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Abstract
Diverse structural types of natural products and their mimics have served as targets of opportunity in our laboratory to inspire the discovery and development of new methods and strategies to assemble polyfunctional and polycyclic molecular architectures. Furthermore, our efforts toward identifying novel compounds having useful biological properties led to the creation of new targets, many of which posed synthetic challenges that required the invention of new methodology. In this Perspective, selected examples of how we have exploited a diverse range of natural products and their mimics to create, explore, and solve a variety of problems in chemistry and biology will be discussed. The journey was not without its twists and turns, but the unexpected often led to new revelations and insights. Indeed, in our recent excursion into applications of synthetic organic chemistry to neuroscience, avoiding the more-traveled paths was richly rewarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Martin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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2
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Mitchell ML, Xu L, Newby ZE, Desai MC. Synthesis of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors via diastereoselective Henry reaction with nitrocyclopropane. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.01.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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3
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Barlow TMA, Jida M, Tourwé D, Ballet S. Efficient synthesis of conformationally constrained, amino-triazoloazepinone-containing di- and tripeptides via a one-pot Ugi-Huisgen tandem reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:6986-9. [PMID: 25116189 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01381f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe a catalyst-free procedure employing an Ugi-4CR between a β-azido-α-amino acid, propargylamine, an isocyanide and an aldehyde, followed by a thermal azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition to generate a 16-member library of amino-triazoloazepinone-bearing di- and tripeptides with up to four points of diversification and high atom economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M A Barlow
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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4
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Afarinkia K, Royappa M, Scowen IJ. Synthesis and Folding Properties of α-Hydroxy Phenylphosphinate Pseudopeptides. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2010.533723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Royappa
- a Institute of Cancer Therapeutics , Bradford , United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Scowen
- b Analytical Center , University of Bradford , Bradford , United Kingdom
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Afarinkia K, Royappa M, Scowen IJ, Steed JW, Yu HW. A synthesis of oligomeric α-hydroxy phenylphosphinates and a study of the conformational preferences of the dimers. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:600-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b917737j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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DeLorbe JE, Clements JH, Teresk MG, Benfield AP, Plake HR, Millspaugh LE, Martin SF. Thermodynamic and Structural Effects of Conformational Constraints in Protein−Ligand Interactions. Entropic Paradoxy Associated with Ligand Preorganization. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:16758-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ja904698q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John E. DeLorbe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, and The Texas Institute of Drug and Diagnostic Development, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - John H. Clements
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, and The Texas Institute of Drug and Diagnostic Development, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Martin G. Teresk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, and The Texas Institute of Drug and Diagnostic Development, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Aaron P. Benfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, and The Texas Institute of Drug and Diagnostic Development, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Hilary R. Plake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, and The Texas Institute of Drug and Diagnostic Development, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Laura E. Millspaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, and The Texas Institute of Drug and Diagnostic Development, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Stephen F. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, and The Texas Institute of Drug and Diagnostic Development, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
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Moghaddam S, Inoue Y, Gilson MK. Host-guest complexes with protein-ligand-like affinities: computational analysis and design. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:4012-21. [PMID: 19133781 DOI: 10.1021/ja808175m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been discovered that guests combining a nonpolar core with cationic substituents bind cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) in water with ultrahigh affinities. The present study uses the Mining Minima algorithm to study the physics of these extraordinary associations and to computationally test a new series of CB[7] ligands designed to bind with similarly high affinity. The calculations reproduce key experimental observations regarding the affinities of ferrocene-based guests with CB[7] and beta-cyclodextrin and provide a coherent view of the roles of electrostatics and configurational entropy as determinants of affinity in these systems. The newly designed series of compounds is based on a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane core, which is similar in size and polarity to the ferrocene core of the existing series. Mining Minima predicts that these new compounds will, like the ferrocenes, bind CB[7] with extremely high affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvin Moghaddam
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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Capriati V, Florio S, Luisi R. α-Substituted α-Lithiated Oxiranes: Useful Reactive Intermediates. Chem Rev 2008; 108:1918-42. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0683921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Capriati
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Bari, Consorzio Interuniversitario C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 - Bari, Italy
| | - Saverio Florio
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Bari, Consorzio Interuniversitario C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 - Bari, Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Bari, Consorzio Interuniversitario C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 - Bari, Italy
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Benfield AP, Teresk MG, Plake HR, DeLorbe JE, Millspaugh LE, Martin SF. Ligand preorganization may be accompanied by entropic penalties in protein-ligand interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:6830-5. [PMID: 17001728 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Benfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and The Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, 78712-1167, USA
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10
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Abstract
It is generally assumed that preorganizing a flexible ligand in the three-dimensional shape it adopts when bound to a macromolecular receptor will provide a derivative having an increased binding affinity, primarily because the rigidified molecule is expected to benefit from a lesser entropic penalty during complexation. We now provide the first experimental evidence that demonstrates this common belief is not universally true. Indeed, we find that ligand preorganization may be accompanied by an unfavorable entropy of binding, even when the constrained ligand exhibits a higher binding affinity than its flexible control. Thus, the effects that ligand preorganization have upon energetics and structure in protein-ligand interactions must be reevaluated.
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Benfield AP, Teresk MG, Plake HR, DeLorbe JE, Millspaugh LE, Martin SF. Ligand Preorganization May Be Accompanied by Entropic Penalties in Protein–Ligand Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Small peptides exhibit a wide range of biological activities, but although there are some notable exceptions, they are not generally useful as drugs. This has spurred widespread interest in designing peptidomimetics and introducing them as replacements of portions of native peptides to enhance their biological properties. Special attention has been focused upon rigid replacements because of their potential to preorganize the resulting pseudopeptide in a conformation corresponding to its bound structure. Toward this goal, we invented trisubstituted cyclopropanes as novel peptidomimetics, anticipating that the cyclopropane ring would locally orient the backbone and the corresponding amino acid side chain in the biologically active conformation. Selected aspects of the syntheses and applications of these cyclopropane-derived peptidomimetics are presented in this Account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reichelt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and The Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Development of Grb2 SH2 Domain Signaling Antagonists: A Potential New Class of Antiproliferative Agents. Int J Pept Res Ther 2006; 12:33-48. [PMID: 19444322 PMCID: PMC2678932 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-006-9014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant signaling through protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK)-dependent pathways is associated with several proliferative diseases. Accordingly, PTK inhibitors are being developed as new approaches for the treatment of certain cancers. Growth factor receptor bound protein 2 (Grb2) is an important downstream mediator of PTK signaling that serves obligatory roles in many pathogenic processes. One of the primary functions of Grb2 is to bind to specific phosphotyrosyl (pTyr)-containing sequences through its Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. Agents that bind to the Grb2 SH2 domain and prevent its normal function could disrupt associated PTK signaling and serve as alternatives to kinase-directed inhibitors. Starting from the X-ray crystal structure of a lead peptide bound to the Grb2 SH2 domain, this review will summarize important contributions to these efforts. The presentation will be thematically arranged according to the region of peptide modified, proceeding from the N-terminus to the C-terminus, with a special section devoted to aspects of conformational constraint.
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Oishi S, Karki RG, Shi ZD, Worthy KM, Bindu L, Chertov O, Esposito D, Frank P, Gillette WK, Maderia M, Hartley J, Nicklaus MC, Barchi JJ, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. Evaluation of macrocyclic Grb2 SH2 domain-binding peptide mimetics prepared by ring-closing metathesis of C-terminal allylglycines with an N-terminal beta-vinyl-substituted phosphotyrosyl mimetic. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2431-8. [PMID: 15755645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Preferential binding of ligands to Grb2 SH2 domains in beta-bend conformations has made peptide cyclization a logical means of effecting affinity enhancement. This is based on the concept that constraint of open-chain sequences to bend geometries may reduce entropy penalties of binding. The current study extends this approach by undertaking ring-closing metathesis (RCM) macrocyclization between i and i+3 residues through a process involving allylglycines and beta-vinyl-functionalized residues. Ring closure in this fashion results in minimal macrocyclic tetrapeptide mimetics. The predominant effects of such macrocyclization on Grb2 SH2 domain binding affinity were increases in rates of association (from 7- to 16-fold) relative to an open-chain congener, while decreases in dissociation rates were less pronounced (approximately 2-fold). The significant increases in association rates were consistent with pre-ordering of solution conformations to near those required for binding. Data from NMR experiments and molecular modeling simulations were used to interpret the binding results. An understanding of the conformational consequences of such i to i+3 ring closure may facilitate its application to other systems where bend geometries are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Oishi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, PO Box B, Bldg. 376 Boyles St. Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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Florio S, Perna FM, Luisi R, Barluenga J, Fañanás FJ, Rodríguez F. Stereoselective Synthesis of Pentacarbonyl(3-oxa-2-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexylidene)- and Pentacarbonyl(cyclopropylmethoxymethylene)tungsten Compounds on the Route to Cyclopropane-γ-lactones and -carboxylates. J Org Chem 2004; 69:9204-7. [PMID: 15609956 DOI: 10.1021/jo048731v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The diastereoselective synthesis of pentacarbonyl-3-oxa-2-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexylidene- and pentacarbonyl(cyclopropylmethoxymethylene)tungsten compounds 4 and 9 by the reaction of lithiated oxazolinyloxiranes 2 and 8 and Fischer carbene tungsten complexes 3 is described. A mechanism for the formation of 4 and 9 is reported as well as their oxidation to cyclopropane-gamma-lactone 13 and -carboxylate 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Florio
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Universitá di Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70126-Bari, Italy.
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Liu WQ, Vidal M, Olszowy C, Million E, Lenoir C, Dhôtel H, Garbay C. Structure-activity relationships of small phosphopeptides, inhibitors of Grb2 SH2 domain, and their prodrugs. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1223-33. [PMID: 14971902 DOI: 10.1021/jm031005k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To develop potential antitumor agents directed toward HER2/ErbB2 overexpression in cancer, we have designed inhibitors of the recognition between the phosphotyrosine of the receptor and the SH2 domain of the adaptor protein Grb2. In the first part of the paper, we report the synthesis of mimetics of the constrained (alpha-Me)phosphotyrosine residue such as (alpha-Me)-4-phosphonomethylphenylalanine (-CH2PO3H2), (alpha-Me) 4-phosphonodifluoromethylphenylalanine (-CF2PO3H2), and (alpha-Me)-4-phosphonophenylalanine (-PO3H2). The incorporation of these residues in the mAZ-pTyr-Xaa-Asn-NH2 series provided compounds with very high affinity for the Grb2 SH2 domain, in the 10(-8)-10(-9) range of Kd values. These compounds behave as potent antagonists of the Grb2-Shc interaction. Our results highlight the importance of the doubly negative charge borne by the pY + 1 amino acid in accordance with the interactions observed in the complex crystallized between mAZ-pTyr-(alphaMe)pTyr-Asn-NH2 and the Grb2 SH2 domain. mAZ-pTyr-(alphaMe)pTyr-Asn-NH2 was derivatized as the S-acetyl thioester (SATE) of the phosphotyrosine residues, and its surrogates provided prodrugs with very potent antiproliferative activity on cells overexpressing HER2/ErbB2, with ED50 values amounting to 0.1 microM. Finally a new prodrug is put forth under the form of a monobenzyl ester of phosphate group that is as active as and much easier to synthesize than SATE prodrugs. These compounds show promising activity for further testing on in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Qing Liu
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire & Structurale, INSERM U266, CNRS FRE 2463, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris 06, France
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Tavares FX, Boncek V, Deaton DN, Hassell AM, Long ST, Miller AB, Payne AA, Miller LR, Shewchuk LM, Wells-Knecht K, Willard DH, Wright LL, Zhou HQ. Design of Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitors of Cysteine Protease Cathepsin K. J Med Chem 2003; 47:588-99. [PMID: 14736240 DOI: 10.1021/jm030373l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclast-mediated bone matrix resorption has been attributed to cathepsin K, a cysteine protease of the papain family that is abundantly and selectively expressed in osteoclast. Inhibition of cathepsin K could potentially be an effective method to prevent osteoporosis. Structure-activity studies on a series of reversible ketoamides based inhibitors of cathepsin K have led to identification of potent and selective compounds. Crystallographic studies have given insights into the mode of binding of these inhibitors. A series of ketoamides with varying P1 moieties were first synthesized to find an optimum group that would fit into the S1 subsite of the cysteine protease, cathepsin K. With a desired P1 group in place a variety of heterocyclic analogues in the P' region were synthesized to study their steric and electronic effects. In the process of exploring these P' heterocyclic variations, excellent selectivity was gained over other highly homologous cysteine proteases, including cathepsins L, S, and V. The favorable pharmacokinetic properties of some of these cathepsin K inhibitors in rats make them suitable for evaluation in rodent osteoporosis models. A representative cathepsin K inhibitor was shown to attenuate PTH-stimulated hypercalcemia in the TPTX rat model. These inhibitors provide a viable lead series in the discovery of new therapies for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis X Tavares
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Wang XZ, Yao ZJ, Liu H, Zhang M, Yang D, George C, Burke TR. Synthesis of a phosphotyrosyl analogue having χ1, χ2 and φ angles constrained to values observed for an SH2 domain-bound phosphotyrosyl residue. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00978-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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