1
|
Biological Effects of Animal Venoms on the Human Immune System. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050344. [PMID: 35622591 PMCID: PMC9143185 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Venoms are products of specialized glands and serve many living organisms to immobilize and kill prey, start digestive processes and act as a defense mechanism. Venoms affect different cells, cellular structures and tissues, such as skin, nervous, hematological, digestive, excretory and immune systems, as well as the heart, among other structures. Components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems can be stimulated or suppressed. Studying the effects on the cells and molecules produced by the immune system has been useful in many biomedical fields. The effects of venoms can be the basis for research and development of therapeutic protocols useful in the modulation of the immunological system, including different autoimmune diseases. This review focuses on the understanding of biological effects of diverse venom on the human immune system and how some of their components can be useful for the study and development of immunomodulatory drugs.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ferrara AL, Galdiero MR, Fiorelli A, Cristinziano L, Granata F, Marone G, Crescenzo RMD, Braile M, Marcella S, Modestino L, Varricchi G, Spadaro G, Santini M, Loffredo S. Macrophage-polarizing stimuli differentially modulate the inflammatory profile induced by the secreted phospholipase A 2 group IA in human lung macrophages. Cytokine 2020; 138:155378. [PMID: 33248911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effects of snake venom Group IA secreted phospholipase A2 (svGIA) on the release of inflammatory and angiogenic mediators from human lung macrophages (HLMs). HLMs were incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or svGIA with or without macrophage-polarizing stimuli (IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ or the adenosine analogue NECA). M2-polarizing cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) inhibited TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β, CXCL8 and CCL1 release induced by both LPS and svGIA. IL-4 inhibited also the release of IL-10. IFN-γ reduced IL-10 and IL-12 and increased CCL1 release by both the LPS and svGIA-stimulated HLMs, conversely IFN-γ reduced IL-1β only by svGIA-stimulated HLMs. In addition, IFNγ promoted TNF-α and IL-6 release from svGIA-stimulated HLMs to a greater extent than LPS. NECA inhibited TNF-α and IL-12 but promoted IL-10 release from LPS-stimulated HLMs according to the well-known effect of adenosine in down-regulating M1 activation. By contrast NECA reduced TNF-α, IL-10, CCL1 and IL-1β release from svGIA-activated HLM. IL-10 and NECA increased both LPS- and svGIA-induced vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) release. By contrast, IL-10 reduced angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT1) production from activated HLMs. IFN-γ and IL-4 reduced VEGF-A and ANGPT1 release from both LPS- and svGIA-activated HLMs. Moreover, IL-10 inhibited LPS-induced ANGPT2 production. In conclusion, we demonstrated a fine-tuning modulation of svGIA-activated HLMs differentially exerted by the classical macrophage-polarizing cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lise Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Fiorelli
- Translational Medical and Surgical Science, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Cristinziano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.
| | - Francescopaolo Granata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Italy; Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosa Maria Di Crescenzo
- Translational Medical and Surgical Science, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Mariantonia Braile
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.
| | - Simone Marcella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.
| | - Luca Modestino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.
| | - Mario Santini
- Translational Medical and Surgical Science, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pereira-Crott LS, Casare-Ogasawara TM, Ambrosio L, Chaim LFP, de Morais FR, Cintra ACO, Canicoba NC, Tucci LFF, Torqueti MR, Sampaio SV, Marzocchi-Machado CM, Castro FAD. Bothrops moojeni venom and BmooLAAO-I downmodulate CXCL8/IL-8 and CCL2/MCP-1 production and oxidative burst response, and upregulate CD11b expression in human neutrophils. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106154. [PMID: 31962250 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bothrops snake venoms contain biologically active components, including L-amino acid oxidases (LAAO) that induce significant leukocyte accumulation at inflammatory sites characterized by early neutrophil infiltration. As it remains unclear how snake venoms modulate neutrophil activation and chemokine production, here we examined whether Bothrops moojeni crude venom (BmV) and its LAAO (BmooLAAO-I) affect expression of the surface activation markers CD11b and CD66b, production of the chemokines CCL2/MCP-1, CCL5/RANTES, CXCL8/IL-8, CXCL9/MIG, and CXCL-10/IP-10, and activation of oxidative burst in human neutrophils. Cell viability, expression of activation markers, and chemokine production were assessed by flow cytometry, while the oxidative burst response was measured by chemiluminescence. BmV at 50 and 75 µg/mL reduced CXCL8/IL-8 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively) and CCL2/MCP-1 production (p < 0.05), while BmooLAAO-I at the same concentrations reduced only CCL2/MCP-1 production (p < 0.01). These effects were accompanied by CD11b upregulation (p < 0.05 for 50 and 75 µg/mL BmV; p < 0.01 for 50 and 75 µg/mL BmooLAAO-I) and CD66b downregulation (p < 0.05 for 50 and 75 µg/mL BmV). Both BmV and BmooLAAO-I at concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 5 µg/mL suppressed the oxidative burst of neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, while BmooLAAO-I at 2.5 and 5 µg/mL also suppressed the neutrophil response stimulated with opsonized zymosan. Considering that neutrophils participate in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, the findings reported herein indicate that BmV and BmooLAAO-I are potential immunomodulating agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Simon Pereira-Crott
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - Tânia Mara Casare-Ogasawara
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ambrosio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Princi Chaim
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Rosseto de Morais
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Adélia Cristina Oliveira Cintra
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Nathália Cristina Canicoba
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Fortunato Tucci
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Torqueti
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Cleni Mara Marzocchi-Machado
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Attié de Castro
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wei JF, Wei XL, Chen QY, He SH. Induction of inflammatory cell accumulation by TM-N49 and promutoxin, two novel phospholipase A(2). Toxicon 2010; 56:580-8. [PMID: 20538012 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Local inflammation is a prominent characteristic of snakebite wound. Snake venom phospholipase A(2)s (PLA(2)s) are one of the main components which contribute to accumulation of inflammatory cells. We have isolated TM-N49 and promutoxin from Protobothrops mucrosquamatus venom and investigated their ability in induction of cell accumulation by using an in vivo mouse model. The results showed that both TM-N49 and promutoxin are potent stimuli for induction of neutrophil, lymphocyte, macrophage and eosinophil accumulation in the mouse peritoneum. The TM-N49- and promutoxin-induced inflammatory cell accumulation was inhibited by pretreatment of animals with cyproheptadine, terfenadine and Ginkgolide B, indicating that histamine and PAF is likely to contribute to the cells accumulation. Pre-injection of antibodies against adhesion molecules ICAM-1, CD18, CD11a and L-selectin showed that ICAM-1 is a key adhesion molecule of TM-N49- and promutoxin-induced lymphocyte, macrophage and eosinophil accumulation; CD18 and CD11a plays an important role in the migration of neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages; and L-selectin is involved in the neutrophil and eosinophil accumulation. In conclusion, induction of inflammatory cell accumulation by TM-N49 and promutoxin confirms that group II PLA(2)s is pivotal stimulus for cell infiltration, through which they participate in the formation of snakebite inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Fu Wei
- Clinical Experiment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Triggiani M, Granata F, Frattini A, Marone G. Activation of human inflammatory cells by secreted phospholipases A2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:1289-300. [PMID: 16952481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Secreted phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)s) are enzymes detected in serum and biological fluids of patients with various inflammatory, autoimmune and allergic disorders. Different isoforms of sPLA(2)s are expressed and released by human inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, T cells, monocytes, macrophages and mast cells. sPLA(2)s generate arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids thus contributing to the production of bioactive lipid mediators in inflammatory cells. However, sPLA(2)s also activate human inflammatory cells by mechanisms unrelated to their enzymatic activity. Several human and non-human sPLA(2)s induce degranulation of mast cells, neutrophils and eosinophils and activate exocytosis in macrophages. In addition some, but not all, sPLA(2) isoforms promote cytokine and chemokine production from macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and endothelial cells. These effects are primarily mediated by binding of sPLA(2)s to specific membrane targets (heparan sulfate proteoglycans, M-type, N-type or mannose receptors) expressed on effector cells. Thus, sPLA(2)s may play an important role in the initiation and amplification of inflammatory reactions by at least two mechanisms: production of lipid mediators and direct activation of inflammatory cells. Selective inhibitors of sPLA(2)-enzymatic activity and specific antagonists of sPLA(2) receptors are current being tested for pharmacological treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Triggiani
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Via Pansini 5, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Du XY, Sim DS, Lee WH, Zhang Y. Blood cells as targets of snake toxins. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 36:414-21. [PMID: 16631395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are mixtures of enzymes and peptides which exert toxicological effects by targeting their substrates or receptors upon envenomation. Snake venom proteins widely affect vascular system including circulating blood cells, coagulation factors, and vascular wall components. Many of the toxic proteins have multiple targets. For example, some metalloproteinase domain-containing snake venom protein cleaves not only fibrinogen but also receptors on platelets. Also, it is frequent that toxins from different snake venom protein families are capable of binding to a common target on cells. Most of the cytotoxic effects in the venom are usually results of the activities of metalloproteinase, C-type lectin, disintegrin, cysteine-rich protein, as well as phospholipase A(2). There has been a growing interest in studying the structure and function of these snake venom proteins because many of them have high structural homologies to proteins found in human. Therefore, the understanding of how these toxins interact with their targets may contribute to the discovery of novel physiological processes and the development of therapeutic agents for cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize how snake toxins target blood cells with an emphasis on their effects on platelet function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Du
- Biotoxin Unites, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Satish S, Tejaswini J, Krishnakantha TP, Gowda TV. Purification of a Class B1 platelet aggregation inhibitor phospholipase A2 from Indian cobra (Naja Naja) venom. Biochimie 2005; 86:203-10. [PMID: 15134835 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A platelet aggregation inhibitor phospholipase A(2) (NND-IV-PLA(2)) was isolated from Naja naja (Eastern India) venom by a combination of cation and anion exchange chromatography. NND-IV-PLA(2) is the most catalytically active enzyme isolated from the Indian cobra venom. The acidic PLA(2) profile of Eastern regional Indian cobra venom is distinctly different from that of the western regional venom. However the acidic PLA(2)s from both the regions follow the pattern of increasing catalytic activity with increase in acidic nature of the PLA(2) isoform. NND-IV-PLA(2) is a Class B1 platelet aggregation inhibitor and inhibits platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen and epinephrine. Modification of active site histidine abolishes both catalytic activity and platelet aggregation inhibition activities while aristolochic acid, a phospholipase A(2) inhibitor has only partial effect on the two activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Satish
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|