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Balogun S, Yim SS, Yom T, Jean BC, Losego MD. Dealkylation of Poly(methyl methacrylate) by TiCl 4 Vapor Phase Infiltration (VPI) and the Resulting Chemical and Thermophysical Properties of the Hybrid Material. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:838-847. [PMID: 38282685 PMCID: PMC10809413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the chemical reaction pathways for vapor phase infiltration (VPI) of TiCl4 into poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). VPI is a processing method that transforms organic polymers into organic-inorganic hybrid materials with new properties of interest for microelectronic patterning, technical textiles, and chemical separations. Understanding the fundamental chemical mechanisms of the VPI process is essential for establishing approaches to design the chemical structure and properties of these hybrid materials. While prior work has suggested that TiCl4 infiltration into PMMA does not disrupt the polymer's carbonyl bond, a clear reaction mechanism has yet to be proposed. Here, we present a detailed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study that presents evidence for a concerted reaction mechanism that involves TiCl4 coordinating with the PMMA's ester group to dealkylate the methyl side group, creating a chloromethane byproduct and primary chemical bonds between the organic and inorganic components of the hybrid material. Additional spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance gravimetry, and thermophysical and chemical property measurements of this material, including solubility studies and thermal expansion measurements, provide further evidence for this chemical reaction pathway and the subsequent creation of inorganic cross-links that network these TiOx-PMMA hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaib
A. Balogun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,United States
| | - Sierra S. Yim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,United States
| | - Typher Yom
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,United States
| | - Benjamin C. Jean
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,United States
| | - Mark D. Losego
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,United States
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2
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Kim H, Rencoret J, Elder TJ, del Río JC, Ralph J. Biomimetic oxidative copolymerization of hydroxystilbenes and monolignols. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade5519. [PMID: 36888720 PMCID: PMC9995074 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxystilbenes are a class of polyphenolic compounds that behave as lignin monomers participating in radical coupling reactions during the lignification. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of various artificial copolymers of monolignols and hydroxystilbenes, as well as low-molecular-mass compounds, to obtain the mechanistic insights into their incorporation into the lignin polymer. Integrating the hydroxystilbenes, resveratrol and piceatannol, into monolignol polymerization in vitro, using horseradish peroxidase to generate phenolic radicals, produced synthetic lignins [dehydrogenation polymers (DHPs)]. Copolymerization of hydroxystilbenes with monolignols, especially sinapyl alcohol, by in vitro peroxidases notably improved the reactivity of monolignols and resulted in substantial yields of synthetic lignin polymers. The resulting DHPs were analyzed using two-dimensional NMR and 19 synthesized model compounds to confirm the presence of hydroxystilbene structures in the lignin polymer. The cross-coupled DHPs confirmed both resveratrol and piceatannol as authentic monomers participating in the oxidative radical coupling reactions during polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Kim
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Thomas J. Elder
- USDA-Forest Service, Southern Research Station 521 Devall Dr. Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - José C. del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Gulledge ZZ, Carrick JD. Deprotection of
N
‐
tert
‐Butoxycarbonyl (Boc) Protected Functionalized Heteroarenes via Addition–Elimination with 3‐Methoxypropylamine. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Z. Gulledge
- Department of Chemistry Tennessee Technological University 55 University Drive 38505‐0001 Cookeville TN USA
| | - Jesse D. Carrick
- Department of Chemistry Tennessee Technological University 55 University Drive 38505‐0001 Cookeville TN USA
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Wilhelmsen CA, Dixon ADC, Chisholm JD, Clark DA. Synthesis of N-Substituted 3-Amino-4-halopyridines: A Sequential Boc-Removal/Reductive Amination Mediated by Brønsted and Lewis Acids. J Org Chem 2018; 83:1634-1642. [PMID: 29308898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-Substituted 3-amino-4-halopyridines are valuable synthetic intermediates, as they readily provide access to imidazopyridines and similar heterocyclic systems. The direct synthesis of N-substituted 3-amino-4-halopyridines is problematic, as reductive aminations and base-promoted alkylations are difficult in these systems. A high yielding deprotection/alkylation protocol mediated by trifluoroacetic acid and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate is described, providing access to a wide scope of N-substituted 3-amino-4-halopyridines. This protocol furnishes many reaction products in high purity without chromatography. Similar reductive amination conditions were also established for deactivated anilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Wilhelmsen
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Alexandre D C Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - John D Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Daniel A Clark
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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5
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Howard KT, Chisholm JD. Preparation and Applications of 4-Methoxybenzyl Esters in Organic Synthesis. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2016; 48:1-36. [PMID: 27546912 DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2016.1127096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Howard
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science & Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - John D Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science & Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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6
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Berthet M, Davanier F, Dujardin G, Martinez J, Parrot I. MgI2-Mediated Chemoselective Cleavage of Protecting Groups: An Alternative to Conventional Deprotection Methodologies. Chemistry 2015; 21:11014-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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Suzuki T, Nagasawa T, Enomoto M, Kuwahara S. Stereoselective total synthesis of amicoumacin C. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Leger PR, Murphy RA, Pushkarskaya E, Sarpong R. Synthetic efforts toward the Lycopodium alkaloids inspires a hydrogen iodide mediated method for the hydroamination and hydroetherification of olefins. Chemistry 2015; 21:4377-83. [PMID: 25641382 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Progress toward the total syntheses of a diverse set of fawcettimine-type Lycopodium alkaloids via a "Heathcock-type" 6-5-9 tricycle is disclosed. This route features an intermolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition to rapidly furnish the 6-5-fused bicycle and a highly chemoselective directed hydrogenation to build the azonane fragment. While conducting these synthetic studies, trimethylsilyl iodide was found to effect a hydroamination reaction to furnish the tetracyclic core of serratine and related natural products. This observation has been expanded into a general method for the room temperature hydroamination of unactivated olefins with tosylamides utilizing catalytic "anhydrous" HI (generated in situ from trimethylsilyl iodide and water). The presence of the iodide anion is critical to the success of this Brønsted acid catalyzed protocol, possibly due to its function as a weakly coordinating anion. These conditions also effect the analogous hydroetherification reaction of alcohols with unactivated olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Leger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Latimer Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA), Fax: (+1) 510-642-9675
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Baker AE, Marchal E, Lund KLA, Thompson A. The use of tin(IV) chloride to selectively cleave benzyl esters over benzyl ethers and benzyl amines. CAN J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Benzyl esters are cleaved upon reaction with SnCl4, resulting in isolation of the corresponding carboxylic acid. Importantly, benzyl ethers, amines, and amides do not undergo debenzylation under these conditions, nor do a variety of other common protecting groups for alcohols, thereby rendering SnCl4 selective amongst Lewis acids. The scope, tolerance, and limitations of the strategy are demonstrated through the analysis of several multifunctional substrates, including those bearing Cbz groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E.G. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Estelle Marchal
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kate-lyn A.R. Lund
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alison Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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10
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Zhao H, Huang W, Wu X, Qing Y, Xing Z, He Y. Synthesis of a Complete Janus-type Guanosine–Cytosine Base and Its 2′-Deoxyribonucleoside. CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2011.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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11
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Lv P, Huang K, Xie L, Xu X. Palladium-catalyzed tandem reaction to construct benzo[c]phenanthridine: application to the total synthesis of benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3133-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01208d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Enomoto M, Kuwahara S. Synthetic Studies on Bacilosarcins A and B, and Related Natural Products. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2010. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.68.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Hu YW, Zuo L, Ye DY, Duan WH. Selective debenzylation of benzyl esters by silica-supported sodium hydrogen sulphate. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2009.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Enomoto
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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16
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Jiang Y, Zhang Z, DiPaola RS, Hu L. Synthesis and epimerization of phenylalanyl 4-aminocyclophosphamides. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Qi J, Roush WR. Synthesis of precursors of the agalacto (exo) fragment of the quartromicins via an auxiliary-controlled exo-selective Diels-Alder reaction. Org Lett 2007; 8:2795-8. [PMID: 16774259 PMCID: PMC2515626 DOI: 10.1021/ol0609208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A direct synthesis of the alpha-hydroxyaldehyde exo-5, a precursor of the exo-spirotetronate subunit of the quartromicins, was achieved through an exo-selective Lewis acid-catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction of dienophile 12a and diene 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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18
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19
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Akiyama T, Hirofuji H, Hirose A, Ozaki S. Mild Deprotection of Methyl, Benzyl, Methoxymethyl, Methylthiomethyl, Methoxyethoxymethyl, andβ-(Trimethylsilyl)-ethoxymethyl Esters with AlCl3-N,N-dimethylaniline. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919408010233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Fujimoto M, Maeda T, Okumura K, Uda M, Nakamura M, Kashiwagi T, Tsunoda T. Process Development and Pilot-Scale Synthesis of Cefotetan. Org Process Res Dev 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/op049914m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Fujimoto
- Chemical Technology Labs, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 160-2, Akahama, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0001, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Maeda
- Chemical Technology Labs, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 160-2, Akahama, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0001, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okumura
- Chemical Technology Labs, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 160-2, Akahama, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0001, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Uda
- Chemical Technology Labs, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 160-2, Akahama, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0001, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Chemical Technology Labs, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 160-2, Akahama, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0001, Japan
| | - Teruya Kashiwagi
- Chemical Technology Labs, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 160-2, Akahama, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0001, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsunoda
- Chemical Technology Labs, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 160-2, Akahama, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0001, Japan
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22
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Wolfe S, Akuche C, Ro S, Wilson MC, Kim CK, Shi Z. 5-Hydroxy[1,2]oxazinan-3-ones as potential carbapenem and D-ala-D-ala surrogates. CAN J CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/v03-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The title compounds are amino acids whose nitrogen atom is enclosed in a six-membered cyclic hydroxamate bearing a C5-hydroxyl group. They belong to a proposed new family of antibacterial agents targeted to the penicillin receptor. The glycine and alanine members of the family have been synthesized, as racemates, in seven steps from the four-carbon synthon diketene and the tert-butyl esters of N-hydroxyglycine and N-hydroxyalanine. Numerous alternatives to diketene have also been examined, but these lead mainly to five-membered cyclic hydroxamates. The theoretical considerations that have led to this synthetic programme are discussed in some detail. They include analysis of the structures of natural and unnatural penicillin surrogates, analysis of the penicillin pharmacophore, and a treatment of the chemical reaction with which penicillin blocks bacterial cell wall synthesis. The glycine derivative exhibits marginal but real activity vs. Micrococcus luteus. The alanine derivative, which more closely resembles D-ala-D-ala, is fifty times more active. Two five-membered structural isomers of the glycine derivative are inactive. Key words: cyclocanaline, cycloserine, lactivicin, oxamazins, peptidoglycan, penicillin-binding proteins.
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Efficient synthesis of β-halogeno protected l-alanines and their β-phosphonium derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(03)00484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Back TG, Pandyra A, Wulff JE. Regiochemical switching in Diels-Alder cycloadditions by change in oxidation state of removable diene sulfur substituents. Synthesis of carbazoles by sequential heteroannulation and Diels-Alder cycloaddition. J Org Chem 2003; 68:3299-302. [PMID: 12688806 DOI: 10.1021/jo0268714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed heteroannulation of N-carbobenzyloxy-o-iodoanilines with 1-phenylthio-1,3-butadiene afforded indolines 7, which were oxidized with DDQ to produce vinylogous 2-(phenylthio)indoles 8. The latter compounds underwent highly regioselective Diels-Alder cycloadditions with methyl propiolate in the presence of MeAlCl(2) or AlCl(3), with simultaneous elimination of benzenethiol, to afford methyl N-(carbobenzyloxy)carbazole-3-carboxylates 9 and, in some cases, the N-deprotected derivatives 11. This is the opposite regiochemistry of that observed previously with the corresponding sulfone analogues of 8. Thus, the regiochemistry of the cycloaddition can be effectively controlled by appropriate choice of oxidation state of the diene sulfur substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Back
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.
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25
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Di Bari L, Mannucci S, Pescitelli G, Salvadori P. Assignment of absolute configuration of chiral carboxylic acids via exciton-coupled CD treatment: 4-phenylthioproline as a case study. Chirality 2002; 14:611-7. [PMID: 12125029 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The 4-hydroxybenzoate chromophore was used as an exciton reporter group for the assignment of the absolute configuration of a chiral carboxylic acid of pharmaceutical interest, (-)-(2S,4S)-4-phenylthioproline, precursor of the ACE-inhibitor zofenopril. The nondegenerate coupling with the preexisting phenylthio chromophore was observed. A detailed conformational analysis, accomplished by means of (1)H-NMR NOESY and semiempirical PM3 computational methods, and quantitative CD calculations were necessary to substantiate the assignment based on a weak experimental couplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Bari
- Centro di Studio del CNR per le Macromolecole Stereordinate e Otticamente Attive, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Pisa, Italy
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26
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Deprotection of benzylic esters catalysed by anhydrous ferric chloride and rhenium carbonyl compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)02152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Back TG, Bethell RJ, Parvez M, Taylor JA. Preparation of vinylogous 2-sulfonylindolines by the palladium-catalyzed heteroannulation of o-iodoanilines with dienyl sulfones and their further transformation to indoles and carbazoles. J Org Chem 2001; 66:8599-605. [PMID: 11735543 DOI: 10.1021/jo016080m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed heteroannulation of o-iodoanilines with dienyl sulfones provides a convenient route to vinylogous 2-sulfonylindolines 3. The reaction proceeds in DMF/water in the presence of potassium carbonate and catalytic palladium(II) acetate and is compatible with both electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents in the para position of the aniline, and with an alkyl substituent at C-2 of the dienyl sulfone. The indolines underwent oxidation with DDQ to afford the corresponding indoles 4. The latter were then employed as dienes in Diels-Alder reactions with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD), methyl propiolate, or methyl acrylate. In the case of the latter two dienophiles, the cycloadditions were highly regioselective, affording the corresponding 1,3-products (with respect to the relative positions of the sulfone and ester groups), exclusively. The cycloadducts from acetylenic dienophiles were converted to the corresponding carbazoles by elimination of the sulfone moiety with DBU, and that from methyl acrylate was subjected to reductive desulfonylation and oxidation to the corresponding carbazole with DDQ. The method thus provides access to carbazoles with various substituents at the 3-, 4-, and 6-positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Back
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.
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28
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New trisubstituted cyclopentadienyl ligands: synthesis, characterisation and catalytic properties of mono and dinuclear cobalt, rhodium, iron and ruthenium complexes. J Organomet Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(00)00652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Ishii K, Sugiyama S, Morishita K. A Three-Step Synthesis of Optically ActiveÅ@5-Halomethyl-2-oxazolidinones; Asymmetric Desymmetrization of Prochiral 1,3-Dihalo-2-propyl Carbamates. HETEROCYCLES 2001. [DOI: 10.3987/com-00-9114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Efficient One-Pot Formation of Amides from Benzyl Carbamates: Application to Solid-Phase Synthesis. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Fekner T, Baldwin JE, Adlington RM, Jones TW, Prout C, Schofield CJ. Syntheses of (6S)-Cephalosporins from 6-Aminopenicillanic Acid. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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33
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Cha KH, Kang TW, Cho DO, Lee HW, Shin J, Jin KY, Kim KW, Kim JW, Hong CI. A Facile Removal of P-Methoxybenzyl and Diphenylmethyl Ester with Iodotrimethyl-Silane-Triphenylphosphine. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919908085986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Lehmann J, Linden A, Heimgartner H. Site-selective incorporation of thioamide-linkages into a growing peptide. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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36
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The use of aluminum chloride for removal of Boc groups on 5′-amino-2′,5′-dideoxyoligonucleotides during solid-phase synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)10509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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A mild and selective deprotection of p-methoxybenzyl (PMB) ether by magnesium bromide diethyl etherate-methyl sulfide. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Onoda T, Shirai R, Koiso Y, Iwasaki S. Synthetic study on curacin A: A novel antimitotic agent from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00899-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Synthesis and β-lactamase inhibitory evaluation of novel 6α-halo-2β-chloromethyl-2α-methylpenam-3α-carboxylic acids and their sulfones and 6α-halo-2β-mercaptobenzothiazolylmethyl-2α-methylpenam-3α-carboxylic acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00348-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cainelli G, Panunzio M, Bandini E, Martelli G, Spunta G, Da Col M. β-Lactams from ester enolates and N-TMSimines: Enantioselective synthesis of (6R, 7S)-1β-3-dimethyl-3-isocephem. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(95)98703-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Costa M, Dias FS, Chiusoli GP, Gazzola GL. A new cyclopentadiene and its use as a ligand for catalytically active rhodium complexes. J Organomet Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(94)00020-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Anaya J, Barton DH, Caballero MC, Gero SD, Grande M, Laso NM, Hernando JI. The use of radical decarboxylation in the preparation of 1-methylcarbapenem antibiotic precursors from D-glucosamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)86289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Ishikawa H, Tsubouchi H, Yasumura K. Synthesis and biological activity of new optically active 2-oxaisocephems: 3-(N-alkylpyridinium-4′-thio)methyl derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Yanagisawa T, Yokota M, Tomiyama T, Ikegami S. Synthesis of sodium 6-isopropyl-3-[4-(P-chlorobenzenesulfonylamino)-butyl]-[2-14C]azulene-1-sulfonate. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580340302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Singh R, Cooper R. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 6-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene derivatives as potential anti-bacterial agents and β-lactamase inhibitors. Tetrahedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)89559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Danelon GO, Laborde M, Mascaretti OA, Boggio SB, Roveri OA. Synthesis and beta-lactamase inhibitory activity of 6-fluoropenicillanic acids. Bioorg Med Chem 1993; 1:447-55. [PMID: 8087566 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The benzyl 6-fluoro-penicillanate sulfides 4a, 6a, 7a; and sulfones 6c, 7d were synthesized. The conversion to their free acids 4b, 6b, 6d, 7b, 7e and potassium salts 7c, 7f are described. These acids and salt 7c were evaluated as beta-lactamase inhibitors using beta-lactamase I from Bacillus cereus. The data indicate that substitution of the 6 alpha-hydrogen by a 6 alpha-fluorine atom on 6 beta-bromopenicillanic acid (1), leads to loss of beta-lactamase inhibitory activity. In the case of the isomers 6 beta- and 6 alpha-fluoropenicillanic acids the 6 beta-enantiomer proved to be considerably more potent. Potassium salts of 6 beta-fluoropenicillanate sulfide and sulfone were unstable in solid state and in water solution. The fragmentation of the sulfone in two parts in water solution is consistent with the hydrolytic behavior to the penicillanic acid sulfone (2) with 0.5 N NaOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O Danelon
- Instituto de Química Orgánica de Síntesis (CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Argentina
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Tanaka R, Nakatsuka T, Ishiguro M. Novel conversion reaction of β-lactam to γ-lactam. Synthesis of γ-lactam analogs of penam and penem antibiotics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Jeschke T, Wensbo D, Annby U, Gronowitz S, Cohen LA. A novel approach to bz-substituted tryptophans via Pd-catalysed coupling / annulation. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(93)85073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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