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Abstract
This review is focused on palladium-catalyzed reactions as efficient strategies aimed at the synthesis of different classes of benzodiazepines. Several reaction typologies are reported including hydroamination, amination, C–H arylation, N-arylation, and the Buchwald–Hartwig reaction, depending on the different substrates identified as halogenated starting materials (activated substrates) or unactivated unsaturated systems, which then exploit Pd(0)- or Pd(II)-catalytic species. In particular, the use of the domino reactions, as intra- or intermolecular processes, are reported as an efficient and eco-compatible tool to obtain differently functionalized benzodiazepines. Different domino reaction typologies are the carboamination, aminoarylation, aminoacethoxylation, aminohalogenation, and aminoazidation.
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Frankowski KJ, Liu R, Milligan GL, Moeller KD, Aubé J. Practical Electrochemical Anodic Oxidation of Polycyclic Lactams for Late Stage Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:10555-8. [PMID: 26371961 PMCID: PMC4629799 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry provides a powerful tool for the late-stage functionalization of complex lactams. A two-stage protocol for converting lactams, many of which can be prepared through the intramolecular Schmidt reaction of keto azides, is presented. In the first step, anodic oxidation in MeOH using a repurposed power source provides a convenient route to lactams bearing a methoxy group adjacent to nitrogen. Treatment of these intermediates with a Lewis acid in dichloromethane permits the regeneration of a reactive acyliminium ion that is then reacted with a range of nucleophilic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Frankowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047 (USA)
- Present address: Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry and the Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Ruzhang Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047 (USA)
| | - Gregory L Milligan
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Martin's University, 5000 Abbey Way, Lacey, WA 98503 (USA)
| | - Kevin D Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130 (USA)
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047 (USA).
- Present address: Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry and the Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, North Carolina, 27599, USA.
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Frankowski KJ, Liu R, Milligan GL, Moeller KD, Aubé J. Practical Electrochemical Anodic Oxidation of Polycyclic Lactams for Late Stage Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Boisse T, Gavara L, Hénichart JP, Rigo B, Gautret P. Toward new camptothecins. Part 5: On the synthesis of precursors for the crucial Friedländer reaction. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chouhan G, Alper H. Palladium-Catalyzed Carboxamidation Reaction and Aldol Condensation Reaction Cascade: A Facile Approach to Ring-Fused Isoquinolinones. Org Lett 2008; 10:4987-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ol802067y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Chouhan
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Howard Alper
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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Eco-friendly synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones in the ionic liquid [bmim]Br. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-008-0922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Studies on pyrrolidinones. Oxidations and rearrangements in the hexahydrobenz[f]indolizine-3,10-dione series. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jadidi K, Aryan R, Mehrdad M, Lügger T, Ekkehardt Hahn F, Ng SW. Simple synthesis, structure and ab initio study of 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones. J Mol Struct 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2003.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hinschberger A, Butt S, Lelong V, Boulouard M, Dumuis A, Dauphin F, Bureau R, Pfeiffer B, Renard P, Rault S. New benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridine and azepino[3,2-c]quinoline derivatives as selective antagonists of 5-HT4 receptors: binding profile and pharmacological characterization. J Med Chem 2003; 46:138-47. [PMID: 12502367 DOI: 10.1021/jm020954v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridine and azepino[3,2-c]quinoline derivatives were prepared and evaluated to determine the necessary requirements for high affinity on the 5-HT(4) receptors and high selectivity versus other receptors. The compounds were synthesized by substituting the chlorine atom of benzonaphthyridines and azepinoquinolines with various N-alkyl-4-piperidinylmethanolates. They were evaluated in binding assays with [(3)H]GR 113808 as the 5-HT(4) receptor radioligand. The affinity values (K(i) or inhibition percentages) depended upon the substituent on the aromatic ring on one hand and the substituent on the lateral piperidine chain on the other hand. A chlorine atom produced a marked drop in activity while a N-propyl or N-butyl group gave compounds with nanomolar affinities (1 < K(i) < 10 nM). Among the most potent ligands (3a, 4a, 5a), 4a was selected on the basis of its high affinity and selectivity for pharmacological screening and was evaluated in vivo in specific tests. This compound reveals itself as an antagonist/low partial agonist in the COS-7 cells stably expressing the 5-HT(4(a)) receptor. Derivative 4a also showed in vivo potent analgesic activity in the writhing test at very low doses.
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Uozumi Y, Arii T, Watanabe T. Double carbonylation of aryl iodides with primary amines under atmospheric pressure conditions using the Pd/PPh(3)/DABCO/THF system. J Org Chem 2001; 66:5272-4. [PMID: 11463289 DOI: 10.1021/jo0156924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Uozumi
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), Nishi-Gonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
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Hu WP, Wang JJ, Lin FL, Lin YC, Lin SR, Hsu MH. An efficient synthesis of pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine. Synthesis of the antibiotic DC-81. J Org Chem 2001; 66:2881-3. [PMID: 11304219 DOI: 10.1021/jo010043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W P Hu
- School of Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Kamal A, Rao MV, Satyanarayana Reddy B. The newer synthetic strategies for DNA binding pyrrolobenzodiazepine antibiotics (review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02317805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pyroglutamate as a Chiral Template for the Synthesis of Alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-8210(98)80006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kamal A, Reddy B, Reddy B. Synthesis of pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine antibiotics via azido reductive cyclization with HMDST. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(96)01484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Molina P, Díaz I, Tárraga A. Synthesis of pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines via an Intramolecular Aza-Wittig reaction. Synthesis of the antibiotic DC-81. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(95)00222-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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