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Zhao Y, Li Z, Sharma UK, Sharma N, Song G, Van der Eycken EV. Copper-catalyzed alkylarylation of activated alkenes using isocyanides as the alkyl source: an efficient radical access to 3,3-dialkylated oxindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6395-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02024k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel copper-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of N-arylacrylamides for the synthesis of 3,3-dialkylated oxindoles is described using isocyanides as alkyl radical precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhao
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven)
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Zhenghua Li
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven)
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Upendra K. Sharma
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven)
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Nandini Sharma
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven)
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Gonghua Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- People's Republic of China
| | - Erik V. Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven)
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
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2
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Hong X, Wang H, Qian G, Tan Q, Xu B. Rhodium-Catalyzed Direct C–H Bond Cyanation of Arenes with Isocyanide. J Org Chem 2014; 79:3228-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500087g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Hong
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Innovative
Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Innovative
Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guangyin Qian
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Innovative
Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qitao Tan
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Innovative
Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bin Xu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Innovative
Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department
of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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3
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Xu S, Huang X, Hong X, Xu B. Palladium-Assisted Regioselective C–H Cyanation of Heteroarenes Using Isonitrile as Cyanide Source. Org Lett 2012; 14:4614-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302070t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaomei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaohu Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Lüning U, Müller M, Gelbert M, Rüchardt C. Anwendung der Isonitril‐Nitril‐Umlagerung zur Synthese von 2,2,5,5‐Tetramethylcyclopentancarbonsäure, einem Baustein für Süßstoffe auf Aminosäurebasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19911241126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Lüning
- Chemisches Laboratorium der Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, W‐7800 Freiburg
| | - Michael Müller
- Chemisches Laboratorium der Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, W‐7800 Freiburg
| | - Markus Gelbert
- Chemisches Laboratorium der Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, W‐7800 Freiburg
| | - Christoph Rüchardt
- Chemisches Laboratorium der Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, W‐7800 Freiburg
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Kingston JV, Verkade JG, Espenson JH. 3/2-Order Chain Kinetics Involving a Postulated Dicationic Intermediate in the Isomerization of a P−Isocyano to a P−Cyano Azaphosphatrane Monocation. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:15006-7. [PMID: 16248622 DOI: 10.1021/ja054164x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic evidence suggests the possibility of a dicationic intermediate in the title reaction. Thus the linkage isomerization reaction, PNC+ = PCN+, is described by the rate law, nu = 3/2k[PNC+]3/2, which can be interpreted by a chain mechanism with the propagation reaction PNC+ + P2+ --> P2+ + PCN+. Such propagation is unusual in that the intermediate regenerates itself in this single step rather than forming a different intermediate for a second propagation step. Cyanide ions inhibit the rate because they participate in the termination step, P2+ + CN- --> PCN+. The rate constant in CD3CN at 100 degrees C is 3/2k = 7.2 +/- 0.6 x 10-5 L1/2 mol-1/2 s-1; 3/2k represents the composite (kinit/kterm)1/2 kprop. When the reaction is carried out in the presence of PBr+, however, the reaction becomes much faster and is described by the rate law, nu = kBr[PBr+][PNC+]; because [PBr+] remains at constant concentration, the time-course experiments follow first-order kinetics.
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Yamago S, Miyazoe H, Goto R, Hashidume M, Sawazaki T, Yoshida J. Synthetic and theoretical studies on group-transfer imidoylation of organotellurium compounds. remarkable reactivity of isonitriles in comparison with carbon monoxide in radical-mediated reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:3697-705. [PMID: 11457101 DOI: 10.1021/ja003879r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Imidoylation of organotellurium compounds with isonitriles has been investigated in conjunction with the radical-mediated C1 homologation reaction by using CO and isonitriles. Carbon-centered radicals generated photochemically or thermally from organotellurium compounds react with isonitriles in a group-transfer manner to give the corresponding imidoylated products. Organotellurium compounds have been found to serve as effective precursors of a wide variety of stabilized radicals, namely benzyl, alpha-alkoxy, alpha-amino, and acyl radicals, which take part in the imidoylation with high efficiency. The reactions are compatible with various functional groups, and can be carried out in various solvents including environmentally benign water. The reactivity of isonitriles has been compared with that of CO through competition experiments, and the results indicate that isonitriles are superior to CO as radical acceptors in reactions with stabilized radicals. The origin of the differences has been addressed in theoretical studies with density functional theory calculations using the B3LYP hybrid functional. The calculations suggest that both carbonylation and imidoylation proceed with low activation energies, and that there are virtually no differences in the kinetic sense. Instead, it indicates that thermodynamic effects, namely differences in the stability of the acyl and the imidoyl radicals, control the overall course of the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yamago
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Radical addition to isonitriles: a route to polyfunctionalized alkenes through a novel three-component radical cascade reaction. J Org Chem 2000; 65:2763-72. [PMID: 10808453 DOI: 10.1021/jo991871y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of aromatic disulfides, alkynes, and isonitriles under photolytic conditions affords polyfunctionalized alkenes--beta-arylthio-substituted acrylamides or acrylonitriles--in fair yields through a novel three-component radical cascade reaction. The procedure entails addition of a sulfanyl radical to the alkyne followed by attack of the resulting vinyl radical to the isonitrile. A fast reaction, e.g., scavenging by a nitro derivative or beta-fragmentation, is necessary in order to trap the final imidoyl radical, since addition of vinyl radicals to isonitriles seems to be a reversible process. The stereochemistry of the reaction is discussed, particularly with respect to the stereochemical outcome of related hydrogen abstraction reactions by the same vinyl radicals. The lower or even inverted preference for either geometrical isomer observed in our cases with respect to that encountered in hydrogen abstraction reactions is explained in terms of transition-state interactions and/or isomerization of the final imidoyl radical. The latter possibility is supported by semiempirical calculations, which show that the spin distribution in the imidoyl radical can allow rotation of the adjacent carbon-carbon double bond prior to beta-fragmentation.
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Sun J, Qian X, Chen D, Liu Y, Wang D, Chang Q. Free radical mechanism for photoinduced isonitrile–nitrile isomerization in solution. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(99)00112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Leardini R, Nanni D, Pareschi P, Tundo A, Zanardi G. alpha-(Arylthio)imidoyl Radicals: [3 + 2] Radical Annulation of Aryl Isothiocyanates with 2-Cyano-Substituted Aryl Radicals. J Org Chem 1997; 62:8394-8399. [PMID: 11671977 DOI: 10.1021/jo971128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel cascade radical reaction is described involving aryl isothiocyanates and 2-cyanoaryl radicals. The mechanism entails the formation of an alpha-(arylthio)imidoyl radical, a 5-exo-dig cyclization onto a cyano group, and a final 6-membered ring closure of an iminyl radical. The competitive 5-membered spiro-cyclization of the iminyl, leading to an isomeric product, was only observed in the case of a disubstituted aryl isothiocyanate. The whole process involves a rare example of [3 + 2] radical annulation and allows the one-pot synthesis of tetracondensed nitrogen heterocycles in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rino Leardini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica "A. Mangini", Università di Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
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Nanni D, Pareschi P, Tundo A. Isonitriles as source and fate of imidoyl radicals: a novel homolytic α-fragmentation. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)82958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Kim SS, Yang KW, Lee CS. Cyanide Abstractions from Benzyl Isocyanides by Phenyl and Tri-n-Butyltin Radicals: New Examples of S(H)2 Reactions. J Org Chem 1996; 61:4827-4829. [PMID: 11667422 DOI: 10.1021/jo940292k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, South Korea
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12
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Nanni D, Pareschi P, Rizzoli C, Sgarabotto P, Tundo A. Radical annulations and cyclisations with isonitriles: the fate of the intermediate imidoyl and cyclohexadienyl radicals. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(95)00348-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Gioanola M, Leardini R, Nanni D, Pareschi P, Zanardi G. Intramolecular addition of aryl radicals to carbon-nitrogen double bonds. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(94)01068-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Xiang YB, Drenkard S, Baumann K, Hickey D, Eschenmoser A. Chemie von ?-Aminonitrilen. 12. Mitteilung. Sondierungen �ber thermische Umwandlungen von ?-Aminonitrilen. Helv Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19940770814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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16
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Rüchardt C, Meier M, Haaf K, Pakusch J, Wolber EKA, Müller B. Die Isocyanid-Cyanid-Umlagerung - Mechanismus und präparative Anwendung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19911030804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Haaf K, Rüchardt C. Ein neuer Zugang zu enantiomerenreinen β-Lactamen aus α-Aminosäuren durch präparative Anwendung der Isonitril-Nitril-Umlagerung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19901230333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Secondary α-deuterium kinetic isotope effects for addition of phenyl radical to benzyl isocyanides: An evidence of concerted mechanism. Tetrahedron Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)94446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Meier M, Rüchardt C. The Synthetic Potential of the Isocyanide-Cyanide Rearrangement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19871200102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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