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Tsuji S, Tokitoh N, Yamada H, Mizuhata Y. The Reduction of Metallabenzenes: Different Scenarios Highly Dependent on the Central Group 14 Elements, Si vs. Ge. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300945. [PMID: 38014723 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In order to synthesize a silabenzenyl anion, in which the anionic carbon atom of a phenyl anion was replaced with a silicon atom, the reductive dearylation reaction of 1-Tbt-2-tert-butyl-silabenzene (Tbt=2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl) with KC8 was attempted. Unexpectedly, this reaction resulted in the formation of a dianion species without the elimination of the Tbt group. This is totally different from the reactions of Tbt-substituted germa- or stannabenzene with KC8 , which resulted in the formation of the corresponding heavy analogues of phenyl anion, together with the elimination of Tbt group. Experimental and theoretical investigation revealed that one of the protons of the o-benzyl positions of the Tbt group was abstracted by the negatively charged silicon atom of an in-situ generated intermediate. Compared with the previously reported germanium system, the contrasting results indicate that the central heavy group 14 element has a great influence on the elimination step of the Tbt group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Tsuji
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mizuhata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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FUJIMORI S, MIZUHATA Y, TOKITOH N. Recent progress in the chemistry of heavy aromatics. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2023; 99:480-512. [PMID: 38072454 PMCID: PMC10822718 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.99.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The aromaticity and synthetic application of "heavy benzenes", i.e., benzenes containing a heavier Group 14 element (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) in place of skeletal carbon, have been the targets of many theoretical and synthetic studies. Although the introduction of a sterically demanding substituent enabled us to synthesize and isolate heavy aromatic species as a stable compound by suppressing their high reactivity and tendency to polymerize, the existence of a protection group is an obstruction to the development of functional materials based on heavy aromatics. This review will delineate the most recent topics in the chemistry of heavy aromatics, i.e., the chemistry of "metallabenzenyl anions", which are the heavier Group 14 element analogs of phenyl anions stabilized by taking advantage of charge repulsion instead of steric protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori FUJIMORI
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Zhao K, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Jin Z, Sheykhahmad FR. Stabilization of novel
N
‐heterocyclic germylenes: A computational perspective. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangping Zhao
- Gansu Guoxinrunda Analysis and Testing Center Lanzhou China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- Gansu Guoxinrunda Analysis and Testing Center Lanzhou China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Gansu Guoxinrunda Analysis and Testing Center Lanzhou China
| | - Zhimei Jin
- Gansu Guoxinrunda Analysis and Testing Center Lanzhou China
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Abstract
Since the prediction of the existence of metallabenzenes in 1979, metallaaromatic chemistry has developed rapidly, due to its importance in both experimental and theoretical fields. Now six major types of metallaromatic compounds, metallabenzenes, metallabenzynes, heterometallaaromatics, dianion metalloles, metallapentalenes and metallapentalynes (also termed carbolongs), and spiro metalloles, have been reported and extensively studied. Their parent organic analogues may be aromatic, non-aromatic, or even anti-aromatic. These unique systems not only enrich the large family of aromatics, but they also broaden our understanding and extend the concept of aromaticity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of metallaaromatic chemistry. We have focused on not only the six major classes of metallaaromatics, including the main-group-metal-based metallaaromatics, but also other types, such as metallacyclobutadienes and metallacyclopropenes. The structures, synthetic methods, and reactivities are described, their applications are covered, and the challenges and future prospects of the area are discussed. The criteria commonly used to judge the aromaticity of metallaaromatics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafa Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Hua
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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Yan Wang, Xiaolan Zeng. Effect of Coordination of Germabenzenes to Cr(CO)3 on Their 1,2- and 1,4-Addition Reactions with Water. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024419070306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fujimori S, Mizuhata Y, Tokitoh N. A Mixed‐Anion System Consisting of a Germyl Anion and Anions Delocalized on Conjugated Carbon Ring Skeletons. Chemistry 2019; 25:6284-6289. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Fujimori
- Institute for Chemical ResearchKyoto University Gokasho Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mizuhata
- Institute for Chemical ResearchKyoto University Gokasho Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences Gokasho Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical ResearchKyoto University Gokasho Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences Gokasho Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
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Sugahara T, Guo JD, Hashizume D, Sasamori T, Nagase S, Tokitoh N. The selective formation of a 1,2-disilabenzene from the reaction of a disilyne with phenylacetylene. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:13318-13322. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03081b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A stable 3,5-diphenyl-1,2-disilabenzene was selectively synthesized by the reaction between the isolabe disilyne TbbSiSiTbb (Tbb = 2,6-[CH(SiMe3)2]2-4-t-Bu-phenyl) with phenylacetylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing-Dong Guo
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS)
- Saitama 351-0198
- Japan
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences
- Nagoya City University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8103
- Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences
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Mizuhata Y, Fujimori S, Sasamori T, Tokitoh N. Germabenzenylpotassium: A Germanium Analogue of a Phenyl Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Mizuhata
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
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Mizuhata Y, Fujimori S, Sasamori T, Tokitoh N. Germabenzenylpotassium: A Germanium Analogue of a Phenyl Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4588-4592. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Mizuhata
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
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Comparative theoretical study on the addition reactions of MeOH to silabenzenes and germabenzenes. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sasamori T, Sugahara T, Agou T, Guo JD, Nagase S, Streubel R, Tokitoh N. Synthesis and Characterization of a 1,2-Digermabenzene. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om501204u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sasamori
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sugahara
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Agou
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Jing-Dong Guo
- Fukui
Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui
Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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13
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Märkl G, Rudnick D, Schulz R, Schweig A. 1,4-Dialkylgermabenzole - Erzeugung und Nachweis in der Gasphase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19820940318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sadimenko AP. Organometallic Complexes of B-, Si- (Ge-), and P- (As-, Sb-) Analogues of Pyridine. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(05)89003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tokitoh N. Synthesis of Aromatic Species Containing a Heavier Group 14 Element by Taking Advantage of Kinetic Stabilization. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.77.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Märkl G, Rudnick D, Schulz R, Schweig A. 1,4-Dialkylgermabenzenes-Generation and Detection in the Gas Phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198202211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Nakata N, Takeda N, Tokitoh N. Synthesis and Properties of the First Stable Neutral Germaaromatic Compound, 2-{2,4,6-Tris- [bis-(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl}-2-germanaphthalene. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om020879m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norio Nakata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takeda
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Nakata N, Takeda N, Tokitoh N. Synthesis and properties of the first stable germabenzene. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:6914-20. [PMID: 12059214 DOI: 10.1021/ja0262941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first stable germabenzene (1a) bearing an efficient steric protection group, 2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl, was successfully synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding chlorogermane (4) with lithium diisopropylamide in THF. The molecular structure and aromaticity of 1a were discussed on the basis of its NMR, UV-vis, and Raman spectra, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and theoretical calculations. All (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts of the germabenzene ring of 1a were in good agreement with those calculated. UV-vis and Raman spectra of 1a showed patterns similar to those of benzene, suggesting the structural similarity between germabenzene and benzene. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 1a revealed that the germabenzene ring was almost planar, indicating the delocalization of pi-electrons. Theoretical calculations (NICS(1) and ASE(isom)) also indicated the ring current effects and aromatic stabilization of the germabenzene. While germabenzene 1a reacted as a Ge[bond]C double-bond compound (germene) with mesitonitrile oxide and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 1a also reacted as a 1-germabuta-1,3-diene with C[bond]C double- and triple-bond compounds. Furthermore, 1a reacted with water and MeOH to give both 1, 2- and 1, 4-adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Nakata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Nakata N, Takeda N, Tokitoh N. Synthesis and Structure of a Kinetically Stabilized 2-Germanaphthalene: The First Stable Neutral Germaaromatic Compound. Organometallics 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/om010881y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norio Nakata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takeda
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Schulz R, Schweig A, M�rkl VG, Rudnick D. 1,4-Dialkylgermabenzole - Erzeugung und Nachweis in der Gasphase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198205230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Satgé J. Multiply Bonded Germanium Species. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3055(08)60381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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