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Hemala V, Kment P, Tihlaříková E, Neděla V, Malenovský I. External structures of the metathoracic scent gland efferent system in the true bug superfamily Pyrrhocoroidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 63:101058. [PMID: 34034200 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrhocoroidea represents an important group of true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) which includes fire bugs, cotton stainers and other taxa widely used in experimental studies or known as pests. However, the morphology and phylogeny of Pyrrhocoroidea have been only poorly studied so far. Here, structures of the external scent efferent system of the metathoracic scent glands are examined in 64 out of 71 currently valid genera of Pyrrhocoroidea and scanning electron micrographs are provided for most taxa. Several characters are revealed which define each of the three higher taxa within Pyrrhocoroidea: Larginae (small auriculate peritreme lacking manubrium and median furrow; metathoracic spiracle never surrounded by evaporatorium), Physopeltinae (large, widely open ostiole; large peritremal disc with manubrium [new term], lacking median furrow; mace-like mycoid filter processes of equal shape and size on both anterior and posterior margins of metathoracic spiracle), and Pyrrhocoridae (elongate auriculate peritreme with deep median furrow). Within Pyrrhocoridae, three main types (A, B and C) of the external scent efferent system are distinguished, differring in the amount of reductions. The findings are interpreted in the context of phylogenetic hypotheses available for Pyrrhocoroidea and their close relatives, Coreoidea and Lygaeoidea. An updated identification key to the families and subfamilies of Pyrrhocoroidea applicable for both sexes is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Hemala
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Kment
- Department of Entomology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, 193 00, Prague, Horní Počernice, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Tihlaříková
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Vilém Neděla
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Igor Malenovský
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Callaini G, Dallai R. Cuticle formation during the embryonic development of the dipteranCeratitis capitataWied. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11250008709355587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Whitten JM. Stage specific larval, pupal, and adult cuticles in the tracheal system ofSarcophaga bullata. J Morphol 2005; 150:369-397. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051500209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Boevé JL, Ducarme V, Mertens T, Bouillard P, Angeli S. Surface structure, model and mechanism of an insect integument adapted to be damaged easily. J Nanobiotechnology 2004; 2:10. [PMID: 15461785 PMCID: PMC524519 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Several sawfly larvae of the Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera) are called easy bleeders because their whole body integument, except the head capsule, disrupts very easily at a given spot, under a slight mechanical stress at this spot. The exuding haemolymph droplet acts as a feeding deterrent towards invertebrate predators. The present study aimed to describe the cuticle surface, to consider it from a mechanistic point of view, and to discuss potential consequences of the integument surface in the predator-prey relationships. RESULTS: The integument surface of sawfly larvae was investigated by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which revealed that the cuticle of easy bleeders was densely covered by what we call "spider-like" microstructures. Such microstructures were not detected in non-easy bleeders. A model by finite elements of the cuticle layer was developed to get an insight into the potential function of the microstructures during easy bleeding. Cuticle parameters (i.e., size of the microstructures and thickness of the epi-versus procuticle) were measured on integument sections and used in the model. A shear force applied on the modelled cuticle surface led to higher stress values when microstructures were present, as compared to a plan surface. Furthermore, by measuring the diameter of a water droplet deposited on sawfly larvae, the integument of several sawfly species was determined as hydrophobic (e.g., more than Teflon(R)), which was related to the sawfly larvae's ability to bleed easily. CONCLUSION: Easy bleeders show spider-like microstructures on their cuticle surface. It is suggested that these microstructures may facilitate integument disruption as well as render the integument hydrophobic. This latter property would allow the exuding haemolymph to be maintained as a droplet at the integument surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Boevé
- Department of Entomology, IRSNB-KBIN, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B-1000 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Véronique Ducarme
- Department of Entomology, IRSNB-KBIN, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B-1000 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Present address: Unité d'écologie et de biogéographie, Croix du Sud, 4–5, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Tanguy Mertens
- Unité de modélisation des structures et des matériaux, CP 194/5, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Philippe Bouillard
- Unité de modélisation des structures et des matériaux, CP 194/5, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Sergio Angeli
- Institut für Zoologie, Stephanstrasse 24, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35390 Giessen, Germany
- Present address: Institut für Forstzoologie und Waldschutz, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Quennedey A, Drugmand D, Deligne J. Morphology and ultrastructure of paired prototergal glands in the adult rove beetle Philonthus varians (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2002; 31:173-183. [PMID: 18088979 DOI: 10.1016/s1467-8039(02)00047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2002] [Accepted: 08/29/2002] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Philonthus and other genera of Philonthina possess a pair of prototergal glands located in the first abdominal tergum and hidden at rest by hind wings and elytra. In Philonthus varians they occupy the whole length of the tergum and form a pouch-like invaginated reservoir with a scaly glandular zone and a smooth outlet. A grille of long setae covers the opening of each gland. The fine structure of these glands is given for the first time. Three types of cells are found in the glandular epithelium. Epidermal cells underlie the cuticular scales, numerous class 1 secretory cells open in the centre of calyces made of finger-like processes of the cuticle, and class 3 cells are connected to pored tubercles. A cytological comparison is made with the diverse class 1 cells described to date in Coleoptera. In these cells different evolutionary trends are shown in the structure of the cuticular apparatus, particularly in the number, size and position of the cuticular apertures as well as in the length and abundance of epicuticular filaments. A possible defensive function of the prototergal glands against pathogens and their interest for the phylogenetic study of Staphylininae are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Quennedey
- Développement et communication chimique, Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 5548, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France
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Abstract
The morphogenesis of epicorneal structures in nocturnal Lepidoptera was studied with light and electron microscopy. During the first 4-5 days after pupation, microvilli (with their tips hexagonally distributed) arose gradually from the corneagenous cell surface. At the time of onset of moulting (about 5 days after pupation), patches of lamellar elements appeared distal to the tips of the microvilli. There was one patch for each microvillus from which the patch was separated by a narrow cleft. The cleft was traversed by a few thin bridges which seemed to originate in the microvillus. The bridges were interpreted to be extracellular continuations of intramicrovillar filaments and to insert on the proximal surface of the patch. At about 5 1/2 days after pupation, the patches were seen to be composed of two outer electron-dense lines and a less distinct, inner and thicker dense line. The patches bulged markedly, their concavity turned towards the microvillar tip. A number of discrete bridges extended between the microvillus and the base of the patch, which now appeared as a low dome. The bases of the domer later coalesced to form a continuous lamellar 'membrane' system (
epicorneal lamina
, ECL), and the concavity of the domes increased, forming successively deeper lamina evagmations (LE) which strictly retained their spatial relationship to the tips of the microvilli (MV) throughout the ontogenesis. Growth of the ECL evaginations to form an array of successively higher cupoles—and, finally, the complete nipple anlage-was suggested to take place by addition of new material at all points of the LE surface within the palisade of MV/LE bridges. The latter were proposed to act as structures of constraint preventing the ECL to buckle randomly and causing the evaginations to develop in a regular fashion. The results were compared with those described in reports on the morphogenesis of the body cuticle of insects. It was proposed that different types of corneal surface protuberances (corneal nipples of various heights; low protrusions in regular or irregular arrangement) as well as some types of surface lpturing in the body cuticle of insects may be produced on the basis of the same mechanism as the one described for the formation of the full-sized nipples of nocturnal Lepidoptera
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Cardiac pentastomiasis and tuberculosis: The worm-eaten heart. Cardiovasc Pathol 1996; 5:169-74. [DOI: 10.1016/1054-8807(95)00089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/1995] [Revised: 07/04/1995] [Accepted: 08/08/1995] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Fine structure and morphogenesis of the sclerite epicuticle in the Atlantic shore crab Carcinus maenas. Tissue Cell 1995; 27:525-38. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(05)80061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/1994] [Accepted: 05/11/1995] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Leopoldj RA, Newman SM, Helgeson G. A comparison of cuticle deposition during the pre- and posteclosion stages of the adult weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera : Curculionidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7322(92)90004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Integumental morphology of the ventral thoracic scent gland system of Poecilometis longicornis (Dallas) (Hemiptera : Pentatomidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7322(90)90017-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Alarm pheromone of pentatomid bug,Erthesina fullo Thunberg (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). J Chem Ecol 1989; 15:2695-702. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01014726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/1988] [Accepted: 02/02/1989] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Arsenault AL, Castell JD, Ottensmeyer FP. The dynamics of exoskeletal-epidermal structure during molt in juvenile lobster by electron microscopy and electron spectroscopic imaging. Tissue Cell 1984; 16:93-106. [PMID: 6701894 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(84)90021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The exoskeletal-epidermal complex of juvenile lobsters at various stages throughout the molt cycle was examined by conventional electron microscopy, freeze-etch replicas, and electron spectroscopic imaging. This latter technique which enables the direct localization of atomic elements superimposed over morphological fine structure has been applied to this tissue complex to determine the spatial distributions and interrelationships of calcium, phosphorus, and sulphur. Chitin microfibril assembly is visualized in thin sections as occurring at the surface of apical membrane plaques which in freeze-etch replicas invariably possess a rich distribution of intramembrane particles on both P and E faces. In early stages of mineralization the exo- and endocuticular zones of the exoskeleton possess a dense Ca-containing lamellar repeat. These bands are unrelated to the helicoidal arrangement of chitin microfibrils. At later stages of development mineral deposits occur within the exocuticle and advance through to the endocuticle. These deposits align with chitin microfibrils and exhibit a helicoidal pattern. Morphological and chemical alterations associated with mineralization and demineralization of the exoskeleton are discussed.
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15
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KLEPAL WALTRAUD. Morphogenesis and Variability of Cuticular Structures in the Genus lbla (Crustacea, Cirripedia). ZOOL SCR 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1983.tb00556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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KLEPAL WALTRAUD, KASTNER ROBERTT. Morphology and Differentiation of Non-sensory Cuticular Structures in Mysidacea, Cumacea and Tanaidacea (Crustacea, Peracarida). ZOOL SCR 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1980.tb00667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Sedlak BJ, Gilbert LI. Correlations between epidermal cell structure and endogenous hormone titers during the fifth larval instar of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Tissue Cell 1979; 11:643-53. [PMID: 524341 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(79)90021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal cell morphology and cuticle production in Manduca sexta are directly influenced by both ecdysterone and juvenile hormone. Up to day 6 of the last larval instar, post-molt endocuticle is continuously deposited even though cells undergo a partial and temporary separation from the overlying cuticle at the time when a small ecdysteroid peak is detected (approximately day 3.5). At about days 6--7 when another, larger ecdysteroid peak is present, apolysis occurs accompanied by the appearance of edcysial droplets. Following apolysis, layers of pupal cuticle are deposited. Increased quantities of rough endoplasmic reticulum characterize the epidermis at times of peak endocuticle deposition (day 3, larval cuticle; day 9, pupal cuticle). Dense pigment inclusions are found in epidermis from the day of ecdysis to the last larval instar until they are eliminated 5 days later. These dense bodies migrate from cell apex to base in the absence of juvenile hormone (or in the presence of a negligible amount of juvenile hormone) and probably contain insecticyanin.
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18
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Locke M, Huie P. Apolysis and the turnover of plasma membrane plaques during cuticle formation in an insect. Tissue Cell 1979; 11:277-91. [PMID: 473162 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(79)90042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The apical plasma membranes of Calpodes epidermal cells have small fattened areas or plaques with an extra density upon their cytoplasmic face. The plaques are typically at the tips of microvilli. The are present during the deposition of fibrous cuticle and the cuticulin layer. Since the plaques are close (less than 15nm) to the sites where these kinds of cuticle first appear, they are presumed to have a role in their synthesis and/or deposition and orientation. When fifth stage larval cuticle deposition ceases prior to pupation, the plaques are lost as the area of the apical plasma membrane is reduced. The plaques pass from the surface into pinocytosis vesicles and multivesicular bodies where they are presumably digested. The loss of plaques occurs as the blood level of moulting hormone reaches a peak at the critical period after which the prothoracic glands are no longer needed for pupation. Apolysis or separation of the epidermis from the old cuticle is the stage when plaques are absent, the old ones have been lost but the new ones have yet to form. After the critical period, the epidermis prepared for pupation with a phase of elevated RNA synthesis at the end of which plaques and microvilli reform in time to secrete the new cuticulin layer and later the fibrous cuticle of the pharate pupa. There is a new generation of plaques for each moult and succeeding intermoult and each generation is involved in two kinds of cuticle deposition before involution and redifferentiation.
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19
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Delbecque JP, Hirn M, Delachambre J, De Regg M. Cuticular cycle and molting hormone levels during the metamorphosis of Tenebrio molitor (Insecta Coleoptera). Dev Biol 1978; 64:11-30. [PMID: 658589 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(78)90057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Brossut R, Roth LM. Tergal modifications associated with abdominal glandular cells in the Blattaria. J Morphol 1977; 151:259-97. [PMID: 845965 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051510206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tergal abdominal modifications of 30 species of Blattaria (Dictyoptera) were studied by means of histological scanning electron microscopy techniques. Despite marked anatomical diversity of the glands, only a few basic types of cells are present. Male tergal glands which are involved in sexual behavior generally have glandular cells filled with electron transparent vacuoles (type 3a) and those with dense myeloid secretion (type 3b); in addition some have large cells without ducts, not in contact with the cuticle and surrounded by other cells (type 2). External setae, usually associated with these structures, are mechano-receptors or mechano-chemoreceptors. Glands not involved in courtship (e.g., defensive glands) usually have large glandular cells with a ductule that reaches the end apparatus secreted by the glandular cell itself (Type 3) but lack types 2, 3a, and 3b. Species which do not have distinctive tergal modifications may have concentrations of microscopic pores or openings associated with glandular cells on certain segments. The chemistry of the secretions produced by tergal glands is unknown for most species. This paper emphasizes the need for behavioral and biochemical studies to elucidate the biological significance of cockroach tergal glands.
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21
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Sedlak BJ, Gilbert LI. Epidermal cell development during the pupal-adult metamorphosis of Hyalophora cecropia. Tissue Cell 1976; 8:637-48. [PMID: 190732 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(76)90036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To establish a base for studying the hormonal control of insect epidermal cell activity, the ultrastructure of abdominal epidermis was analyzed during the normal pupal-adult development of Hyalophora cecropia. Adjacent epidermal cells could be distinguished on the basis of organelle content and staining intensity, suggesting that this monolayer is not composed of a homogenous cell population. At the onset of adult development the form of the epidermal cell is transformed from that typical of a quiescent cell with free ribosomes and few mitochondria to one which is metabolically active and possesses numerous apical membrane microvilli, rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria. On about day 5 of pharate adult development the apical plasma membrane is no longer folded but becomes folded again several days later when cuticulin and endocuticle are deposited. On about day 7, giant autophagic vacuoles are discerned that may be important in cellular reprogramming. After adult ecdysis, the epidermal cells continue to deposit endocuticle.
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22
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Abstract
The cuticle of the cephalobaenid pentastomid Reighardia sternae is described at various stages of the moult-intermoult cycle. The intermoult cuticle comprises four layers: an outer epicuticle; an underlying dense layer, the protein epicuticle; a fibrillar endocuticle; and a denser subcuticle. The overall similarity between the structure and composition of these layers and those of insects is discussed. However, the orientation of the chitin-protein fibres in the endocuticle does not show the rotating structure characteristic of many arthropod species, but this does appear in the sclerotized hooks. It is suggested that this comparatively loose, poorly oriented endocuticular structure produces a highly extensible cuticle which is precisely adapted to the specialize, endoparasitic habit of this species. Events at ecdysis, particularly the secretion of moulting fluid and the deposition of cuticulin, follow the insect pattern precisely. The phyletic significance of these observations is discussed.
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23
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Happ GM, Happ CM. Fine structure of the pygidial glands of Bledius mandibularis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Tissue Cell 1973; 5:215-31. [PMID: 4725305 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(73)80018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Wikswo MA, Novales RR. Effect of colchicine on microtubules in the melanophores of Fundulus heteroclitus. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1972; 41:189-201. [PMID: 4636016 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(72)90063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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25
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26
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Die Ontogenie der basiconischen Riechsensillen auf der Antenne von Necrophorus (Coleoptera). Cell Tissue Res 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00306937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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28
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29
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The distribution of phenoloxidases and polyphenols during cuticle formation. Tissue Cell 1971; 3:103-26. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(71)80034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/1970] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Carr KE. Applications of scanning electron microscopy in biology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1971; 30:183-255. [PMID: 4944676 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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31
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32
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Zur Feinstruktur von Cuticula und Epidermis beim Flu�krebs Orconectes limosus w�hrend eines H�utungszyklus. Cell Tissue Res 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00343965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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34
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Crossley A, Waterhouse D. The ultrastructure of the osmeterium and the nature of its secretion in Papilio larvae (lepidoptera). Tissue Cell 1969; 1:525-54. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(69)80020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/1968] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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