization of the normal estrone 3-methyl and 3-benzyl ethers by using o-phenylenediamine and AcOH made the possibility for facile entry into the 13alpha-estrone series. Combination of this synthetic methodology with an isolation step carried out by means of the Girard-P reagent, the corresponding ethers of 13-epi-estrone were obtained in excellent yields. The 3-hydroxy and 3-methoxy D-homoestrone derivatives in both the normal and the 13alpha-estrone series were then synthesized and tested in vitro in a radioligand-binding assay. The estrogen receptor recognizes these compounds, but their relative binding affinities (RBAs) are lower than that of the reference compound 3,17beta-estradiol. The progesterone receptor-binding affinities of the four D-homo derivatives were also tested showing low values for 13alpha-D-homoestrone and its 3-methyl ether. Pharmacologically, these 13alpha-D-homoestrone derivatives are estrogen receptor-selective molecules.

Odds and Trends: Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Odorants Note on trademarks: Words which we know or have reason to believe constitute registered trademarks (R) are designated as such. However, neither the presence nor absence of such designation should be regarded as affecting the legal status of any trademark. Note on perfume analysis: The quoted percentages of perfume raw materials in market products are rounded figures. They are often derived from area percentages from the GC (FID) analysis, and are thus subject to analytical error

Fragrance chemistry is, together with the closely related area of flavor chemistry, one of the few domains, if not the only one, in which chemists can immediately experience structure-activity relationships. This review presents structure-odor correlations and olfactophore models for the main odor notes of perfumery: "fruity", "marine", "green", "floral", "spicy", "woody", "amber", and "musky". New trendsetters and so-called captive odorants of these notes are introduced, and recent activities and highlights in fragrance chemistry are summarized. The design of odorants, their chemical synthesis, and their use in modern perfumery is discussed. Our selection is guided and illustrated by creative fragrances, and features new odorants which encompassed current trends in perfumery. New odorants for grapefruit and blackcurrant, for galbanum, and leafy top notes are presented. Compounds with fashionable marine, ozonic, and aquatic facets are treated, as well as new odorants for classical lily-of-the-valley, rose, and jasmine accords. Compounds with sweet and spicy tonalities are also discussed, as are the most recent developments for woody notes such as sandalwood and vetiver. We conclude with musky and ambery odorants possessing uncommon or unusual structural features. Some odor trends and effects are illustrated by microencapsulated fragrance samples, and areas where there is need for the development of new synthetic materials and methodologies are pointed out. Thus, chemists are invited to explore fragrance chemistry and participate in the design and synthesis of new odorants. This review gives the latest state of the art of the subject.