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Del Arco J, Acosta J, Fernández-Lucas J. New trends in the biocatalytic production of nucleosidic active pharmaceutical ingredients using 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107701. [PMID: 33515673 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, pharmaceutical industry demands competitive and eco-friendly processes for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) manufacturing. In this context, enzyme and whole-cell mediated processes offer an efficient, sustainable and cost-effective alternative to the traditional multi-step and environmentally-harmful chemical processes. Particularly, 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases (NDTs) have emerged as a novel synthetic alternative, not only to chemical but also to other enzyme-mediated synthetic processes. This review describes recent findings in the development and scaling up of NDTs as industrial biocatalysts, including the most relevant and recent examples of single enzymatic steps, multienzyme cascades, chemo-enzymatic approaches, and engineered biocatalysts. Finally, to reflect the inventive and innovative steps of NDT-mediated bioprocesses, a detailed analysis of recently granted patents, with specific focus on industrial synthesis of nucleoside-based APIs, is hereunder presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, E-28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Acosta
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, E-28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, E-28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55 - 66, Barranquilla, Colombia.
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Abstract
Despite the impressive progress in nucleoside chemistry to date, the synthesis of nucleoside analogues is still a challenge. Chemoenzymatic synthesis has been proven to overcome most of the constraints of conventional nucleoside chemistry. A purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Aeromonas hydrophila (AhPNP) has been used herein to catalyze the synthesis of Ribavirin, Tecadenoson, and Cladribine, by a “one-pot, one-enzyme” transglycosylation, which is the transfer of the carbohydrate moiety from a nucleoside donor to a heterocyclic base. As the sugar donor, 7-methylguanosine iodide and its 2′-deoxy counterpart were synthesized and incubated either with the “purine-like” base or the modified purine of the three selected APIs. Good conversions (49–67%) were achieved in all cases under screening conditions. Following this synthetic scheme, 7-methylguanine arabinoside iodide was also prepared with the purpose to synthesize the antiviral Vidarabine by a novel approach. However, in this case, neither the phosphorolysis of the sugar donor, nor the transglycosylation reaction were observed. This study was enlarged to two other ribonucleosides structurally related to Ribavirin and Tecadenoson, namely, Acadesine, or AICAR, and 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine, or CCPA. Only the formation of CCPA was observed (52%). This study paves the way for the development of a new synthesis of the target APIs at a preparative scale. Furthermore, the screening herein reported contributes to the collection of new data about the specific substrate requirements of AhPNP.
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Lapponi MJ, Rivero CW, Zinni MA, Britos CN, Trelles JA. New developments in nucleoside analogues biosynthesis: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fernández-Lucas J. Multienzymatic synthesis of nucleic acid derivatives: a general perspective. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4615-27. [PMID: 25952113 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Living cells are most perfect synthetic factory. The surprising synthetic efficiency of biological systems is allowed by the combination of multiple processes catalyzed by enzymes working sequentially. In this sense, biocatalysis tries to reproduce nature's synthetic strategies to perform the synthesis of different organic compounds using natural catalysts such as cells or enzymes. Nowadays, the use of multienzymatic systems in biocatalysis is becoming a habitual strategy for the synthesis of organic compounds that leads to the realization of complex synthetic schemes. By combining several steps in one pot, a significant step economy can be realized and the potential for environmentally benign synthesis is improved. Using this sustainable synthetic system, several work-up steps can be avoided and pure products are ideally isolated after a series of reactions in one single vessel after just one straightforward purification step. In recent years, enzymatic methodology for the preparation of nucleic acid derivatives (NADs) has become a standard technique for the synthesis of a wide variety of natural NADs. Enzymatic methods have been shown to be an efficient alternative for the synthesis of nucleoside and nucleotide analogs to the traditional multistep chemical methods, since chemical glycosylation reactions include several protection-deprotection steps and the use of chemical reagents and organic solvents that are expensive and environmentally harmful. In this minireview, we want to illustrate what we consider the most current relevant examples of in vivo and in vitro multienzymatic systems used for the synthesis of nucleic acid derivatives showing advantages and disadvantages of each methodology. Finally, a detailed perspective about the impact of -omics in multienzymatic systems has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, European University of Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Calle Tajo, s/n, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain,
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New insights on nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases: a versatile biocatalyst for one-pot one-step synthesis of nucleoside analogs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:3773-85. [PMID: 23529679 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4816-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, glycosiltransferases have arisen as standard biocatalysts for the enzymatic synthesis of a wide variety of natural and non-natural nucleosides. Such enzymatic synthesis of nucleoside analogs catalyzed by nucleoside phosphorylases and 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases (NDTs) has demonstrated to be an efficient alternative to the traditional multistep chemical methods, since chemical glycosylation reactions include several protection-deprotection steps. This minireview exhaustively covers literature reports on this topic with the final aim of presenting NDTs as an efficient option to nucleoside phosphorylases for the synthesis of natural and non-natural nucleosides. Detailed comments about structure and catalytic mechanism of described NDTs, as well as their possible biological role, substrate specificity, and advances in detection of new enzyme specificities towards different non-natural nucleoside synthesis are included. In addition, optimization of enzymatic transglycosylation reactions and their application in the synthesis of natural and non-natural nucleosides have been described. Finally, immobilization of NDTs is shown as a practical procedure which leads to the preparation of very interesting biocatalysts applicable to industrial nucleoside synthesis.
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Zhu S, Song D, Gong C, Tang P, Li X, Wang J, Zheng G. Biosynthesis of nucleoside analogues via thermostable nucleoside phosphorylase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:6769-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fernández-Lucas J, Fresco-Taboada A, Acebal C, de la Mata I, Arroyo M. Enzymatic synthesis of nucleoside analogues using immobilized 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase from Lactobacillus reuteri. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:317-27. [PMID: 21476139 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Covalent attachment of recombinant Lactobacillus reuteri 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase to Sepabeads EC-EP303 leads to the immobilized biocatalyst SLrNDT4, which displayed an enzymatic activity of 65.4 IU/g of wet biocatalyst in 2'-deoxyadenosine synthesis from 2'-deoxyuridine and adenine at 40°C and pH 6.5. Response surface methodology was employed for the optimization of SLrNDT4 activity. Optimal conditions for SLrNDT4 highest activity were observed at 40°C and pH 6.5. Immobilized biocatalyst retained 50% of its maximal activity after 17.9 h at 60°C, whereas 96% activity was observed after storage at 40°C for 110 h. This novel immobilized biocatalyst has been successfully employed in the enzymatic synthesis of different natural and therapeutic nucleosides effective against cancer and viral diseases. Among these last products, enzymatic synthesis of therapeutic nucleosides such as 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-trifluorothymidine has been carried out for the first time. Importantly for its potential application, SLrNDT4 could be recycled for 26 consecutive batch reactions in the synthesis of 2,6-diaminopurine-2'-deoxyriboside with negligible loss of catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, c/José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Enzymatic synthesis of 2′-deoxyadenosine and 6-methylpurine-2′-deoxyriboside by Escherichia coli DH5α overexpressing nucleoside phosphorylases from Escherichia coli BL21. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 110:165-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fernández-Lucas J, Acebal C, Sinisterra JV, Arroyo M, de la Mata I. Lactobacillus reuteri 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase, a novel biocatalyst for tailoring of nucleosides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:1462-70. [PMID: 20048065 PMCID: PMC2832402 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01685-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel type II nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase from Lactobacillus reuteri (LrNDT) has been cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant LrNDT has been structural and functionally characterized. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis revealed a homohexameric molecule of 114 kDa. Circular dichroism studies have showed a secondary structure containing 55% alpha-helix, 10% beta-strand, 16% beta-sheet, and 19% random coil. LrNDT was thermostable with a melting temperature (T(m)) of 64 degrees C determined by fluorescence, circular dichroism, and differential scanning calorimetric studies. The enzyme showed high activity in a broad pH range (4.6 to 7.9) and was also very stable between pH 4 and 7.9. The optimal temperature for activity was 40 degrees C. The recombinant LrNDT was able to synthesize natural and nonnatural nucleoside analogues, improving activities described in the literature, and remarkably, exhibited unexpected new arabinosyltransferase activity, which had not been described so far in this kind of enzyme. Furthermore, synthesis of new arabinonucleosides and 2'-fluorodeoxyribonucleosides was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/ José Antonio Nováis 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Industrial Biotransformations Service, Scientific Park of Madrid, C/Santiago Grisolía n°2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Acebal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/ José Antonio Nováis 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Industrial Biotransformations Service, Scientific Park of Madrid, C/Santiago Grisolía n°2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - José V. Sinisterra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/ José Antonio Nováis 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Industrial Biotransformations Service, Scientific Park of Madrid, C/Santiago Grisolía n°2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Arroyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/ José Antonio Nováis 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Industrial Biotransformations Service, Scientific Park of Madrid, C/Santiago Grisolía n°2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel de la Mata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/ José Antonio Nováis 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Industrial Biotransformations Service, Scientific Park of Madrid, C/Santiago Grisolía n°2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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Almendros M, Gago JVS, Carlos JB. Thermus thermophilus strains active in purine nucleoside synthesis. Molecules 2009; 14:1279-87. [PMID: 19325523 PMCID: PMC6253774 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14031279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several strains of Thermus thermophilus were tested in order to detect purine nucleoside synthase activity using pyrimidine nucleosides as the sugar-donor and adenine or hypoxanthine as bases. High productivity values (t =1 hr) were obtained while completely avoiding adenosine-deaminase degradation of the products. N-2-deoxy-ribosyltransferase activity is described for the first time in hyperthermophilic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Almendros
- Biotransformations Group. Servicio de Biotransformaciones Industriales. Parque Científico de Madrid. C/ Santiago Grisolia nº 2. 28760 Tres Cantos. Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, UAM 28049 Cantoblanco. Madrid. Spain
| | - José-Vicente Sinisterra Gago
- Biotransformations Group. Servicio de Biotransformaciones Industriales. Parque Científico de Madrid. C/ Santiago Grisolia nº 2. 28760 Tres Cantos. Madrid, Spain
- Department of Organic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Faculty of Pharmacy. Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: ; Tel.: 34-91-8040581; Fax: 34-91-8037289
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Fernández-Lucas J, Condezo LA, Quezada MA, Sinisterra JV. Low-temperature synthesis of 2'-deoxyadenosine using immobilized psychrotrophic microorganisms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 100:213-22. [PMID: 18098315 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Selective biocatalyzed synthesis of 2'-deoxyadenosine from 2'-deoxypyrimidine nucleosides was carried out using free or immobilized whole cells. The reaction was performed at 57 degrees C without secondary reactions. Two psychrotrophic microorganisms, Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus and Psychrobacter immobilis, are described for the first time as active and specific strains for the synthesis of 2'-deoxyadenosine. Adenosine deaminase activity was not detected. Whole cells were immobilized in different matrixes. Calcium alginate and calcium pectate gave the best biocatalysts. The synthesis of 2'-deoxyadenosine follows an apparent first order kinetic expression. External mass transfer control was negligible as deduced from k(s), N(A), and Omega values. Internal mass transfer was the rate controlling step according to eta(T) and phi values.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fernández-Lucas
- Biotransformations Group, Department of Organic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Fernández-Lucas J, Condezo L, Martinez-Lagos F, Sinisterra J. Synthesis of 2′-deoxyibosylnucleosides using new 2′-deoxyribosyltransferase microorganism producers. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Immobilised derivatives of Williopsis californica, Williopsis saturnus, Pachysolen tannophilus: New biocatalysts useful in the stereoselective oxidation of 1-tetralol. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Deng XM, Sun XL, Tang Y. Highly Regioselective Rearrangement of 2-Substituted Vinylepoxides Catalyzed by Gallium(III) Triflate. J Org Chem 2005; 70:6537-40. [PMID: 16050727 DOI: 10.1021/jo050810z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gallium(III) triflate catalyzed the rearrangement of 2-substituted vinylepoxides into beta,gamma-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with high regio- and chemoselectivity (>97/3) in low catalyst loading (1-5 mol %). The alkyl-substituted trimethylsilylvinyl epoxides gave beta,gamma-unsaturated ketone, but aryl-substituted vinylepoxides gave the aldehydes instead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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Trelles J, Fernández-Lucas J, Condezo L, Sinisterra J. Nucleoside synthesis by immobilised bacterial whole cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bentancor L, Trelles J, Nóbile M, Lewkowicz E, Iribarren A. Benzimidazole as deazapurine analogue for microbial transglycosylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Luisi R, Capriati V, Carlucci C, Degennaro L, Florio S. Lithiation of optically active oxazolinyloxiranes: configurational stability. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pearson MSM, Robin A, Bourgougnon N, Meslin JC, Deniaud D. An Efficient Route to Pyrimidine Nucleoside Analogues by [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction. J Org Chem 2003; 68:8583-7. [PMID: 14575489 DOI: 10.1021/jo034709a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report here an efficient synthesis for pyrimidine nucleoside analogues by [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. These compounds were obtained by convergent chemistry from glycosyl isothiocyanates 3a-f (pyranoses, furanoses, and dissaccharides) and diazadienium salt 5. In fact, diazapentadienium iodide 5 prepared from vinylthioamide 4 is an efficient intermediate in heterocyclic synthesis and reacts with isothiocyanates 3a-f affording beta-D-uracil analogues 7a-f in good yields and with total regiocontrol. All compounds were fully characterized by IR, HRMS, and 13C and 1H NMR (COSY and HMQC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Morwenna S M Pearson
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, UMR CNRS 6513, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2, Rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes 03, France
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