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Gabbey AL, Scotchburn K, Rousseaux SAL. Metal-catalysed C-C bond formation at cyclopropanes. Nat Rev Chem 2023:10.1038/s41570-023-00499-6. [PMID: 37217564 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopropanes are important substructures in natural products and pharmaceuticals. Although traditional methods for their incorporation rely on cyclopropanation of an existing scaffold, the advent of transition-metal catalysis has enabled installation of functionalized cyclopropanes using cross-coupling reactions. The unique bonding and structural properties of cyclopropane render it more easily functionalized in transition-metal-catalysed cross-couplings than other C(sp3) substrates. The cyclopropane coupling partner can participate in polar cross-coupling reactions either as a nucleophile (organometallic reagents) or as an electrophile (cyclopropyl halides). More recently, single-electron transformations featuring cyclopropyl radicals have emerged. This Review will provide an overview of transition-metal-catalysed C-C bond formation reactions at cyclopropane, covering both traditional and current strategies, and the benefits and limitations of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L Gabbey
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katerina Scotchburn
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sophie A L Rousseaux
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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2
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Mills LR, Monteith JJ, Dos Passos Gomes G, Aspuru-Guzik A, Rousseaux SAL. The Cyclopropane Ring as a Reporter of Radical Leaving-Group Reactivity for Ni-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-O Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13246-13254. [PMID: 32609494 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to understand and predict reactivity is essential for the development of new reactions. In the context of Ni-catalyzed C(sp3)-O functionalization, we have developed a unique strategy employing activated cyclopropanols to aid the design and optimization of a redox-active leaving group for C(sp3)-O arylation. In this chemistry, the cyclopropane ring acts as a reporter of leaving-group reactivity, since the ring-opened product is obtained under polar (2e) conditions, and the ring-closed product is obtained under radical (1e) conditions. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the optimal leaving group is redox-active and are consistent with a Ni(I)/Ni(III) catalytic cycle. The optimized reaction conditions are also used to synthesize a number of arylcyclopropanes, which are valuable pharmaceutical motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Reginald Mills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - John J Monteith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Gabriel Dos Passos Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 214 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 3A1, Canada
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 214 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 3A1, Canada.,Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave. Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada.,Lebovic Fellow, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), 661 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Sophie A L Rousseaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Abstract
Diverse structural types of natural products and their mimics have served as targets of opportunity in our laboratory to inspire the discovery and development of new methods and strategies to assemble polyfunctional and polycyclic molecular architectures. Furthermore, our efforts toward identifying novel compounds having useful biological properties led to the creation of new targets, many of which posed synthetic challenges that required the invention of new methodology. In this Perspective, selected examples of how we have exploited a diverse range of natural products and their mimics to create, explore, and solve a variety of problems in chemistry and biology will be discussed. The journey was not without its twists and turns, but the unexpected often led to new revelations and insights. Indeed, in our recent excursion into applications of synthetic organic chemistry to neuroscience, avoiding the more-traveled paths was richly rewarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Martin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Allouche EMD, Taillemaud S, Charette AB. Spectroscopic characterization of (diiodomethyl)zinc iodide: application to the stereoselective synthesis and functionalization of iodocyclopropanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:9606-9609. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein are described more efficient methodologies for the synthesis of highly substituted cyclopropanes as well as the first characterization of a diiodomethylzinc carbenoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle M. D. Allouche
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Sylvain Taillemaud
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada H3C 3J7
| | - André B. Charette
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada H3C 3J7
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de Carné-Carnavalet B, Archambeau A, Meyer C, Cossy J, Folléas B, Brayer JL, Demoute JP. Efficient Synthesis of Substituted 3-Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-ones from 2-Iodocyclopropanecarboxamides Using a Copper-Free Sonogashira Coupling. Chemistry 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Beaulieu LPB, Zimmer LE, Gagnon A, Charette AB. Highly enantioselective synthesis of 1,2,3-substituted cyclopropanes by using α-Iodo- and α-chloromethylzinc carbenoids. Chemistry 2012; 18:14784-91. [PMID: 23012181 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the enantio- and diastereoselective formation of trans-iodo- and trans-chlorocyclopropanes from α-iodo- and α-chlorozinc carbenoids by using a dioxaborolane-derived chiral ligand. The synthetically useful iodocyclopropane building blocks were derivatized by an electrophilic trapping of the corresponding cyclopropyl lithium species or a Negishi coupling to give access to a variety of enantioenriched 1,2,3-substituted cyclopropanes. The synthetic utility of this method was demonstrated by the formal synthesis of an HIV-1 protease inhibitor. In addition, the related stereoselective bromocyclopropanation was also investigated. New insights about the relative electrophilicity of haloiodomethylzinc carbenoids are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe B Beaulieu
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Downtown, Canada
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7
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de Carné-Carnavalet B, Archambeau A, Meyer C, Cossy J, Folléas B, Brayer JL, Demoute JP. Copper-Free Sonogashira Coupling of Cyclopropyl Iodides with Terminal Alkynes. Org Lett 2011; 13:956-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol1029996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît de Carné-Carnavalet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and Diverchim, Les Marches de l’Oise, 100 rue Louis Blanc 60765 Montataire Cedex, France
| | - Alexis Archambeau
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and Diverchim, Les Marches de l’Oise, 100 rue Louis Blanc 60765 Montataire Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Meyer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and Diverchim, Les Marches de l’Oise, 100 rue Louis Blanc 60765 Montataire Cedex, France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and Diverchim, Les Marches de l’Oise, 100 rue Louis Blanc 60765 Montataire Cedex, France
| | - Benoît Folléas
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and Diverchim, Les Marches de l’Oise, 100 rue Louis Blanc 60765 Montataire Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Louis Brayer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and Diverchim, Les Marches de l’Oise, 100 rue Louis Blanc 60765 Montataire Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Demoute
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and Diverchim, Les Marches de l’Oise, 100 rue Louis Blanc 60765 Montataire Cedex, France
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Gagnon A, Duplessis M, Fader L. Arylcyclopropanes: Properties, Synthesis and Use in Medicinal Chemistry. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940903507788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Beaulieu LPB, Zimmer LE, Charette AB. Enantio- and diastereoselective iodocyclopropanation of allylic alcohols by using a substituted zinc carbenoid. Chemistry 2010; 15:11829-32. [PMID: 19806622 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe B Beaulieu
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal H3C 3J7, Canada
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Hohn E, Paleček J, Pietruszka J, Frey W. Enantiomerically Pure Vinylcyclopropylboronic Esters. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Lin W, Charette A. Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Intramolecular Cyclopropanation of Substituted Allylic Cyanodiazoacetates. Adv Synth Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200505187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lebel H, Marcoux JF, Molinaro C, Charette AB. Stereoselective cyclopropanation reactions. Chem Rev 2003; 103:977-1050. [PMID: 12683775 DOI: 10.1021/cr010007e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1428] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Lebel
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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Rubina M, Rubin M, Gevorgyan V. Transition Metal-Catalyzed Hydro-, Sila-, and Stannastannation of Cyclopropenes: Stereo- and Regioselective Approach toward Multisubstituted Cyclopropyl Synthons. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:11566-7. [PMID: 12296700 DOI: 10.1021/ja027095k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first highly efficient, stereo- and regioselective palladium-catalyzed hydro-, sila-, and stannastannation of cyclopropenes to give multisubstituted cyclopropylstannanes have been developed. It was shown that the addition across the double bond of cyclopropene is generally controlled by steric factors and proceeds from the least hindered face. The directing effect of alkoxymethyl substituents in the hydrostannation reaction of 3,3-disubstituted cyclopropenes was demonstrated. This methodology represents a powerful and atom-economic approach toward a wide variety of highly substituted cyclopropylstannanes, important building blocks unavailable by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rubina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7061, USA
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Martin SF, Hom RK, Dwyer MP. Synthesis of enantiomerically pure vinylcyclopropanes by SN2′ allylic carboxylate displacements. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Stereoselective elaboration of side chain residues in cyclopropane-containing dipeptide isosteres. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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