1
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Bergner J, Walla C, Rominger F, Dreuw A, Kivala M. Inducing Curvature to Pyracylene upon π‐Expansion. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201554. [PMID: 35652474 PMCID: PMC9543126 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We disclose a successive π‐expansion of pyracylene towards boat‐shaped polycyclic scaffolds. The unique structural features of the resulting compounds were revealed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Depending on the extent of π‐expansion the compounds display intense bathochromically shifted absorption bands in their UV/Vis spectra and are prone to several redox events as documented by cyclic voltammetry. The experimental observations are in line with the computational studies based on density functional theory, suggesting progressive narrowing of the HOMO–LUMO gap and distinct evolution of the electronic structure and aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bergner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christian Walla
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 A 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 A 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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2
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Nishino T, Martin CJ, Yasuhara K, Rapenne G. Nanocars based on Polyaromatic or Porphyrinic Chassis. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Nishino
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST
| | - Colin J. Martin
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST
| | - Kazuma Yasuhara
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST
| | - Gwénaël Rapenne
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST
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3
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Nishino T, Martin CJ, Takeuchi H, Lim F, Yasuhara K, Gisbert Y, Abid S, Saffon-Merceron N, Kammerer C, Rapenne G. Dipolar Nanocars Based on a Porphyrin Backbone. Chemistry 2020; 26:12010-12018. [PMID: 32530071 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a new family of nanocars is reported. To control their motion, we integrated a dipole which can be tuned thanks to strategic donor and acceptor substituents at the 5- and 15-positions of the porphyrin backbone. The two other meso positions are substituted with ethynyltriptycene moieties which are known to act as wheels. Full characterization of nine nanocars is presented as well as the electrochemistry of these push-pull molecules. DFT calculations allowed us to evaluate the magnitude of the dipoles and to understand the electrochemical behavior and how it is affected by the electron donating and accepting groups present. An X-ray crystal structure of one nanocar has also been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Nishino
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Colin J Martin
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.,International Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems, NAIST-CEMES, 29 rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France
| | - Hiroki Takeuchi
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Florence Lim
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kazuma Yasuhara
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yohan Gisbert
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 29, rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France
| | - Seifallah Abid
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 29, rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- UPS, Université de Toulouse, Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, FR 2599, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Kammerer
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 29, rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France
| | - Gwénaël Rapenne
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.,International Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems, NAIST-CEMES, 29 rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France.,CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 29, rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France
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4
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Howe ME, Garcia-Garibay MA. The Roles of Intrinsic Barriers and Crystal Fluidity in Determining the Dynamics of Crystalline Molecular Rotors and Molecular Machines. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9835-9849. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E. Howe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Miguel A. Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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5
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Kammerer C, Erbland G, Gisbert Y, Nishino T, Yasuhara K, Rapenne G. Biomimetic and Technomimetic Single Molecular Machines. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.181019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yohan Gisbert
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Toshio Nishino
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kazuma Yasuhara
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Gwénaël Rapenne
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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6
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Locke GM, Bernhard SSR, Senge MO. Nonconjugated Hydrocarbons as Rigid-Linear Motifs: Isosteres for Material Sciences and Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:4590-4647. [PMID: 30387906 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonconjugated hydrocarbons, like bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, triptycene, and cubane are a unique class of rigid linkers. Due to their similarity in size and shape they are useful mimics of classic benzene moieties in drugs, so-called bioisosteres. Moreover, they also fulfill an important role in material sciences as linear linkers, in order to arrange various functionalities in a defined spatial manner. In this Review article, recent developments and usages of these special, rectilinear systems are discussed. Furthermore, we focus on covalently linked, nonconjugated linear arrangements and discuss the physical and chemical properties and differences of individual linkers, as well as their application in material and medicinal sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M Locke
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Stefan S R Bernhard
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
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7
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Soe WH, Durand C, Guillermet O, Gauthier S, de Rouville HPJ, Srivastava S, Kammerer C, Rapenne G, Joachim C. Surface manipulation of a curved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-based nano-vehicle molecule equipped with triptycene wheels. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:495401. [PMID: 30207539 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aae0d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With a central curved chassis, a four-wheeled molecule-vehicle was deposited on a Au(111) surface and imaged at low temperature using a scanning tunneling microscope. The curved conformation of the chassis and the consequent moderate interactions of the four wheels with the surface were observed. The dI/dV constant current maps of the tunneling electronic resonances close to the Au(111) Fermi level were recorded to identify the potential energy entry port on the molecular skeleton to trigger and control the driving of the molecule. A lateral pushing mode of molecular manipulation and the consequent recording of the manipulation signals confirm how the wheels can step-by-step rotate while passing over the Au(111) surface native herringbone reconstructions. Switching a phenyl holding a wheel to the chassis was not observed for triggering a lateral molecular motion inelastically and without any mechanic push by the tip apex. This points out the necessity to encode the sequence of the required wheels action on the profile of the potential energy surface of the excited states to be able to drive a molecule-vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-H Soe
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29 Rue J. Marvig, BP 94347, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex, France. International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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8
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Abstract
This review article presents our accomplished work on the synthesis of molecular triptycene wheels and their introduction into nanovehicles such as wheelbarrows and nanocars, equipped with two and four wheels, respectively. The architecture of nanovehicles is based on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which provide a potential cargo zone. Our strategy allowed us to obtain planar or curved nanocars, exhibiting different mobilities on metallic surfaces. Our curved nanocar participated in the first nanocar race organized in Toulouse (France) on 28 and 29 April 2017.
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9
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Abstract
The widespread use of molecular-level motion in key natural processes suggests that great rewards could come from bridging the gap between the present generation of synthetic molecular machines-which by and large function as switches-and the machines of the macroscopic world, which utilize the synchronized behavior of integrated components to perform more sophisticated tasks than is possible with any individual switch. Should we try to make molecular machines of greater complexity by trying to mimic machines from the macroscopic world or instead apply unfamiliar (and no doubt have to discover or invent currently unknown) mechanisms utilized by biological machines? Here we try to answer that question by exploring some of the advances made to date using bio-inspired machine mechanisms.
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10
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Tu YB, Tao ML, Sun K, Ni C, Xie F, Wang JZ. Monitoring and manipulating single molecule rotors on the Bi(111) surface by the scanning tunneling microscopy. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05611g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MnPc rotors were started and stopped by controlling the intermolecular spacing with the STM tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bing Tu
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Min-Long Tao
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Kai Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Chen Ni
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Fang Xie
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Jun-Zhong Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
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11
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Chérioux F, Galangau O, Palmino F, Rapenne G. Controlled Directional Motions of Molecular Vehicles, Rotors, and Motors: From Metallic to Silicon Surfaces, a Strategy to Operate at Higher Temperatures. Chemphyschem 2015; 17:1742-51. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Chérioux
- Institut FEMTO-ST; Université de Franche-Comté, CNRS, UBFC; 15B Avenue des Montboucons 25030 Besançon France
| | - Olivier Galangau
- NanoSciences Group; CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011; 29 rue J. Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
- International Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems; NAIST-CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011; 29 rue J. Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
| | - Frank Palmino
- Institut FEMTO-ST; Université de Franche-Comté, CNRS, UBFC; 15B Avenue des Montboucons 25030 Besançon France
| | - Gwénaël Rapenne
- Université de Toulouse, UPS; 29 rue J. Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
- NanoSciences Group; CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011; 29 rue J. Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
- International Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems; NAIST-CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011; 29 rue J. Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
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12
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Sirven AM, Garbage R, Qiao Y, Kammerer C, Rapenne G. Synthesis of Functionalized Mono-, Bis-, and Trisethynyltriptycenes for One-Dimensional Self-Assembly on Surfaces. Chemistry 2015; 21:15013-9. [PMID: 26334027 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of triptycene-based building blocks that are able to interact through hydrogen bonds to form one-dimensional self-assembled motifs on surfaces. We designed 9,10-diethynyltriptycene derivatives functionalized at the ethynyl end groups by a variety of hydrogen-bonding groups for homomolecular recognition and complementary building blocks for heteromolecular recognition. We also present the synthesis of bis- and trisethynyltriptycenes with terminal alkyne functional groups available for on-surface azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction to expand the potential of the triptycene building block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès M Sirven
- NanoSciences Group, CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011, 29 rue J. Marvig, 31055 Toulouse (France)
| | - Romain Garbage
- NanoSciences Group, CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011, 29 rue J. Marvig, 31055 Toulouse (France)
| | - Yun Qiao
- NanoSciences Group, CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011, 29 rue J. Marvig, 31055 Toulouse (France).,Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 (Japan)
| | - Claire Kammerer
- NanoSciences Group, CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011, 29 rue J. Marvig, 31055 Toulouse (France).,Université de Toulouse, UPS, 29 rue J. Marvig, 31055 Toulouse (France)
| | - Gwénaël Rapenne
- NanoSciences Group, CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011, 29 rue J. Marvig, 31055 Toulouse (France). .,Université de Toulouse, UPS, 29 rue J. Marvig, 31055 Toulouse (France).
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Erbas-Cakmak
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie T. McTernan
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alina
L. Nussbaumer
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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14
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Desymmetrization on both ligands of pentaphenylcyclopentadienylhydrotris(indazolyl) borate ruthenium(II) complexes: Prototypes of organometallic molecular gears and motors. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Feng Y, Wang T, Xiang J, Gan L, Wu B, Jiang L, Wang C. Tuneable dynamics of a scandium nitride cluster inside an Ih-C80 cage. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:2057-61. [PMID: 25558825 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02892a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The internal clusters in metallofullerenes usually exhibit certain motion that is potentially usable in molecular gyroscopes and nano-machines. Based on (45)Sc NMR, the motion of the scandium nitride cluster within the C80 cage was investigated via varying the temperature and modifying the cage, and by changing the cluster size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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16
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Santi S, Bisello A, Cardena R, Donoli A. Key multi(ferrocenyl) complexes in the interplay between electronic coupling and electrostatic interaction. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:5234-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03581j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the properties of the most significant examples of multi(ferrocenyl) cations containing a number of ferrocenyl units from two to six are discussed and the results are compared with the outcomes of some of our recent studies on conjugated ferrocenyl complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Santi
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Annalisa Bisello
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Roberta Cardena
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
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17
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Doistau B, Tron A, Denisov SA, Jonusauskas G, McClenaghan ND, Gontard G, Marvaud V, Hasenknopf B, Vives G. Terpy(Pt-salphen)2 switchable luminescent molecular tweezers. Chemistry 2014; 20:15799-807. [PMID: 25286882 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of switchable molecular tweezers based on a luminescent terpy(Pt-salphen)2 (1; terpy=terpyridine) complex is reported. Upon metal coordination, the tweezers can switch from an open "W"-shaped conformation to a closed "U"-shaped form that is adapted for selective recognition of cations. Closing of the tweezers by metal coordination (M=Zn(2+), Cu(2+), Pb(2+), Fe(2+), Hg(2+)) was monitored by (1)H NMR and/or UV/Vis titrations. During the titration, exclusive formation of the 1:1 complex [M(1)] was observed, without appearance of an intermediate 1:2 complex [M(1)2]. The crystallographic structure of the 1:1 complex was obtained with Pb(2+) and showed a distorted helical structure. Selective intercalation of Hg(2+) cations by the closed "U" form was observed. The tweezers were reopened by selective metal decoordination of the terpyridine ligand by using tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (tren) as a competitive ligand without modification of the Pt-salphen complex. Detailed photophysical studies were performed on the open and closed tweezers. Structured emission was observed in the open form from the Pt-salphen moieties, with a high quantum yield and a long lifetime. The emission is slightly modified upon closing with 1 equivalent of Zn(2+) or Hg(2+), whereas a dramatic quenching was obtained upon intercalation of additional Hg(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Doistau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris (France), Fax: (+33) 1-44-27-38-41; CNRS, UMR 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris (France)
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18
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Abstract
In the last decade many molecular machines with controlled molecular motions have been synthesized. In the present review chapter we will present and discuss our contribution to the field, in particular through some examples of rotating molecular machines that have been designed, synthesized, and studied in our group. After starting by explaining why it is so important to study such machines as single molecules, we will focus on two families of molecular machines, nanovehicles and molecular motors. The first members of the nanovehicle family are molecules with two triptycenes as wheels: the axle and the wheelbarrow. Then come the four-wheel nanocars. Since triptycene wheels are not very mobile on metallic surfaces, alternative wheels with a bowl-shape structure have also been synthesized and studied on surfaces. The molecular motors are built around ruthenium organometallic centers and have a piano-stool geometry with peripheric ferrocenyl groups.
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19
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Abstract
The design, synthesis, and running of a molecular nanovehicle on a surface assisted by proper nanocommunication channels for feeding and guiding the vehicle now constitute an active field of research and are no longer a nano-joke. In this Perspective, we describe how this field began, its growth, and problems to be solved. Better molecular wheels, a molecular motor with its own gears assembling for torque transmission must be mounted on (i.e., chemically bonded to) a good molecular chassis for the resulting covalently constructed molecular nanovehicle to run on a surface in a controlled manner at the atomic scale. We propose a yearly molecule concept nanocar contest to boost molecular nanovehicle research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Joachim
- CEMES-CNRS, NanoSciences Group & MANA Satellite, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, F-31055 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
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20
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Chuang CJ, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. A Two-Stage Molecular Retractable Cable Featuring Push-Button and Rotary Two-Way Switching Modes. Chemistry 2012; 18:16698-707. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Jacquot de Rouville HP, Garbage R, Cook RE, Pujol AR, Sirven AM, Rapenne G. Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Based Nanovehicles Equipped with Triptycene Wheels. Chemistry 2012; 18:3023-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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Zhang H, Cao D, Liu W, Jiang H, Meier H. Synthesis of Heterocyclic Homotriptycenes. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5531-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200110w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Ghanem BS, Hashem M, Harris KDM, Msayib KJ, Xu M, Budd PM, Chaukura N, Book D, Tedds S, Walton A, McKeown NB. Triptycene-Based Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity: Organic Materials That Can Be Tailored for Gas Adsorption. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100640m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bader S. Ghanem
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Almadinah Almonawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Hashem
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | | | | | - Mingcan Xu
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Peter M. Budd
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL,U.K
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL,U.K
| | - David Book
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Steven Tedds
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Allan Walton
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
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Grill L. Large molecules on surfaces: deposition and intramolecular STM manipulation by directional forces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:084023. [PMID: 21389399 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/8/084023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular manipulation of single molecules on a surface with a scanning tunnelling microscope enables the controlled modification of their structure and, consequently, their physical and chemical properties. This review presents examples of intramolecular manipulation experiments with rather large molecules, driven by directional, i.e. chemical or electrostatic, forces between tip and molecule. It is shown how various regimes of forces can be explored and characterized with one and the same manipulation of a single molecule by changing the tip-surface distance. Furthermore, different deposition techniques under ultrahigh vacuum conditions are discussed because the increasing functionality of such molecules can lead to fragmentation during the heating step, making their clean deposition difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Grill
- Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Fritz-Haber-Institut of the Max-Planck-Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Rapenne G. Synthesis of substituted indazoles and their corresponding tris(indazolyl)borate tripodal ligands as key building blocks for molecular motors. Inorganica Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2009.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
The drive to miniaturize devices has led to a variety of molecular machines inspired by macroscopic counterparts such as molecular motors, switches, shuttles, turnstiles, barrows, elevators, and nanovehicles. Such nanomachines are designed for controlled mechanical motion and the transport of nanocargo. As researchers miniaturize devices, they can consider two complementary approaches: (1) the "top-down" approach, which reduces the size of macroscopic objects to reach an equivalent microscopic entity using photolithography and related techniques and (2) the "bottom-up" approach, which builds functional microscopic or nanoscopic entities from molecular building blocks. The top-down approach, extensively used by the semiconductor industry, is nearing its scaling limits. On the other hand, the bottom-up approach takes advantage of the self-assembly of smaller molecules into larger networks by exploiting typically weak molecular interactions. But self-assembly alone will not permit complex assembly. Using nanomachines, we hope to eventually consider complex, enzyme-like directed assembly. With that ultimate goal, we are currently exploring the control of nanomachines that would provide a basis for the future bottom-up construction of complex systems. This Account describes the synthesis of a class of molecular machines that resemble macroscopic vehicles. We designed these so-called nanocars for study at the single-molecule level by scanning probe microscopy (SPM). The vehicles have a chassis connected to wheel-terminated axles and convert energy inputs such as heat, electric fields, or light into controlled motion on a surface, ultimately leading to transport of nanocargo. At first, we used C(60) fullerenes as wheels, which allowed the demonstration of a directional rolling mechanism of a nanocar on a gold surface by STM. However, because of the low solubility of the fullerene nanocars and the incompatibility of fullerenes with photochemical processes, we developed new p-carborane- and ruthenium-based wheels with greater solubility in organic solvents. Although fullerene wheels must be attached in the final synthetic step, p-carborane- and ruthenium-based wheels do not inhibit organometallic coupling reactions, which allows a more convergent synthesis of molecular machines. We also prepared functional nanotrucks for the transport of atoms and molecules, as well as self-assembling nanocars and nanotrains. Although engineering challenges such as movement over long distance and non-atomically flat surfaces remain, the greatest current research challenge is imaging. The detailed study of nanocars requires complementary single molecule imaging techniques such as STM, AFM, TEM, or single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. Further developments in engineering and synthesis could lead to enzyme-like manipulation and assembly of atoms and small molecules in nonbiological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Vives
- Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS-222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - James M. Tour
- Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS-222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
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Carella A, Launay JP, Poteau R, Rapenne G. Synthesis and Reactivity of [Penta(4-halogenophenyl)cyclopentadienyl][hydrotris(indazolyl)borato]ruthenium(II) Complexes: Rotation-Induced Fosbury Flop in an Organometallic Molecular Turnstile. Chemistry 2008; 14:8147-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Vives G, Carella A, Launay JP, Rapenne G. The chemistry of 1,2,3,4,5-pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl hydrotris(indazolyl)borate ruthenium(II) complexes, building blocks for the construction of potential organometallic molecular motors. Coord Chem Rev 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sasaki T, Osgood AJ, Kiappes JL, Kelly KF, Tour JM. Synthesis of a Porphyrin-Fullerene Pinwheel. Org Lett 2008; 10:1377-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ol7029917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sasaki
- Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and The R. E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Andrew J. Osgood
- Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and The R. E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - J. L. Kiappes
- Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and The R. E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Kevin F. Kelly
- Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and The R. E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - James M. Tour
- Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and The R. E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
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Abstract
A nanovehicle with a new photoactive moiety has been synthesized. The incorporation of the azobenzene chassis allows for potential wormlike movement accompanying the rolling behavior of the wheels. Two versions, the fullerene-wheeled and carborane-wheeled nanoworms, were synthesized to examine the solution-based photoisomerization yields of the chassis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Steet, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Balzani V, Credi A, Venturi M. Molecular Machines Working on Surfaces and at Interfaces. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:202-20. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
We present our strategy to control the rotation in a molecular rotary motor and the synthesis of a family of ruthenium complexes designed to perform such a task. The molecules have a piano-stool structure with a "stator" meant to be grafted on an oxide surface, and a "rotor" bearing redox-active ferrocene groups, so that addressing the molecule with nanoelectrodes would trigger rotation. The rigidity of the structure is allowed by the use of aromatic building blocks both in the stator and in the rotor fragments.
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Sasaki T, Osgood AJ, Alemany LB, Kelly KF, Tour JM. Synthesis of a Nanocar with an Angled Chassis. Toward Circling Movement. Org Lett 2007; 10:229-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ol702642r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sasaki
- Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and The R. E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Andrew J. Osgood
- Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and The R. E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Lawrence B. Alemany
- Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and The R. E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Kevin F. Kelly
- Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and The R. E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - James M. Tour
- Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and The R. E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
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Morin JF, Sasaki T, Shirai Y, Guerrero JM, Tour JM. Synthetic Routes toward Carborane-Wheeled Nanocars. J Org Chem 2007; 72:9481-90. [PMID: 17999521 DOI: 10.1021/jo701400t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Morin
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and the Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and the Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Yasuhiro Shirai
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and the Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Jason M. Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and the Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - James M. Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and the Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
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Rapenne G, Jimenez-Bueno G. Molecular machines: synthesis and characterization of two prototypes of molecular wheelbarrows. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kay ER, Leigh DA, Zerbetto F. Synthetic molecular motors and mechanical machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:72-191. [PMID: 17133632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2050] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of controlled molecular-level motion in key natural processes suggests that great rewards could come from bridging the gap between the present generation of synthetic molecular systems, which by and large rely upon electronic and chemical effects to carry out their functions, and the machines of the macroscopic world, which utilize the synchronized movements of smaller parts to perform specific tasks. This is a scientific area of great contemporary interest and extraordinary recent growth, yet the notion of molecular-level machines dates back to a time when the ideas surrounding the statistical nature of matter and the laws of thermodynamics were first being formulated. Here we outline the exciting successes in taming molecular-level movement thus far, the underlying principles that all experimental designs must follow, and the early progress made towards utilizing synthetic molecular structures to perform tasks using mechanical motion. We also highlight some of the issues and challenges that still need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan R Kay
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Saw-Wai Hla
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
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Grill L, Rieder KH, Moresco F, Rapenne G, Stojkovic S, Bouju X, Joachim C. Rolling a single molecular wheel at the atomic scale. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 2:95-98. [PMID: 18654226 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2006.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Carella A, Coudret C, Guirado G, Rapenne G, Vives G, Launay JP. Electron-triggered motions in technomimetic molecules. Dalton Trans 2007:177-86. [PMID: 17180184 DOI: 10.1039/b612787h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Technomimetic molecules are molecules designed to imitate macroscopic objects at the molecular level, also transposing the motions that these objects are able to undergo. This article focuses on technomimetic molecules with motions triggered by electrons. The first part is devoted to our work in the field of molecular switches: after having demonstrated the possibility of controlling an intramolecular electron transfer by photoisomerisation, we are now trying to control the isomerisation, either by electrochemistry, or by embedding the photochromic compound in a self-assembled monolayer and testing the electrical conduction with a STM tip. In a second part, we present our strategy on controlling the rotation in a molecular rotary motor and the family of ruthenium complexes designed to perform such a task. The molecules have a piano-stool structure with a "stator" meant to be grafted on an oxide surface, and a "rotor" bearing redox-active groups, so that addressing the molecule with nano-electrodes would trigger rotation. The electrical control of the charge state of a molecule by a STM tip is developed in a final part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Carella
- NanoSciences Group, CEMES-CNRS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, F-31055, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Kay E, Leigh D, Zerbetto F. Synthetische molekulare Motoren und mechanische Maschinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rapenne G, Grill L, Zambelli T, Stojkovic S, Ample F, Moresco F, Joachim C. Launching and landing single molecular wheelbarrows on a Cu(100) surface. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shirai Y, Morin JF, Sasaki T, Guerrero JM, Tour JM. Recent progress on nanovehicles. Chem Soc Rev 2006; 35:1043-55. [PMID: 17057834 DOI: 10.1039/b514700j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanovehicles are a new class of molecular machines consisting of a molecular scale chassis, axles, and wheels, that can roll across solid surfaces with structurally defined directions making them of interest to synthetic chemists, surface scientists, chemical engineers, and the general car enthusiast. In this tutorial review, following a brief introduction to the development of nanomachines, our recent progress on the nanovehicle project is presented including the design, synthesis, and testing of a series of nanocars, nanotrucks, and motorized nanocars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shirai
- Rice University, Department of Chemistry, and the Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, MS 222, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Makino T, Toyota S. Rotational Isomerism Involving an Acetylenic Carbon VI. Syntheses, Structures, and Dynamic Stereochemistry of Bis(1-phenyl-9-anthryl)ethynes: Highly Restricted Rotation about Acetylenic Axis in Acyclic Diarylethynes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.78.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg S Kottas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA
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Recording the intramolecular deformation of a 4-legs molecule during its STM manipulation on a Cu(211) surface. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rapenne G. Synthesis of technomimetic molecules: towards rotation control in single-molecular machines and motors. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:1165-9. [PMID: 15785800 DOI: 10.1039/b419282f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Technomimetic molecules are molecules designed to imitate macroscopic objects at the molecular level, also transposing the motions that these objects are able to undergo. This article focuses on technomimetic molecules with rotary motions, including gears, wheelbarrows and motors. Following the bottom-up approach the synthesis of technomimetic molecules grants access to the study of mechanical properties at the molecular level. These molecules are designed to operate as single molecules on surfaces under the control of the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope or atomic force microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwénaël Rapenne
- NanoSciences Group, CEMES-CNRS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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