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Babu KN, Massarwe F, Shioukhi I, Masarwa A. Sequential Selective C-H and C(sp 3 )- + P Bond Functionalizations: An Entry to Bioactive Arylated Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26199-26209. [PMID: 34618394 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphonium salts containing C(sp3 )-+ P bonds are among the most utilized reagents in organic synthesis for constructing C-C double bonds. However, their use as C-selective electrophilic groups is rare. Here, we explore an efficient and general transition-metal-free method for sequential chemo- and regioselective C-H and C(sp3 )-+ P bond functionalizations. In the present study, C-H alkylation resulting in the synthesis of benzhydryl triarylphosphonium salts was achieved by one-pot, four-component cross-coupling reactions of simple and commercially available starting materials. The utility of the resulting phosphonium salt building blocks was demonstrated by the chemoselective post-functionalization of benzylic C(sp3 )-+ PPh3 groups to achieve aminations, thiolations, and arylations. In this way, benzhydrylamines, benzhydrylthioethers, and triarylmethanes, structural motifs that are present in many pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, are readily accessed. These include the synthesis of two anticancer agents from simple materials in only two to three steps. Additionally, a protocol for late-stage functionalization of bioactive drugs has been developed using benzhydrylphosphonium salts. This new approach should provide novel transformations for application in both academic and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Naresh Babu
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Fedaa Massarwe
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Israa Shioukhi
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Ahmad Masarwa
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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Babu KN, Massarwe F, Shioukhi I, Masarwa A. Sequential Selective C−H and C(sp
3
)−
+
P Bond Functionalizations: An Entry to Bioactive Arylated Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Naresh Babu
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Fedaa Massarwe
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Israa Shioukhi
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Ahmad Masarwa
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
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Cooper SP, Booker-Milburn KI. A Palladium(II)-Catalyzed CH Activation Cascade Sequence for Polyheterocycle Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Cooper SP, Booker-Milburn KI. A Palladium(II)-Catalyzed CH Activation Cascade Sequence for Polyheterocycle Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6496-500. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Ghosh S, Bose S, Jana A, Nijamudheen A, Datta A. Influence of ring fusion stereochemistry on the stereochemical outcome in photo-induced Diels–Alder reaction of fused bicycloheptenone derivatives. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Liu XK, Ye JL, Ruan YP, Li YX, Huang PQ. Total Synthesis of (−)-Sessilifoliamide J. J Org Chem 2012; 78:35-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3014484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Kui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Liang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Ping Ruan
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xiu Li
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Qiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, 354 Fenglin
Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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Yin BL, Cai CB, Lai JQ, Zhang ZR, Huang L, Xu LW, Jiang HF. Sodium Borohydride-Nickel Chloride-Methanol Catalytic System for Regioselective Reduction of Electron-Rich Conjugated Dienes and Reductive Cleavage of Allyl Esters Involving π-Allylnickel Intermediates. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tuo SC, Ye JL, Wang AE, Huang SY, Huang PQ. Concise Asymmetric Total Synthesis of 9-epi-Sessilifoliamide J. Org Lett 2011; 13:5270-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol202140y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chuan Tuo
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Liang Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Ai-E Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Su-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Qiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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Ruan ST, Luo JM, Du Y, Huang PQ. Asymmetric Vinylogous Mannich Reactions: A Versatile Approach to Functionalized Heterocycles. Org Lett 2011; 13:4938-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2020384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Tang Ruan
- Department of Chemistry and The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Min Luo
- Department of Chemistry and The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Chemistry and The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Qiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry and The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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Soriano MDPC, Shankaraiah N, Santos LS. Short synthesis of noscapine, bicuculline, egenine, capnoidine, and corytensine alkaloids through the addition of 1-siloxy-isobenzofurans to imines. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.01.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lainchbury MD, Medley MI, Taylor PM, Hirst P, Dohle W, Booker-Milburn KI. A protecting group free synthesis of (+/-)-neostenine via the [5 + 2] photocycloaddition of maleimides. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6497-505. [PMID: 18656978 DOI: 10.1021/jo801108h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A concise, linear synthesis of the Stemona alkaloid (+/-)-neostenine is reported. Key features include an organocopper-mediated bislactone C2-desymmetrization for the stereoselective construction of the cyclohexane-lactone C,D-rings. The assembly of the fused pyrrolo[1,2-a]azepine core was achieved by application of a [5 + 2] maleimide photocycloaddition. A custom FEP flow reactor was used to successfully overcome the scale limitations imposed by a classical immersion well batch reactor. The synthesis was completed in 14 steps from furan, in 9.5% overall yield, without the use of any protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lainchbury
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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Frankowski KJ, Golden JE, Zeng Y, Lei Y, Aubé J. Syntheses of the Stemona alkaloids (+/-)-stenine, (+/-)-neostenine, and (+/-)-13-epineostenine using a stereodivergent Diels-Alder/azido-Schmidt reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:6018-24. [PMID: 18396881 DOI: 10.1021/ja800574m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A tandem Diels-Alder/azido-Schmidt reaction sequence provides rapid access to the core skeleton shared by several Stemona alkaloids including stenine, neostenine, tuberostemonine, and neotuberostemonine. The discovery and evolution of inter- and intramolecular variations of this process and their applications to total syntheses of (+/-)-stenine and (+/-)-neostenine are described. The stereochemical outcome of the reaction depends on both substrate type and reaction conditions, enabling the preparation of both (+/-)-stenine and (+/-)-neostenine from the same diene/dienophile combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Frankowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582, USA
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Abstract
A type 2 N-acylnitroso intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction followed by reductive N-O bond cleavage formed the B and C rings of the Stemona alkaloid stenine. Further elaboration provided the functionalized tricyclic core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences 1102, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Hanessian S, Therrien E, S. Warrier J, Charron G. Synthetic Approaches to Polyhydroxy Indolizidines and Related Azabicyclic Scaffolds. HETEROCYCLES 2006. [DOI: 10.3987/com-06-s(w)44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Othman RB, Bousquet T, Fousse A, Othman M, Dalla V. Toward Improving the Chemistry of N-Acyliminium Ions: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Pyrrolidinone Derivatives with Trialkylsilyl Nucleophiles Catalyzed by Triisopropylsilyltrifluoromethane Sulfonate (TIPSOTf). Org Lett 2005; 7:2825-8. [PMID: 15987146 DOI: 10.1021/ol050576z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Nucleophilic substitution reactions of racemic and chiral 5-acetoxy-, 5-ethoxy-, and 5-methoxypyrrolidin-2-ones by silicon-based nucleophiles were efficiently catalyzed by TIPSOTf. This process was found to be general and accommodates a broad range of substrate-nucleophile combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Ben Othman
- Unité de Recherche en Chimie Organique et Macromoléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université du Havre, France
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Reichelt A, Bur SK, Martin SF. Applications of vinylogous Mannich reactions. Total synthesis of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (−)-A58365A. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The Stemona alkaloid stenine (1), isolated from Stemona tuberosa of physiologically active stemonaceous plants, possesses the structurally novel and unique azepinoindole skeleton (B,C,D-ring system). We have achieved the asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-stenine (1), starting from 1,5-pentanediol (10). The key features are an intramolecular diastereoselective Diels-Alder reaction of the (E,E,E) triene 6, prepared in a convergent fashion from three components--dienyl chloride 7, dithiane 8, and chiral phosphonate 9--and efficient construction of the tricyclic A,B,D-ring system 29 through thermodynamically controlled regioselective enolization of the bicyclic ketone 25. In this article, we describe in detail the highly stereocontrolled total synthesis of (-)-stenine (1). These results should be useful for the asymmetric total synthesis of another, more complex. molecule: tuberostemonine (2), the synthesis of which has never been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
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24
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25
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D'Oca MG, Pilli RA, Vencato I. The addition of 2-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxyfuran to cyclic N-acyliminium ions containing cyclohexyl-based chiral auxiliaries. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Martin SF, Lopez OD. Vinylogous Mannich reactions. Catalytic, asymmetric additions of triisopropylsilyloxyfurans to aldimines. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Martin SF, Barr KJ, Smith DW, Bur SK. Applications of Vinylogous Mannich Reactions. Concise Enantiospecific Total Syntheses of (+)-Croomine. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja990077r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F. Martin
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Kenneth J. Barr
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Dudley W. Smith
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Scott K. Bur
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
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28
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Martin SF, Bur SK. Vinylogous Mannich reactions. Stereoselective formal synthesis of pumiliotoxin 251D. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Comins DL, Kuethe JT, Hong H, Lakner FJ, Concolino TE, Rheingold AL. Diastereoselective Addition of Prochiral Metallo Enolates to Chiral 1-Acylpyridinium Salts. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja990024+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Asymmetric access to functional, structurally diverse molecules exploiting five-membered heterocyclic silyloxy dienes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5148(98)80006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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von der Ohe F, Brückner R. Z- or E-configurated γ-alkylidenebutenolides from a 2-(trimethylsiloxy)furan and iodomethacrolein - stereoselective synthesis of Z- and E-freelingyne. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Kitajima H, Ito K, Katsuki T. A new methodology for the stereoselective synthesis of 4-substituted butenolides: Asymmetric Michael addition reaction of 2-(trimethylsilyloxy)furans to oxazolidinone enoates. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)10152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Hanessian S, McNaughton-Smith G. A versatile synthesis of a β-turn peptidomimetic scaffold: An approach towards a designed model antagonist of the tachykinin NK-2 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(96)00275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Morimoto Y, Iwahashi M, Nishida K, Hayashi Y, Shirahama H. Untersuchungen zur asymmetrischen Synthese vonStemona-Alkaloiden: Totalsynthese von ()-Stenin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961080821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Martin SF, Barr KJ. Vinylogous Mannich Reactions. The Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)-Croomine. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9542146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Kenneth J. Barr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
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38
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Goldstein DM, Wipf P. Studies toward the synthesis of Stemona alkaloids; a short synthesis of the tricyclic core of tuberostemonines. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)02302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Laschat S, Grehl M. Diastereoselective Synthesis of α-Hydroxy- and α-Aminoindolizidines and -quinolizidines. Evidence for a Novel Cyclization/Hydride Migration Mechanism in the TiCl4-Induced Reaction of Prolinal Benzylimines by Deuterium Labeling Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19941271027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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40
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Collado I, Ezquerra J, Vaquero JJ, Pedregal C. Diastereoselective functionalization of 5-hydroxy prolinates by tandem Horner-Emmons-Michael reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(94)80043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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42
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Hanessian S, Raghavan S. Design and synthesis of a prototypical non-peptidic inhibitor model for the enzme renin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)80364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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