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Ponomarev AV, Danilkina NA, Okuneva JS, Vidyakina AA, Khmelevskaya EA, Bunev AS, Rumyantsev AM, Govdi AI, Suarez T, Alabugin IV, Balova IA. Facile synthesis of diiodoheteroindenes and understanding their Sonogashira cross-coupling selectivity for the construction of unsymmetrical enediynes. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4096-4107. [PMID: 38695707 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Electrophile-promoted cyclizations of functionalized alkynes offer a useful tool for constructing halogen-substituted heterocycles primed for further derivatization. Preinstallation of an iodo-substituent at the alkyne prior to iodo-cyclization opens access to ortho di-iodinated heterocyclic precursors for the preparation of unsymmetrical heterocycle-fused enediynes. This general approach was used to prepare 2,3-diiodobenzothiophene, 2,3-diiodoindole, and 2,3-diiodobenzofuran, a useful family of substrates for systematic studies of the role of heteroatoms on the regioselectivity of cross-coupling reactions. Diiodobenzothiophene showed much higher regioselectivity for Sonogashira cross-coupling at C2 than diiodoindole and diiodobenzofuran. As a result, benzothiophene can be conveniently involved in a one-pot sequential coupling with two different alkynes, yielding unsymmetrical benzothiophene-fused enediynes. On the other hand, the Sonogashira reaction of diiodoindole and diiodobenzofuran formed considerable amounts of di-substituted enediynes in addition to the monoalkyne product by coupling at C2. Interestingly, no C3-monocoupling products were observed for all of the diiodides, suggesting that the incorporation of the 1st alkyne at C2 activates the C3 position for the 2nd coupling. Additional factors affecting regioselectivity were detected, discussed and connected, through computational analysis, to transmetalation being the rate-determining step for the Sonogashira reaction. Several enediynes synthesized showed cytotoxic activity, which is not associated with DNA strand breaks typical of natural enediyne antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ponomarev
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Natalia A Danilkina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Julia S Okuneva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Aleksandra A Vidyakina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina A Khmelevskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Alexander S Bunev
- Medicinal Chemistry Center, Tolyatti State University, 445020 Tolyatti, Russia
| | - Andrey M Rumyantsev
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Anastasia I Govdi
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Thomas Suarez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Irina A Balova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
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Das KK, Panda S. 1,2-Metallate Rearrangement Using Indole Boronate Species to Access 2,3-Diarylindoles and Indolines. Org Lett 2023; 25:314-319. [PMID: 36602541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A transition metal-free multicomponent reaction using lithiated indole, boronic ester, pyridine, and ethyl chloroformate was developed to access C2,C3 bis-arylated indoles, which are present in several marketed drugs and bioactive compounds. One-pot access to unsymmetrical C2,C3-diaryl indole from the parent indole remains a huge synthetic challenge. Our group was able to achieve this goal through a transition metal-free 1,2-metalate rearrangement of the indole boronate complex. The reaction of indole boronate species with activated pyridine allows 1,2-migration to access pyridyl-indoleboronate species, which will convert to the corresponding indole upon oxidation and indoline after deborylation. The reaction tolerates substituted pyridines, quinolone, isoquinoline, and more. Both aryl and alkyl boronic esters were accommodated under optimized reaction conditions. Apart from mechanistic studies using 11B-NMR, this methodology has been applied to the gram-scale synthesis of several bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santanu Panda
- Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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Elumalai V, Hansen JH. Synthesis of 5,7-diarylindoles via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling in water. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10343-10347. [PMID: 34812462 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02058g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel 5,7-diaryl and diheteroaryl indoles has been explored via efficient double Suzuki-Miyaura coupling. The method notably employs a low catalyst loading of Pd(PPh3)4 (1.5 mol%/coupling) and water as the reaction solvent to obtain 5,7-diarylated indoles without using N-protecting groups in up to 91% yield. The approach is also suitable for N-protected and 3-substituted indoles and constitutes an important green and convenient arylation strategy for the benzenoid ring of indoles. The synthesized diarylindoles are fluorescent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayaragavan Elumalai
- Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Division, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 54, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Jørn H Hansen
- Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Division, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 54, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Park H, Bae J, Son S, Jang H. Multifunctionalization of Indoles: Synthesis of 3‐Iodo‐2‐sulfonyl Indoles. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyowon Park
- Department of Energy Systems ResearchAjou University Suwon 16499 South Korea
| | - Junryeol Bae
- Department of Energy Systems ResearchAjou University Suwon 16499 South Korea
| | - Soobin Son
- Department of Energy Systems ResearchAjou University Suwon 16499 South Korea
| | - Hye‐Young Jang
- Department of Energy Systems ResearchAjou University Suwon 16499 South Korea
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5
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Das D, Bhutia ZT, Chatterjee A, Banerjee M. Mechanochemical Pd(II)-Catalyzed Direct and C-2-Selective Arylation of Indoles. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10764-10774. [PMID: 31373493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A mechanochemical method for the preparation of synthetically useful 2-arylindoles is developed using Pd(II) as the catalyst in the absence of phosphine ligands in a ball-mill. The developed protocol is highly C-2 selective and tolerant of structural variations with electron-rich and electron-deficient substituents both in indoles and iodoarenes. Arylation is possible in both unprotected indoles and N-protected indoles with the electron-donating group with the former substrate being relatively slower to react and little less yielding. Indoles with a deactivated five-membered ring could also take part in the reaction with ease. The scalability of the reaction was demonstrated by conducting the reaction in the gram scale. In general, the reactions were achieved in a shorter time than the conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Das
- Department of Chemistry , BITS Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus , Zuarinagar , Goa 403 726 , India
| | - Zigmee T Bhutia
- Department of Chemistry , BITS Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus , Zuarinagar , Goa 403 726 , India
| | - Amrita Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry , BITS Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus , Zuarinagar , Goa 403 726 , India
| | - Mainak Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry , BITS Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus , Zuarinagar , Goa 403 726 , India
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Almond-Thynne J, Blakemore DC, Pryde DC, Spivey AC. Site-selective Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of heteroaryl halides - understanding the trends for pharmaceutically important classes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:40-62. [PMID: 28451148 PMCID: PMC5304707 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02118b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of heteroaryl polyhalides with aryl boronates are surveyed. Drawing on data from literature sources as well as bespoke searches of Pfizer's global chemistry RKB and CAS Scifinder® databases, the factors that determine the site-selectivity of these reactions are discussed with a view to rationalising the trends found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Almond-Thynne
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW& 2AZ , UK .
| | - David C Blakemore
- Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry , The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington , Cambridge , CB21 6GS , UK
| | - David C Pryde
- Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry , The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington , Cambridge , CB21 6GS , UK
| | - Alan C Spivey
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW& 2AZ , UK .
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Application of SBA-Pr-NH2 as a nanoporous base silica catalyst in the development of 2,2-Bis(1H-indol-3-yl)acenaphthen-1(2H)-ones syntheses. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-015-0639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Liu C, Miao T, Zhang L, Li P, Zhang Y, Wang L. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct C2 Arylation ofN-Substituted Indoles with 1-Aryltriazenes. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:2584-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Chelucci G, Pinna GA, Pinna G. Regioselective Hydrodebromination of Polybrominated Indoles. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201400032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Wang M, Li P, Chen W, Wang L. Microwave irradiated synthesis of 2-bromo(chloro)indoles via intramolecular cyclization of 2-(gem-dibromo(chloro)vinyl)anilines in the presence of TBAF under metal-free conditions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00603h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Bromo(chloro)indoles were readily prepared through TBAF-promoted intramolecular cyclization of 2-(gem-dibromo(chloro)vinyl)anilines in excellent yields under metal-free and microwave irradiation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei, P.R. China
| | - Pinhua Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
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11
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Ibad MF, Zinad DS, Hussain M, Ali A, Villinger A, Langer P. One-pot synthesis of arylated 1-methyl-1H-indoles by Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of 2,3-dibromo-1-methyl-1H-indole and 2,3,6-tribromo-1-methyl-1H-indole. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Li P, Ji Y, Chen W, Zhang X, Wang L. The facile synthesis of 2-bromoindoles via Cs2CO3-promoted intramolecular cyclization of 2-(gem-dibromovinyl)anilines under transition-metal-free conditions. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra22172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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13
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Rossi R, Bellina F, Lessi M. Selective Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura Reactions of Polyhalogenated Heteroarenes. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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14
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Cacchi S, Fabrizi G. Update 1 of: Synthesis and Functionalization of Indoles Through Palladium-Catalyzed Reactions. Chem Rev 2011; 111:PR215-83. [PMID: 21557620 DOI: 10.1021/cr100403z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Cacchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Technologie del Farmaco,
Sapienza, Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was
published in Chem. Rev.2005, 105 (7), 2873−2920, DOI: 10.1021/cr040639b; Published
(Web) July 13, 2005. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Giancarlo Fabrizi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Technologie del Farmaco,
Sapienza, Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was
published in Chem. Rev.2005, 105 (7), 2873−2920, DOI: 10.1021/cr040639b; Published
(Web) July 13, 2005. Updates to the text appear in red type
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15
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Feng GL. An efficient synthesis of 2,2-bis(1H-indol-3-yl)-2H-acenaphthen-1-one catalyzed by recyclable solid superacid SO42−/TiO2 under grinding condition. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Feng GL. Facile Synthesis of 2,2-Bis(1 H-Indol-3-yl)Acenaphthen-1(2H)-One Derivatives Catalysed by Ceric Ammonium Nitrate. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.3184/030823410x12701382235942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ceric ammonium nitrate efficiently catalyses the reaction of acenaphthenequinone with indoles afforded symmetrical 2,2-bis(1H-indol-3-yl)acenaphthen-1(2H)-one in excellent yields within 2h under ethanol refluxing, as well as 2-hydroxy-2-indolylacenaphthen-1(2H)-one with indoles afforded the corresponding unsymmetrical 2,2-bis(1H-indol-3-yl)acenaphthen-1(2H)-one. This provides an efficient route to the synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical 2,2-bis(1H-indol-3-yl)acenaphthen-1(2H)-one derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Feng
- School of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 70 Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang 050018, P. R. China
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17
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18
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Zhao J, Zhang Y, Cheng K. Palladium-catalyzed direct C-2 arylation of indoles with potassium aryltrifluoroborate salts. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7428-31. [PMID: 18702549 DOI: 10.1021/jo801371w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mild conditions have been developed to achieve Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed regioselective cross-coupling between indoles and potassium aryltrifluoroarylborates in the presence of Cu(OAc)2 in acetic acid at room temperature. A variety of potassium aryltrifluoroborates selectively undergo the direct arylation across indoles and afford 2-aryl indoles in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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19
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Fang YQ, Lautens M. A highly selective tandem cross-coupling of gem-dihaloolefins for a modular, efficient synthesis of highly functionalized indoles. J Org Chem 2007; 73:538-49. [PMID: 18154302 DOI: 10.1021/jo701987r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient method of indole synthesis using gem-dihalovinylaniline substrates and an organoboron reagent was developed via a Pd-catalyzed tandem intramolecular amination and an intermolecular Suzuki coupling. Aryl, alkenyl, and alkyl boron reagents are all successfully employed, making for a versatile modular approach. The reaction tolerates a variety of substitution patterns on the aniline leading to indoles with group at C2-C7. The orthogonal approach of the sequential copper- and palladium-mediated synthesis of 1,2-diarylindoles exploited the wide availability of diverse organoboron reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Qing Fang
- Davenport Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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20
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Ge J, Zhou W, Zhao L, Shi Y. Basic Indole Ring Enantiomer Separation on CelluloseTris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) Coated TiO2/SiO2Chiral Stationary Phase. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701585230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cui Y, Li F, Lu ZH, Wang S. Three-coordinate organoboron with a BN bond: substituent effects, luminescence/electroluminescence and reactions with fluoride. Dalton Trans 2007:2634-43. [PMID: 17576488 DOI: 10.1039/b703366d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five new three-coordinate boron compounds with a B=N bond involving an indole or a substituted indole ligand including B(mesityl)2(indolyl), (1), B(mesityl)2(2-Me-indolyl), (2), B(mesityl)2(3-Me-indolyl), (3), B(mesityl)2 (7-Me-indolyl), (4), and B(mesityl)2(3-Ph-indolyl), (5) have been synthesized. The structures of these new compounds were determined by X-ray diffraction analyses. All five compounds are luminescent involving a charge transfer transition between the indolyl pi orbital and the boron p(pi) orbital. The substituent group on the indolyl ring was found to have a subtle impact on the electronic properties of compounds. NMR experiments established that the methyl group at the 7-position of indole is most effective in blocking the rotation of the mesityl group around the B-C bond. The addition of fluoride ions to this group of compounds causes luminescent quenching and an irreversible decomposition of the compounds due to the reaction of the F- adduct with water molecules. The potential use of this group of compounds as blue emitters in electroluminescent (EL) devices was demonstrated by the successful fabrication of a four-layer EL device where 1 was used as the emitter. The EL device displays a blue emission with a maximum luminescence being 1037 cd m(-2) and a maximum current efficiency about 0.7 cd A(-1) at 5 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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23
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Yamamura K, Nishiura M, Ueda I. Synthesis of 4-(Azuleno[b]indolyl)-3-buten-2-ones by Intramolecular Tropylium Ion-Mediated Furan Ring-Unravelled Reaction. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-07-s(w)17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Pathak R, Nhlapo JM, Govender S, Michael JP, van Otterlo WA, de Koning CB. A concise synthesis of novel naphtho[a]carbazoles and benzo[c]carbazoles. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Cacchi S, Fabrizi G. Synthesis and functionalization of indoles through palladium-catalyzed reactions. Chem Rev 2005; 105:2873-920. [PMID: 16011327 DOI: 10.1021/cr040639b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1530] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Cacchi
- Dipartimento di Studi di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive, Università degli Studi La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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26
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Fang YQ, Lautens M. Pd-Catalyzed Tandem C−N/C−C Coupling of gem-Dihalovinyl Systems: A Modular Synthesis of 2-Substituted Indoles. Org Lett 2005; 7:3549-52. [PMID: 16048339 DOI: 10.1021/ol051286l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2-substituted indoles were synthesized via a Pd-catalyzed tandem C-N/Suzuki-Miyaura coupling from readily prepared ortho-gem-dihalovinylanilines. Optimal conditions used a Pd(OAc)(2)/S-Phos catalyst in the presence of K(3)PO(4).H(2)O and an organoboron reagent, which included boronic acids, esters, alkyl 9-BBN derivatives, and trialkylboranes. Yields of the desired indoles were good to excellent using low catalyst loadings (typically 1 mol %). [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Qing Fang
- Davenport Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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27
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Bandini M, Garelli A, Rovinetti M, Tommasi S, Umani-Ronchi A. Catalytic enantioselective addition of indoles to arylnitroalkenes: An effective route to enantiomerically enriched tryptamine precursors. Chirality 2005; 17:522-9. [PMID: 16170793 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new valuable catalytic protocol for the preparation of synthetically useful beta-indolyl nitro compounds bearing benzhydryl stereocenters is presented. The combined use of catalytic amounts of a commercially available chiral [SalenAlCl] complex and pyridine allowed, for the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction of indoles with aromatic nitro-olefins to be carried out in good yields and enantioselectivity (up to 63% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy.
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28
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Prieto M, Zurita E, Rosa E, Muñoz L, Lloyd-Williams P, Giralt E. Arylboronic Acids and Arylpinacolboronate Esters in Suzuki Coupling Reactions Involving Indoles. Partner Role Swapping and Heterocycle Protection. J Org Chem 2004; 69:6812-20. [PMID: 15387606 DOI: 10.1021/jo0491612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Yields of Suzuki couplings involving indoles depended upon (i) whether arylboronic acids or arylpinacolboronate esters were used, (ii) whether the heterocycle was the aryl halide or the arylboron coupling partner, and (iii) whether the heterocycle was protected or not. Highest yields, which were unaffected by incorporating Boc or Tos protection at the heterocyclic nitrogen, were obtained when indole bromides were reacted with phenylboronic acids. When indolylboronic acids were reacted with phenyl bromides, yields were somewhat lower and depended on the nitrogen substituent, being highest in the absence of protection, lower in the presence of the Boc group, and lowest of all with the Tos group. Arylpinacolboronate esters were less reactive than arylboronic acids. They required considerably longer reaction times and furnished generally lower yields of biaryl. Furthermore, irrespective of whether the heterocycle was the aryl bromide or the arylpinacolboronate ester, these yields were highest when it was protected with the Tos group. Yields were lower with the Boc group, and unprotected heterocycles gave only traces of biaryl. Careful selection of arylboron reagent, of coupling partner roles, and of protecting groups are essential to ensuring optimum results in these Suzuki couplings. These results may also be relevant to couplings involving other substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Prieto
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
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Efficient coupling of heteroaryl halides with arylboronic acids in the presence of a palladium–tetraphosphine catalyst. J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Kotha S, Lahiri K, Kashinath D. Recent applications of the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction in organic synthesis. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1249] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Liu Y, Gribble GW. Selective lithiation of 2,3-dibromo-1-methylindole. A synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted indoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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The successive substitution of halogens in 4-chloro-6-iodoquinoline by aryl groups in cross-coupling reactions with arylboronic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Bandini M, Cozzi PG, Melchiorre P, Umani-Ronchi A. InBr3-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts addition of indoles to chiral aromatic epoxides: a facile route to enantiopure indolyl derivatives. J Org Chem 2002; 67:5386-9. [PMID: 12126434 DOI: 10.1021/jo0256235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic optically active epoxides can be opened in a regioselective and clean way with indoles in the presence of catalytic amount of InBr3 (1 mol %). The reaction takes place with a SN2 pathway affording the 2-aryl-2-(3'-indolyl)ethan-1-ols with excellent enantioselectivity (ee up to 99%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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34
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Hassan J, Sévignon M, Gozzi C, Schulz E, Lemaire M. Aryl-aryl bond formation one century after the discovery of the Ullmann reaction. Chem Rev 2002; 102:1359-470. [PMID: 11996540 DOI: 10.1021/cr000664r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3023] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jwanro Hassan
- Laboratoire de Catalyse et Synthèse Organique, UMR 5622, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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36
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Lee JH, Park ES, Yoon CM. Suzuki coupling reaction of 6-iodo- or 6,8-diiodospiropyran: synthesis of spiropyran analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Efficient synthesis of 3-substituted 2-arylindoles via Suzuki coupling reactions on the solid phase. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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39
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Five Membered Ring Systems: Pyrroles and Benzo Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(01)80008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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