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Abstract
β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (EC 3.2.1.52) are retaining hydrolases of glycoside hydrolase family 20 (GH20). These enzymes catalyze hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing N-acetylhexosamine residues, notably N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, in N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminides. In nature, bacterial β-N-acetylhexosaminidases are mainly involved in cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis, analogously, fungal β-N-acetylhexosaminidases act on cell wall chitin. The enzymes work via a distinct substrate-assisted mechanism that utilizes the 2-acetamido group as nucleophile. Curiously, the β-N-acetylhexosaminidases possess an inherent trans-glycosylation ability which is potentially useful for biocatalytic synthesis of functional carbohydrates, including biomimetic synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides and other glycan-functionalized compounds. In this review, we summarize the reaction engineering approaches (donor substrate activation, additives, and reaction conditions) that have proven useful for enhancing trans-glycosylation activity of GH20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases. We provide comprehensive overviews of reported synthesis reactions with GH20 enzymes, including tables that list the specific enzyme used, donor and acceptor substrates, reaction conditions, and details of the products and yields obtained. We also describe the active site traits and mutations that appear to favor trans-glycosylation activity of GH20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases. Finally, we discuss novel protein engineering strategies and suggest potential “hotspots” for mutations to promote trans-glycosylation activity in GH20 for efficient synthesis of specific functional carbohydrates and other glyco-engineered products.
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Chen X, Jin L, Jiang X, Guo L, Gu G, Xu L, Lu L, Wang F, Xiao M. Converting a β-N-acetylhexosaminidase into two trans-β-N-acetylhexosaminidases by domain-targeted mutagenesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:661-673. [PMID: 31822984 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We have recently derived a β-N-acetylhexosaminidase, BbhI, from Bifidobacterium bifidum JCM 1254, which could regioselectively synthesize GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc with a yield of 44.9%. Here, directed evolution of BbhI by domain-targeted mutagenesis was carried out. Firstly, the GH20 domain was selected for random mutagenesis using MEGAWHOP method and a small library of 1300 clones was created. A total of 734 colonies with reduced hydrolytic activity were isolated, and three mutants with elevated transglycosylation yields, GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc yields of 68.5%, 74.7%, and 81.1%, respectively, were obtained. Subsequently, nineteen independent mutants were constructed according to all the mutation sites in these three mutants. After transglycosylation analysis, Asp714 and Trp773 were identified as key residues for improvement in transglycosylation ability and were chosen for the second round of directed evolution by site-saturation mutagenesis. Two most efficient mutants D714T and W773R that acted as trans-β-N-acetylhexosaminidase were finally achieved. D714T with the substitution at the putative nucleophile assistant residue Asp714 by threonine showed high yield of 84.7% with unobserved hydrolysis towards transglycosylation product. W773R with arginine substitution at Trp773 residue locating at the entrance of catalytic cavity led to the yield up to 81.8%. The kcat/Km values of D714T and W773R for hydrolysis of pNP-β-GlcNAc displayed drastic decreases. NMR investigation of protein-substrate interaction revealed an invariable mode of the catalytic cavity of D714T, W773R, and WT BbhI. The collective motions of protein model showed the mutations Thr714 and Arg773 exerted little effect on the dynamics of the inside but a large effect on the dynamics of the outside of catalytic cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Chen
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Jin
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xukai Jiang
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Longcheng Guo
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Gu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengshan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xiao
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
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Synthesis and stereochemical determination of an antiparasitic pseudo-aminal type monoterpene indole alkaloid. J Nat Med 2016; 70:302-17. [PMID: 27324906 PMCID: PMC4935745 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
5-Nor stemmadenine alkaloids, isolated from the genus Tabernaemontana, display a range of bioactivity. 16-Hydroxy-16,22-dihydroapparicine, the active component of an extract from the Tabernaemontana sp. (dichotoma, elegans, and divaricate), exhibited potent antimalarial activity, representing the first such report of the antimalarial property of 5-nor stemmadenine alkaloids. We, therefore, decided to attempt the total synthesis of the compound to explore its antimalarial activity and investigate structure and bioactivity relationships. As a result, we completed the first total synthesis of 16-hydroxy-16,22-dihydroapparicine, by combining a phosphine-mediated cascade reaction, diastereoselective nucleophilic addition of 2-acylindole or methylketone via a Felkin-Anh transition state, and chirality transferring intramolecular Michael addition. We also clarified the absolute stereochemistries of the compound. Furthermore, we evaluated the activity of the synthetic compound, as well as that of some intermediates, all of which showed weak activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (K1 strain) malaria parasites.
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Schröder S, Kröger L, Mattes R, Thiem J. Transglycosylations employing recombinant α- and β-galactosidases and novel donor substrates. Carbohydr Res 2015; 403:157-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hirose T, Noguchi Y, Furuya Y, Ishiyama A, Iwatsuki M, Otoguro K, Ōmura S, Sunazuka T. Structure Determination and Total Synthesis of (+)-16-Hydroxy-16,22-dihydroapparicine. Chemistry 2013; 19:10741-50. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Fujimoto Y, Mitsunobe K, Fujiwara S, Mori M, Hashimoto M, Suda Y, Kusumoto S, Fukase K. Synthesis and biological activity of phosphoglycolipids from Thermus thermophilus. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:5034-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40899j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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The first total synthesis and reassignment of the relative stereochemistry of 16-hydroxy-16,22-dihydroapparicine. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Slámová K, Bojarová P, Petrásková L, Křen V. β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase: What's in a name…? Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:682-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Kannan T, Loganathan D, Bhatia Y, Mishra S, Bisaria VS. Transglycosylation Catalyzed by Almond β-glucosidase and ClonedPichia etchellsiiβ-glucosidase II using Glycosylasparagine Mimetics as Novel Acceptors. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/1024242032000156594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Milosavić NB, Prodanović RM, Jankov RM. A simple and efficient one-step, regioselective, enzymatic glucosylation of arbutin by α-glucosidase. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.07.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bojarová P, Petrásková L, Ferrandi EE, Monti D, Pelantová H, Kuzma M, Simerská P, Křen V. Glycosyl Azides – An Alternative Way to Disaccharides. Adv Synth Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200700028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kröger L, Thiem J. Synthesis and evaluation of glycosyl donors with novel leaving groups for transglycosylations employing beta-galactosidase from bovine testes. Carbohydr Res 2006; 342:467-81. [PMID: 17112490 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel aryl beta-d-galactopyranosides were synthesized employing phase-transfer catalysis, and assayed as potential galactose donors in the presence of beta-galactosidase from bovine testes using pNP-Gal as a reference. The aglycones were represented mainly by nitrophenols containing halogens, hydroxymethyl, aldehyde, carboxyl, ester or amino functions. An unusual intermolecular acetyl migration onto the benzylic alcohol group was observed during galactosylation of hydroxymethylnitrophenols. Pyridyl glycosides were obtained by reaction with the corresponding silver pyridinolates. Glycosides of halo-, hydroxymethyl- or methoxycarbonyl-nitrophenols as leaving groups gave virtually the same yields of transglycosylation products. A minor increase was achieved with nitrosalicylaldehyde as leaving group, whereas carboxy or amino derivatives gave very low or no yield of the transglycosylation product. Commercially available donors such as resorufinyl and 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-d-galactopyranosides exhibited a lower transglycosylation potential than these novel pNP-Gal derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kröger
- University of Hamburg, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Jiang Z, Zhu Y, Li L, Yu X, Kusakabe I, Kitaoka M, Hayashi K. Transglycosylation reaction of xylanase B from the hyperthermophilic Thermotoga maritima with the ability of synthesis of tertiary alkyl beta-D-xylobiosides and xylosides. J Biotechnol 2005; 114:125-34. [PMID: 15464606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Revised: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant xylanase B (XynB) of Thermotoga maritima MSB8 was characterized and was found to cleave p-nitrophenyl beta-D-xyloside via the transglycosylation reaction in the previous study. XynB was activated in the presence of alcohols, and XynB activity was increased by iso-propanol (2M) to 2.1-fold. This type of activation was investigated and was shown to be due to the transglycosylation activity with p-nitrophenyl beta-D-xylobioside being converted to alkyl beta-D-xylobiosides in the presence of XynB and alcohols. Through the transglycosylation reaction, alkyl beta-xylosides and xylobiosides were simultaneously produced in the presence of xylan and alcohols. Primary alcohols were found to be the best acceptors. The highest yields of alkyl beta-xylosides and xylobiosides were 33% and 50% of the total sugar, respectively. XynB showed a great ability to transfer xylose and xylobiose to secondary alcohol acceptors, and was unique for being able to synthesize the tertiary alkyl beta-xylosides and xylobiosides with high yields of 18.2% and 11.6% of the total sugar, respectively. This is the first report of a xylanase with the ability to synthesize tertiary alkyl beta-xylosides and xylobiosides. The specificity of the beta-linkage was confirmed by the proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR). Thus, XynB of T. maritima appears to be an ideal enzyme for the synthesis of useful alkyl beta-xylosides and xylobiosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiang Jiang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 294, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
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Hydrolytic and transglycosylation reactions of N-acyl modified substrates catalysed by β-N-acetylhexosaminidases. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Krist P, Kuzma M, Pelyvás IF, Simerská P, Křen V. Synthesis of 4-Nitrophenyl 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-mannopyranoside and 4-Nitrophenyl 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-mannopyranoside. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20030801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The title compounds were synthesized by the selective reduction of the azido group in 4-nitrophenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-α-D-mannopyranoside (8) and 4-nitrophenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-β-D-mannopyranoside (11), and by subsequent acetylation. Compound8was prepared by opening of the epoxide ring in methyl 2,3-anhydro-4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside (1) with sodium azide, followed by inversion of the configuration at C-3 in the resulting altropyranoside and glycosidation with 4-nitrophenol.
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Fessner WD, Juárez Ruiz JM. Regiospecific synthesis of lactose analog Gal-(β 1,4)-Xyl by transgalactosylation. CAN J CHEM 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/v02-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A short enzymatic synthesis of disaccharide 4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xylose (1) has been developed, which is of interest as a lactose analog for a non-invasive medicinal determination of lactose intolerance. The starting material, benzyl α-D-xyloside, was obtained by a Fischer-type glycosidation of D-xylose with benzyl alcohol, followed by anomeric differentiation of mixed glycosides using a glycosidase from Aspergillus oryzae. From several commercial β-galactosidases, which were screened for their transgalactosylation capacity, the enzyme from Escherichia coli was found to catalyze a virtually regio- and stereospecific galactosyl transfer from donor compounds o-nitrophenyl β-D-galactoside or lactose to the α-D-xyloside. Subsequent hydrogenolytic deprotection furnished desired disaccharide 1.Key words: oligosaccharide synthesis, β-galactosidase, lactose intolerance.
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3-Nitro-2-pyridyl glycoside as donor for chemical glycosylation and its application to chemoenzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharide. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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