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Piontek M, Andreosso A, Smout M. Rapid and permanent cytotoxic effects of venom from Chiropsella bronzie and Malo maxima on human skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Toxicon 2023; 233:107250. [PMID: 37572796 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Jellyfish envenomation is a global public health risk; Cubozoans (box jellyfish) are a prevalent jellyfish class with some species causing potent and potentially fatal envenomation in tropical Australian waters. Previous studies have explored the mechanism of action of venom from the lethal Cubozoan Chironex fleckeri and from Carukia barnesi (which causes "Irukandji syndrome"), but mechanistic knowledge to develop effective treatment is still limited. This study performed an in-vitro cytotoxic examination of the venoms of Chiropsella bronzie and Malo maxima, two understudied species that are closely related to Chironex fleckeri and Carukia barnesi respectively. Venom was applied to human skeletal muscle cells and human cardiomyocytes while monitoring with the xCELLigence system. Chiropsella bronzie caused rapid cytotoxicity at concentrations as low as 58.8 μg/mL. Malo maxima venom caused a notable increase in cell index, a measure of cell viability, followed by cytotoxicity after 24-h venom exposure at ≥11.2 μg/mL on skeletal muscle cells. In contrast, the cardiomyocytes mostly showed significant increased cell index at the higher M. maxima concentrations tested. These findings show that these venoms can exert cytotoxic effects and Malo maxima venom mainly caused a sustained increase in cell index across both human cell lines, suggesting a different mode of action to Chiropsella bronzie. As these venoms show different real-world envenomation symptoms, the different cellular toxicity profiles provide a first step towards developing improved understanding of mechanistic pathways and novel envenomation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Piontek
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Athena Andreosso
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Smout
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Bueno TC, Collaço RDC, Cardoso BA, Bredariol RF, Escobar ML, Cajado IB, Gracia M, Antunes E, Zambelli VO, Picolo G, Cury Y, Morandini AC, Marques AC, Sciani JM, Rocha T. Neurotoxicity of Olindias sambaquiensis and Chiropsalmus quadrumanus extracts in sympathetic nervous system. Toxicon 2021; 199:127-138. [PMID: 34139257 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cnidarians are equipped with nematocysts, which are specialized organelles used to inoculate venom during prey capturing and defense. Their venoms are rich in toxins and a potential source of bioactive compounds, however, poorly explored so far. In this work, the activity of the methanolic extracts from the hydromedusa Olindias sambaquiensis and the cubozoan jellyfish Chiropsalmus quadrumanus were studied in sympathetic neurotransmission. For that, bisected rat vas deferens - a classic model of sympathetic neurotransmission - were incubated with the extracts for further myographic and histopathological analysis. The O. sambaquiensis extract, at 0.1 μg/mL, facilitated the neurogenic contractions of the noradrenergic-rich epididymal portion, while reducing the noradrenaline (NA) potency, which suggests an interaction with postsynaptic α1-adrenoceptors. On the other hand, a higher concentration (1 μg/mL) leads to time- and frequency-dependent blockade of nerve-evoked contractions without significantly changing the response to exogenous NA. In turn, the C. quadrumanus extract at 0.1 μg/mL induced blockade of nerve-evoked noradrenergic contractions while reducing the potency to exogenous NA. Both extracts did not affect the purinergic neurotransmission or induce muscle damages. Our results demonstrate that O. sambaquiensis and C. quadrumanus extracts significantly interfere with the noradrenergic neurotransmission without altering purinergic response or smooth muscle structure on rat vas deferens. Such results bring to light the pharmacological potential of O. sambaquiensis and C. quadrumanus molecules for therapeutics focusing on noradrenergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Cavenatti Bueno
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University (USF), Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rita de Cássia Collaço
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bianca Aparecida Cardoso
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University (USF), Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Fumachi Bredariol
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University (USF), Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marília Leal Escobar
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University (USF), Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.
| | - Isabela Bubenik Cajado
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University (USF), Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marta Gracia
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University (USF), Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa O Zambelli
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Gisele Picolo
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Yara Cury
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - André C Morandini
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil; Marine Biology Center, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, 11612-109, Brazil.
| | - Antonio C Marques
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Mozer Sciani
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University (USF), Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thalita Rocha
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University (USF), Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.
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D’Ambra I, Lauritano C. A Review of Toxins from Cnidaria. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E507. [PMID: 33036158 PMCID: PMC7600780 DOI: 10.3390/md18100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians have been known since ancient times for the painful stings they induce to humans. The effects of the stings range from skin irritation to cardiotoxicity and can result in death of human beings. The noxious effects of cnidarian venoms have stimulated the definition of their composition and their activity. Despite this interest, only a limited number of compounds extracted from cnidarian venoms have been identified and defined in detail. Venoms extracted from Anthozoa are likely the most studied, while venoms from Cubozoa attract research interests due to their lethal effects on humans. The investigation of cnidarian venoms has benefited in very recent times by the application of omics approaches. In this review, we propose an updated synopsis of the toxins identified in the venoms of the main classes of Cnidaria (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Staurozoa and Anthozoa). We have attempted to consider most of the available information, including a summary of the most recent results from omics and biotechnological studies, with the aim to define the state of the art in the field and provide a background for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella D’Ambra
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
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The pathology of Chironex fleckeri venom and known biological mechanisms. Toxicon X 2020; 6:100026. [PMID: 32550582 PMCID: PMC7285912 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The large box jellyfish Chironex fleckeri is found in northern Australian waters. A sting from this cubozoan species can kill within minutes. From clinical and animal studies, symptoms comprise severe pain, welts, scarring, hypotension, vasospasms, cardiac irregularities and cardiac arrest. At present, there is no cure and opioids are used to manage pain. Antivenom is available but controversy exists over its effectiveness. Experimental and combination therapies performed in vitro and in vivo have shown varied efficacy. These inconsistent results are likely a consequence of the different methods used to extract venom. Recent omics analysis has shed light on the systems of C. fleckeri venom action, including new toxin classes that use pore formation, cell membrane collapse and ion channel modulation. This review covers what is known on C. fleckeri pathomechanisms and highlights current gaps in knowledge. A more complete understanding of the mechanisms of C. fleckeri venom-induced pathology may lead to novel treatments and possibly, the discovery of novel cell pathways, novel drug scaffolds and novel drug targets for human disease.
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Merquiol L, Romano G, Ianora A, D'Ambra I. Biotechnological Applications of Scyphomedusae. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17110604. [PMID: 31653064 PMCID: PMC6891278 DOI: 10.3390/md17110604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As people across the world live longer, chronic illness and diminished well-being are becoming major global public health challenges. Marine biotechnology may help overcome some of these challenges by developing new products and know-how derived from marine organisms. While some products from marine organisms such as microalgae, sponges, and fish have already found biotechnological applications, jellyfish have received little attention as a potential source of bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, recent studies have highlighted that scyphomedusae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) synthesise at least three main categories of compounds that may find biotechnological applications: collagen, fatty acids and components of crude venom. We review what is known about these compounds in scyphomedusae and their current biotechnological applications, which falls mainly into four categories of products: nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, biomedicals, and biomaterials. By defining the state of the art of biotechnological applications in scyphomedusae, we intend to promote the use of these bioactive compounds to increase the health and well-being of future societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Merquiol
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Adrianna Ianora
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Isabella D'Ambra
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
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Jouiaei M, Yanagihara AA, Madio B, Nevalainen TJ, Alewood PF, Fry BG. Ancient Venom Systems: A Review on Cnidaria Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2251-71. [PMID: 26094698 PMCID: PMC4488701 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7062251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians are the oldest extant lineage of venomous animals. Despite their simple anatomy, they are capable of subduing or repelling prey and predator species that are far more complex and recently evolved. Utilizing specialized penetrating nematocysts, cnidarians inject the nematocyst content or "venom" that initiates toxic and immunological reactions in the envenomated organism. These venoms contain enzymes, potent pore forming toxins, and neurotoxins. Enzymes include lipolytic and proteolytic proteins that catabolize prey tissues. Cnidarian pore forming toxins self-assemble to form robust membrane pores that can cause cell death via osmotic lysis. Neurotoxins exhibit rapid ion channel specific activities. In addition, certain cnidarian venoms contain or induce the release of host vasodilatory biogenic amines such as serotonin, histamine, bunodosine and caissarone accelerating the pathogenic effects of other venom enzymes and porins. The cnidarian attacking/defending mechanism is fast and efficient, and massive envenomation of humans may result in death, in some cases within a few minutes to an hour after sting. The complexity of venom components represents a unique therapeutic challenge and probably reflects the ancient evolutionary history of the cnidarian venom system. Thus, they are invaluable as a therapeutic target for sting treatment or as lead compounds for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdokht Jouiaei
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Angel A Yanagihara
- Pacific Cnidaria Research Lab, Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Bruno Madio
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Timo J Nevalainen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku FIN-20520, Finland.
| | - Paul F Alewood
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia.
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Lakkis NA, Maalouf GJ, Mahmassani DM. Jellyfish Stings: A Practical Approach. Wilderness Environ Med 2015; 26:422-9. [PMID: 25935311 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Jellyfish have a worldwide distribution. Their stings can cause different reactions, ranging from cutaneous, localized, and self-limited to serious systemic or fatal ones, depending on the envenoming species. Several first aid treatments are used to manage such stings but few have evidence behind their use. This review of the literature describes and discusses the different related first aid and treatment recommendations, ending with a summarized practical approach. Further randomized controlled trials in this field are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla A Lakkis
- Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Grace J Maalouf
- Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Dina M Mahmassani
- Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Abstract
Marine envenomations are an important part of sports medicine. Marine sport is practiced widely, and many aquatic envenomations require quick recognition and timely action to ensure the safety and recovery of victims. Even a basic knowledge of treatments of various envenomations could help clinicians be more effective in acute treatment. The purpose of this article is to review known literature and expand on recent progress in the field of aquatic envenomations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Reese
- Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, 9300 Dewitt Loop, Fort Belvoir, VA
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Dose and time dependence of box jellyfish antivenom. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2014; 20:34. [PMID: 25161664 PMCID: PMC4144694 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-20-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effectiveness of the currently available box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri) antivenom has been subject of debate for many years. To assess whether the box jellyfish antivenom has the ability to attenuate venom-induced damage at cellular level, the present study analyzed the dose and time dependence of the antivenom in a cell-based assay. Methods Different doses of antivenom were added to venom and subsequently administered to cells and the cell index was measured using xCelligence Technology (ACEA Biosciences). Similarly, antivenom and venom were incubated over different time periods and cell survival measured as stated above. For both experiments, the cell index was plotted as a measure of cell survival against the dose or incubation time and significance was determined with the use of a one-way ANOVA with a LSD post hoc test. Results Increasing concentrations of antivenom significantly augmented cell survival, with a concentration of approximately five times the currently recommended dose for human envenomation, causing the first significant increase in cell survival compared venom alone. Further, cell survival improved with increasing incubation time of venom and antivenom prior to addition to the cells, indicating that box jellyfish antivenom requires approximately 70 minutes to neutralize C. fleckeri venom. Conclusion The presented results suggest that the currently recommended dose of antivenom requires adjustment, and more importantly, a human trial to test the effects of higher concentrations is also necessary. Further, antivenom has delayed neutralizing effects (i.e. after 70 minutes) which underlines the eminence of immediate and prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation in victims suffering from a C. fleckeri venom-induced cardiovascular collapse.
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Pereira P, Seymour JE. In vitro effects on human heart and skeletal cells of the venom from two cubozoans, Chironex fleckeri and Carukia barnesi. Toxicon 2013; 76:310-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pharmacological studies of tentacle extract from the jellyfish Cyanea capillata in isolated rat aorta. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3335-49. [PMID: 23999662 PMCID: PMC3806464 DOI: 10.3390/md11093335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that tentacle extract (TE) from the jellyfish, Cyanea capillata, could cause a dose-dependent increase of systolic blood pressure, which seemed to be the result of direct constriction of vascular smooth muscle (VSM). The aim of this study is to investigate whether TE could induce vasoconstriction in vitro and to explore its potential mechanism. Using isolated aorta rings, a direct contractile response of TE was verified, which showed that TE could induce concentration-dependent contractile responses in both endothelium-intact and -denuded aortas. Interestingly, the amplitude of contraction in the endothelium-denuded aorta was much stronger than that in the endothelium-intact one, implying that TE might also bring a weak functional relaxation in addition to vasoconstriction. Further drug intervention experiments indicated that the functional vasodilation might be mediated by nitric oxide, and that TE-induced vasoconstriction could be attributed to calcium influx via voltage-operated calcium channels (VOCCs) from the extracellular space, as well as sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca²⁺ release via the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP₃R), leading to an increase in [Ca²⁺](c), instead of activation of the PLC/DAG/PKC pathway or the sympathetic nerve system.
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Cegolon L, Heymann WC, Lange JH, Mastrangelo G. Jellyfish stings and their management: a review. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:523-50. [PMID: 23434796 PMCID: PMC3640396 DOI: 10.3390/md11020523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish (cnidarians) have a worldwide distribution. Despite most being harmless, some species may cause local and also systemic reactions. Treatment of jellyfish envenomation is directed at: alleviating the local effects of venom, preventing further nematocyst discharges and controlling systemic reactions, including shock. In severe cases, the most important step is stabilizing and maintaining vital functions. With some differences between species, there seems to be evidence and consensus on oral/topical analgesics, hot water and ice packs as effective painkillers and on 30 s application of domestic vinegar (4%-6% acetic acid) to prevent further discharge of unfired nematocysts remaining on the skin. Conversely, alcohol, methylated spirits and fresh water should be carefully avoided, since they could massively discharge nematocysts; pressure immobilization bandaging should also be avoided, as laboratory studies show that it stimulates additional venom discharge from nematocysts. Most treatment approaches are presently founded on relatively weak evidence; therefore, further research (especially randomized clinical trials) is strongly recommended. Dissemination of appropriate treatment modalities should be deployed to better inform and educate those at risk. Adequate signage should be placed at beaches to notify tourists of the jellyfish risk. Swimmers in risky areas should wear protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cegolon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Padua University, Padua 35128, Italy; E-Mail:
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London WC2 1PG, UK
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-049-8212543; Fax: +39-049-8212542
| | | | - John H. Lange
- Envirosafe Training and Consultants, 2366 Golden Mile Highway, Pittsburgh, PA 15239, USA; E-Mail:
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Hughes RJA, Angus JA, Winkel KD, Wright CE. A pharmacological investigation of the venom extract of the Australian box jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri, in cardiac and vascular tissues. Toxicol Lett 2011; 209:11-20. [PMID: 22154831 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacology of Australian box jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri, unpurified (crude) nematocyst venom extract (CVE) was investigated in rat isolated cardiac and vascular tissues and in anaesthetised rats. In small mesenteric arteries CVE (0.01-30 μg/ml) caused contractions (EC(50) 1.15±0.19 μg/ml) that were unaffected by prazosin (0.1 μM), bosentan (10 μM), CGRP(8-37) (1 μM) or tetrodotoxin (1 μM). Box jellyfish antivenom (5-92.6 units/ml) caused rightward shifts of the CVE concentration-response curve with no change in the maximum. In the presence of l-NAME (100 μM) the sensitivity and maximum response to CVE were increased, whilst MgSO(4) (6 mM) decreased both parameters. CVE (1-10 μg/ml) caused inhibition of the contractile response to electrical sympathetic nerve stimulation. Left atrial responses to CVE (0.001-30 μg/ml) were bi-phasic, composed of an initial positive inotropy followed by a marked negative inotropy and atrial standstill. CVE (0.3 μg/ml) elicited a marked decrease in right atrial rate followed by atrial standstill at 3 μg/ml. These responses were unaffected by 1 μM of propranolol, atropine or CGRP(8-37). Antivenom (54 and 73 units/ml) caused rightward shifts of the CVE concentration-response curve and prevented atrial standstill in left and right atria. The effects of CVE do not appear to involve autonomic nerves, post-synaptic α(1)- or β(1)-adrenoceptors, or muscarinic, endothelin or CGRP receptors, but may occur through direct effects on the cardiac and vascular muscle. Box jellyfish antivenom was effective in attenuating CVE-induced responses in isolated cardiac and vascular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J A Hughes
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Encounters with Venomous Sea-Life. J Emerg Med 2011; 40:103-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2009] [Revised: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Konstantakopoulos N, Isbister GK, Seymour JE, Hodgson WC. A cell-based assay for screening of antidotes to, and antivenom against Chironex fleckeri (box jellyfish) venom. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2009; 59:166-70. [PMID: 19254771 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chironex fleckeri is a large box jellyfish that has been labelled the 'most venomous animal' in the world. We have recently shown that the primary effect of C. fleckeri venom in vivo is cardiovascular collapse. This study utilised a cell-based assay to examine the effects of C. fleckeri venom on the proliferation of a rat aortic smooth muscle cell line. In addition, the ability of CSL box jellyfish antivenom and/or various potential treatment strategies to neutralise the effects of the venom was examined. METHODS A7r5 cells were cultured in media containing venom. The effect of CSL box jellyfish antivenom (5 U/mL), CSL polyvalent snake antivenom (5 U/mL), lanthanum (5 microM), MgSO(4) (50 mM), verapamil (5 microM) or felodipine (5 microM) was examined. Cell viability was determined using a Cell titer 96 AQueous One Solution cell proliferation assay. RESULTS Incubation of A7r5 cells with serially diluted venom (2-0.004 microg/mL) caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation with an IC(50) value of 0.056 microg/mL. This response was not affected by the absence of calcium or the presence of lanthanum in the media. Box jellyfish antivenom (5 U/mL) prevented the inhibition of cell proliferation caused by the venom. Verapamil (5 microM) had no significant effect on the inhibition. In contrast, felodipine (5 microM) or MgSO(4) (50 mM) potentiated the effects of the venom and partially negated the protective effect of the antivenom. DISCUSSION This study displayed the ability to utilise a cell-based assay to determine the effects of C. fleckeri venom on vascular cell viability. It showed that CSL box jellyfish can neutralise the effects of the venom but only if added prior to the venom. In addition, potential adjunct therapies verapamil, felodipine and MgSO(4) were found to be ineffective, with felodipine and MgSO(4) potentiating the detrimental effects of the venom.
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Sitprija V. Animal toxins and the kidney. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:616-27. [DOI: 10.1038/ncpneph0941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Brinkman D, Burnell J. Partial purification of cytolytic venom proteins from the box jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri. Toxicon 2007; 51:853-63. [PMID: 18243272 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Venom proteins from the nematocysts of Chironex fleckeri were fractionated by size-exclusion and cation-exchange chromatography. Using sheep erythrocyte haemolysis as an indicator of cytolytic activity, two major cytolysins, with native molecular masses of approximately 370 and 145kDa, and one minor cytolysin ( approximately 70kDa) were isolated. SDS-PAGE and western blot protein profiles revealed that the 370kDa haemolysin is composed of CfTX-1 and CfTX-2 subunits ( approximately 43 and 45kDa, respectively); the most abundant proteins found in C. fleckeri nematocyst extracts. The 145kDa haemolysin predominately contains two other major proteins ( approximately 39 and 41kDa), which are not antigenic towards commercially available box jellyfish antivenom or rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against whole C. fleckeri nematocyst extracts or CfTX-1 and -2. The kinetics of CfTX-1 and -2 haemolytic activities are temperature dependent and characterised by a pre-lytic lag phase ( approximately 6-7min) prior to initiation of haemolysis. Significant amino acid sequence homology between the CfTX proteins and other box jellyfish toxins suggest that CfTX-1 and -2 may also be lethal and dermonecrotic. Therefore, further in vivo and in vitro studies are required to investigate the potential roles of CfTX-1 and -2 in the lethal effects of C. fleckeri venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Brinkman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
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Abstract
The seas and oceans around Australia harbour numerous venomous jellyfish. Chironex fleckeri, the box jellyfish, is the most lethal causing rapid cardiorespiratory depression and although its venom has been characterised, its toxins remain to be identified. A moderately effective antivenom exists which is also partially effective against another chirodropid, Chiropsalmus sp. Numerous carybdeids, some unidentified, cause less severe illness, including Carybdea rastoni whose toxins CrTX-A and CrTX-B are large proteins. Carukia barnesi, another small carybdeid is one cause of the 'Irukandji' syndrome which includes delayed pain from severe muscle cramping, vomiting, anxiety, restlessness, sweating and prostration, and occasionally severe hypertension and acute cardiac failure. The syndrome is in part caused by release of catecholamines but the cause of heart failure is undefined. The venom contains a sodium channel modulator. Two species of Physalia are present and although one is potentially lethal, has not caused death in Australian waters. Other significant genera of jellyfish include Tamoya, Pelagia, Cyanea, Aurelia and Chyrosaora.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Tibballs
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Ramasamy S, Isbister GK, Seymour JE, Hodgson WC. The in vivo cardiovascular effects of an Australasian box jellyfish (Chiropsalmus sp.) venom in rats. Toxicon 2005; 45:321-7. [PMID: 15683870 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using a new technique to extract venom from the nematocysts of jellyfish, the in vivo cardiovascular effects of Chiropsalmus sp. venom were investigated in anaesthetized rats. Chiropsalmus sp. venom (150 microg/kg, i.v.) produced a transient hypertensive response (44+/-4 mmHg; n=6) followed by hypotension and cardiovascular collapse. Concurrent artificial respiration or pretreatment with Chironex fleckeri antivenom (AV, 3000 U/kg, i.v.) did not have any effect on the venom-induced hypertensive response nor the subsequent cardiovascular collapse. The cardiovascular response of animals receiving venom after the infusion of MgSO4 (50-70 mM @ 0.25 ml/min, i.v.; n=5) alone, or in combination with AV (n=5), was not significantly different from rats receiving venom alone. Prior administration of prazosin (50 microg/kg, i.v.; n=4) or ketanserin (1 mg/kg, i.v.; n=4) did not significantly attenuate the hypertensive response nor prevent the cardiovascular collapse induced by venom (50 microg/kg, i.v.). In contrast to previous work examining C. fleckeri venom, administration of AV alone, or in combination with MgSO4, was not effective in preventing cardiovascular collapse following the administration of Chiropsalmus sp. venom. This indicates that the venom of the two related box jellyfish contain different lethal components and highlights the importance of species identification prior to initiating treatment regimes following jellyfish envenoming.
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Ramasamy S, Isbister GK, Seymour JE, Hodgson WC. The in vivo cardiovascular effects of the Irukandji jellyfish (Carukia barnesi) nematocyst venom and a tentacle extract in rats. Toxicol Lett 2005; 155:135-41. [PMID: 15585368 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 09/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Envenoming by Carukia barnesi may produce life-threatening Irukandji syndrome. There is little published on the activity of C. barnesi venom. This is the first study to investigate the in vivo cardiovascular effects of C. barnesi venom and a tentacle extract (devoid of nematocysts). Venom (50 microg/kg or 100 microg/kg, i.v.) produced a pressor response (42+/-3 and 44+/-6 mmHg, respectively; n=4) and increase in heart rate (31+/-5 and 13+/-2 bpm, respectively; n = 4) in anaesthetised rats. These changes were not dose-dependent and were followed by cardiovascular collapse in one of four rats receiving 50 microg/kg and three of four animals receiving 100 microg/kg. Prazosin (50 microg/kg, i.v.) significantly attenuated the venom (50 microg/kg, i.v.)-induced pressor response (-8+/-3 mmHg; P < 0.05; n = 4) and tachycardia (-9+/-4 bpm; P < 0.05; n = 4). Tentacle extract (100 microg/kg; i.v.) produced a pressor response (51+/-12 mmHg; n = 3) and an increase in heart rate (35+/-1 bpm; n = 3) in anaesthetised rats, with no subsequent cardiovascular collapse. The results of this study are consistent with the effects shown by humans envenomed by C. barnesi which are postulated to be a result of catecholamine release. We show, for the first time, that C. barnesi tentacle extract, free of nematocyst material, produces cardiovascular effects which are distinct from those caused by venom derived from isolated nematocysts.
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Bailey PM, Bakker AJ, Seymour JE, Wilce JA. A functional comparison of the venom of three Australian jellyfish—Chironex fleckeri, Chiropsalmus sp., and Carybdea xaymacana—on cytosolic Ca2+, haemolysis and Artemia sp. lethality. Toxicon 2005; 45:233-42. [PMID: 15626372 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Revised: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cnidarian venoms produce a wide spectrum of envenoming syndromes in humans ranging from minor local irritation to death. Here, the effects of Chironex fleckeri, Chiropsalmus sp., and Carybdea xaymacana venoms on ventricular myocyte cytosolic Ca2+, haemolysis and Artemia sp. lethality are compared for the first time. All three venoms caused a large, irreversible elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ in myocytes as measured using the Ca2+ sensitive fluorescent probe Indo-1. The L-type Ca2+ channel antagonist verapamil had no effect on Ca2+ influx whilst La3+, a non-specific channel and pore blocker, inhibited the effect. Haemolytic activity was observed for all venoms, with C. xaymacana venom displaying the greatest activity. These activities are consistent with the presence of a pore-forming toxin existing in the venoms which has been demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy in the case of C. fleckeri. The venom of C. fleckeri was found to be more lethal against Artemia sp. than the venom of the other species, consistent with the order of known human toxicities. This suggests that the observed lytic effects may not underlie the lethal effects of the venom, and raises the question of how such potent activities are dealt with by envenomed humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Bailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Ramasamy S, Isbister GK, Seymour JE, Hodgson WC. The in vivo cardiovascular effects of box jellyfish Chironex fleckeri venom in rats: efficacy of pre-treatment with antivenom, verapamil and magnesium sulphate. Toxicon 2004; 43:685-90. [PMID: 15109889 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2003] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Using a new technique to extract venom from the nematocysts, the efficacy of CSL box jellyfish antivenom (AV) and adjunct therapies, verapamil and magnesium sulfate (MgSO(4)), were investigated against the in vivo cardiovascular effects of Chironex fleckeri venom in anaesthetised rats. C. fleckeri venom (30 microg/kg; i.v.) produced a transient hypertensive response followed by hypotension and cardiovascular collapse within 4 min of administration. Prophylactic treatment of anaesthetised rats with CSL box jellyfish AV (3000 U/kg; i.v.) did not have any effect on the venom-induced pressor response, but prevented cardiovascular collapse in four out of 10 animals. Administration of verapamil (20mM@0.25 ml/min; i.v.) either alone or in combination with AV, did not have any effect on the C. fleckeri venom-induced pressor response nor the consequent hypotension or cardiovascular collapse of animals. However, the administration of verapamil negated the partially protective effects of AV. Concurrent artificial respiration of animals with the above treatments did not attenuate the C. fleckeri venom-induced cardiovascular effects. MgSO(4) (0.05-0.07M@0.25 ml/min; i.v.) alone did not have any effect on the venom-induced pressor response nor the consequent cardiovascular collapse of animals. However, although combined AV and MgSO(4) administration could not inhibit the transient pressor effect following the administration of C. fleckeri venom, it prevented cardiovascular collapse in all animals. We show for the first time, the cardiovascular effects of a C. fleckeri venom sample free of tentacular contamination and the potential of MgSO(4) as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of potentially fatal C. fleckeri envenomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmaine Ramasamy
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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