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Müller D, Saha P, Panda D, Dash J, Schwalbe H. Insights from Binding on Quadruplex Selective Carbazole Ligands. Chemistry 2021; 27:12726-12736. [PMID: 34138492 PMCID: PMC8518889 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphic G-quadruplex (G4) secondary DNA structures have received increasing attention in medicinal chemistry owing to their key involvement in the regulation of the maintenance of genomic stability, telomere length homeostasis and transcription of important proto-oncogenes. Different classes of G4 ligands have been developed for the potential treatment of several human diseases. Among them, the carbazole scaffold with appropriate side chain appendages has attracted much interest for designing G4 ligands. Because of its large and rigid π-conjugation system and ease of functionalization at three different positions, a variety of carbazole derivatives have been synthesized from various natural or synthetic sources for potential applications in G4-based therapeutics and biosensors. Herein, we provide an updated close-up of the literatures on carbazole-based G4 ligands with particular focus given on their detailed binding insights studied by NMR spectroscopy. The structure-activity relationships and the opportunities and challenges of their potential applications as biosensors and therapeutics are also discussed. This review will provide an overall picture of carbazole ligands with remarkable G4 topological preference, fluorescence properties and significant bioactivity; portraying carbazole as a very promising scaffold for assembling G4 ligands with a range of novel functional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Goethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 7Frankfurt am Main60438Germany
| | - Puja Saha
- School of Chemical SciencesIndian Association for the Cultivation of ScienceJadavpurKolkata-700032India
| | - Deepanjan Panda
- School of Chemical SciencesIndian Association for the Cultivation of ScienceJadavpurKolkata-700032India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of Chemical SciencesIndian Association for the Cultivation of ScienceJadavpurKolkata-700032India
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Goethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 7Frankfurt am Main60438Germany
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Börger C, Brütting C, Julich-Gruner KK, Hesse R, Kumar VP, Kutz SK, Rönnefahrt M, Thomas C, Wan B, Franzblau SG, Knölker HJ. Anti-tuberculosis activity and structure-activity relationships of oxygenated tricyclic carbazole alkaloids and synthetic derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:6167-6174. [PMID: 28094223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of 49 oxygenated tricyclic carbazole derivatives has been tested for inhibition of the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a mammalian cell line (vero cells). From this series, twelve carbazoles showed a significant anti-TB activity. The four most active compounds were the naturally occurring carbazole alkaloids clauszoline-M (45), murrayaline-C (41), carbalexin-C (27), and the synthetic carbazole derivative 22 with MIC90 values ranging from 1.5 to 3.7μM. The active compounds were virtually nontoxic for the mammalian cell line in the concentration range up to 50μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Börger
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Brütting
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Ronny Hesse
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - V Pavan Kumar
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian K Kutz
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marika Rönnefahrt
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Thomas
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., MC 964, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., MC 964, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Knölker
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Börger C, Schmidt AW, Knölker HJ. First total syntheses of chrestifoline-B and (±)-chrestifoline-C, and improved synthetic routes to bismurrayafoline-A, bismurrayafolinol and chrestifoline-D. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3831-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00609g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe an efficient synthesis of the methylene-bridged biscarbazole alkaloids bismurrayafoline-A, bismurrayafolinol and chrestifoline B–D using an Ullmann-type coupling at the benzylic position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Börger
- Department Chemie
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Arndt W. Schmidt
- Department Chemie
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Qiu Y, Ma D, Fu C, Ma S. An efficient Au-catalyzed synthesis of isomukonidine, clausine L, mukonidine, glycosinine, mukonal, and clausine V from propadienyl methyl ether. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:1666-71. [PMID: 23358535 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob27432a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring carbazole alkaloids such as isomukonidine, clausine L, mukonidine, glycosinine, mukonal, and clausine V have been synthesized through a gold-catalyzed cyclization reaction of 1-(indol-2-yl)-2-methoxy-2,3-allenols, which are readily available from indolecarbaldehydes and methoxypropadiene. Compared to the reported procedures, our approach is general, atom economic, highly selective, and the starting materials are easily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youai Qiu
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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Kumar VP, Gruner KK, Kataeva O, Knölker HJ. Total Synthesis of the Biscarbazole Alkaloids Murrafoline A-D by a Domino Sonogashira Coupling/Claisen Rearrangement/Electrocyclization Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kumar VP, Gruner KK, Kataeva O, Knölker HJ. Total Synthesis of the Biscarbazole Alkaloids Murrafoline A-D by a Domino Sonogashira Coupling/Claisen Rearrangement/Electrocyclization Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11073-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Showalter HDH. Progress in the synthesis of canthine alkaloids and ring-truncated congeners. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:455-467. [PMID: 23311415 DOI: 10.1021/np300753z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The canthines represent a fairly large subclass of β-carboline alkaloids, with the first members described 75 years ago. Over the last 60 years, many members of the parent compound, canthin-6-one (1), have been isolated from various plant sources, principally the Rutaceae and Simaroubaceae families, and recently from fungi. Structures isolated from these sources have been the subject of total synthesis, which continues to the present day. This review gives a broad overview of synthetic approaches to canthines over a 30-year period from 1982 to 2012 and summarizes recent reports on the synthesis of less well known ring-truncated congeners. These include C-ring-truncated ("ABD", 2) and A-ring-truncated ("BCD", 3) ring systems, which are providing new scaffolds for potentially useful therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Hollis Showalter
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA.
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Thomas C, Knölker HJ. Transition metals in organic synthesis. Part 108: first total synthesis of ekeberginine. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Schmidt AW, Reddy KR, Knölker HJ. Occurrence, Biogenesis, and Synthesis of Biologically Active Carbazole Alkaloids. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3193-328. [PMID: 22480243 DOI: 10.1021/cr200447s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 899] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arndt W. Schmidt
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden,
Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kethiri R. Reddy
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden,
Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Knölker
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden,
Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Börger C, Krahl MP, Gruner M, Kataeva O, Knölker HJ. First total synthesis of the biscarbazole alkaloid oxydimurrayafoline. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5189-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25842k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Börger C, Kataeva O, Knölker HJ. Novel approach to biscarbazole alkaloids via Ullmann coupling – synthesis of murrastifoline-A and bismurrayafoline-A. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:7269-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26229k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Roe C, Sandoe EJ, Richard Stephenson G. Solvolysis reactions at the 13th carbon of 1-aryl organoiron complexes. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Niwayama S, Cho H. Practical large scale synthesis of half-esters of malonic acid. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009; 57:508-10. [PMID: 19420784 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.57.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A practical large-scale synthesis of monomethyl malonate and monoethyl malonate, which are among the most commonly applied half-esters in organic synthesis, is described, applying the highly efficient selective monohydrolysis of symmetric diesters we reported before. The optimal conditions with regard to the type of base, equivalent, co-solvents, and the reaction time have been examined for large-scale reactions. Monomethyl malonate and monoethyl malonate were obtained in high yields with near 100% purity within only half a day. The conditions of this selective monohydrolysis reaction are environmentally benign and straightforward, as it requires only water, a small proportion of a volatile co-solvent, and inexpensive reagents, and produces no hazardous by-products, and therefore the synthetic utility of this reaction in process chemistry is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Niwayama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
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Niwayama S, Cho H, Lin C. Highly efficient selective monohydrolysis of dialkyl malonates and their derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Forke R, Jäger A, Knölker HJ. First total synthesis of clausine L and pityriazole, a metabolite of the human pathogenic yeast Malassezia furfur. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:2481-3. [DOI: 10.1039/b805451g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Knölker HJ, R Reddy K, Fröhner W. Transition Metals in Organic Synthesis, Part 84. Application of Iron- and Nickel-Mediated Coupling Reactions to the Total Synthesis of the Neuronal Cell Protecting Substance (±)-Carquinostatin A. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-07-s(w)84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tsoungas PG, Diplas AI. Oxidative cyclization in the synthesis of 5- and 6-memberedN,O-heterocycles. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.10200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Transition metal complexes in organic synthesis. Part 68: Iron-mediated total synthesis of mukonine and mukonidine by oxidative cyclization with air as the oxidizing agent. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Chakraborty DP, Roy S. Carbazole alkaloids. IV. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2003; 85:125-230. [PMID: 12602038 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6051-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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Knölker HJ, Reddy KR. Isolation and synthesis of biologically active carbazole alkaloids. Chem Rev 2002; 102:4303-427. [PMID: 12428991 DOI: 10.1021/cr020059j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1083] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Knölker
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Sakurai H, Ichikawa T, Narasaka K. Cyclization of O-Pentafluorobenzoyloxime Having (diene)Fe(CO) 3Moiety. CHEM LETT 2000. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2000.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Transition metal complexes in organic synthesis, part 54. Improved total syntheses of the antibiotic alkaloids carbazomycin A and B. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Knölker HJ, Fröhner W, Wagner A. Transition metal complexes in organic synthesis, part 43. First total synthesis of the free radical scavenger (±)-neocarazostatin B via iron- and nickel-mediated coupling reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Knölker HJ, Fröhner W. Transition metal complexes in organic synthesis, part 42. First total synthesis of the potent neuronal cell protecting substance (±)-lavanduquinocin via iron- and nickel-mediated coupling reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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27
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Brenna E, Fuganti C, Serra S. A new two step route to 1-hydroxy-9H-3-carbazolecarboxylic acid derivatives from 3-formylindole. Application to the synthesis of mukonine. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)10366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Transition metal complexes in organic synthesis, part 38. First total synthesis of carbazomycin G and H. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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