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Franco-Vásquez AM, Lazcano-Pérez F, Mejía-Sánchez MA, Corzo G, Zamudio F, Carbajal-Saucedo A, Román-González SA, Gómez-Manzo S, Arreguín-Espinosa R. Structural, biochemical and immunochemical characterization of an acidic phospholipase A2 from Lachesis acrochorda (Viperidae: Crotalinae) venom. Toxicon 2024; 237:107528. [PMID: 38013057 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Viperids of the genus Lachesis, also known as bushmasters, are capable of injecting great amounts of venom that cause severe envenomation incidents. Since phospholipases type A2 are mainly involved in edema and myonecrosis within the snakebite sites, in this work, the isolation, amino acid sequence and biochemical characterization of the first phospholipase type A2 from the venom of Lachesis acrochorda, named Lacro_PLA2, is described. Lacro_PLA2 is an acidic aspartic 49 calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 with 93% similarity to the L. stenophrys phospholipase. Lacro_PLA2 has a molecular mass of 13,969.7 Da and an experimental isoelectric point around 5.3. A combination of N-terminal Edman degradation and MS/MS spectrometry analyses revealed that Lacro_PLA2 contains 122 residues including 14 cysteines that form 7 disulfide bridges. A predicted 3D model shows a high resemblance to other viperid phospholipases. Nevertheless, immunochemical and phospholipase neutralization tests revealed a notorious level of immunorecognition of the isolated protein by two polyclonal antibodies from viperids from different genus, which suggest that Lacro_PLA2 resembles more to bothropic phospholipases. Lacro_PLA2 also showed significantly high edema activity when was injected into mice; so, it could be an alternative antigen in the development of antibodies against toxins of this group of viperids, seeking to improve commercial polyclonal antivenoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Marcelo Franco-Vásquez
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Fernando Lazcano-Pérez
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Mejía-Sánchez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, 2001, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62210, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Corzo
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, 2001, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62210, Mexico
| | - Fernando Zamudio
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, 2001, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62210, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Carbajal-Saucedo
- Laboratorio de Herpetología. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, C.P. 66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Sergio Agustín Román-González
- Unidad de Proteómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Periférico Sur 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, 14610, Mexico
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 04530, Mexico
| | - Roberto Arreguín-Espinosa
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico.
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Pereañez JA, Preciado LM, Rey-Suárez P. Knowledge about Snake Venoms and Toxins from Colombia: A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:658. [PMID: 37999521 PMCID: PMC10675826 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Colombia encompasses three mountain ranges that divide the country into five natural regions: Andes, Pacific, Caribbean, Amazon, and Orinoquia. These regions offer an impressive range of climates, altitudes, and landscapes, which lead to a high snake biodiversity. Of the almost 300 snake species reported in Colombia, nearly 50 are categorized as venomous. This high diversity of species contrasts with the small number of studies to characterize their venom compositions and natural history in the different ecoregions. This work reviews the available information about the venom composition, isolated toxins, and potential applications of snake species found in Colombia. Data compilation was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, and the systematic literature search was carried out in Pubmed/MEDLINE. Venom proteomes from nine Viperidae and three Elapidae species have been described using quantitative analytical strategies. In addition, venoms of three Colubridae species have been studied. Bioactivities reported for some of the venoms or isolated components-such as antibacterial, cytotoxicity on tumoral cell lines, and antiplasmodial properties-may be of interest to develop potential applications. Overall, this review indicates that, despite recent progress in the characterization of venoms from several Colombian snakes, it is necessary to perform further studies on the many species whose venoms remain essentially unexplored, especially those of the poorly known genus Micrurus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Andrés Pereañez
- Research Group in Toxinology, Pharmaceutical, and Food Alternatives, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences Faculty, University of Antioquia, Medellín 50010, Colombia; (L.M.P.); (P.R.-S.)
- Research Group in Pharmaceutical Promotion and Prevention, University of Antioquia, Medellín 50010, Colombia
| | - Lina María Preciado
- Research Group in Toxinology, Pharmaceutical, and Food Alternatives, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences Faculty, University of Antioquia, Medellín 50010, Colombia; (L.M.P.); (P.R.-S.)
| | - Paola Rey-Suárez
- Research Group in Toxinology, Pharmaceutical, and Food Alternatives, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences Faculty, University of Antioquia, Medellín 50010, Colombia; (L.M.P.); (P.R.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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Sachett JDAG, Marinho APS, Santos MMDO, Fan HW, Bernarde PS, Monteiro WM. When to think about a Lachesis muta envenomation in the Western Brazilian Amazon: Lessons from a case report. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:e0027. [PMID: 36134857 PMCID: PMC9549943 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0027-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Brazilian Amazon, envenomations by lancehead pit vipers prevail across the region, while bushmaster (Lachesis muta) envenomations are rarely confirmed. Here, we described a moderate snakebite, diagnosed as a lancehead pit viper envenomation upon admission and treated with four vials of Bothrops antivenom. Blood remained unclottable for 4 days of hospitalization. On day 4, after admission, the patient presented pictures of the perpetrating snake to the hospital staff, which was identified as a Lachesis muta specimen. After administering 10 vials of Lachesis antivenom, blood became clottable 12 hours after treatment. The patient was discharged without complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paulo Sérgio Bernarde
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta, Laboratório de Herpetologia, Cruzeiro do Sul, AC, Brasil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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Muniz EG, Noronha MDDN, Saraiva MDGG, Monteiro WM, Oliveira SS. Neutralization of hemostatic disorders induced by Lachesis muta venom using Brazilian antivenoms. Toxicon 2020; 191:44-47. [PMID: 33359389 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the hemorrhagic, coagulant and defibrinogenant activities of Lachesis muta venom and evaluated the capacity of the Brazilian antivenoms in neutralizing these activities. The hemorrhagic activity of L. muta venom was similarly neutralized by Bothrops, Bothrops-Lachesis and Bothrops-Crotalus antivenoms. The coagulant and defibrinogenant activities were better neutralized by the Bothrops-Lachesis antivenom. Bothrops-Crotalus antivenom also neutralized these activities, indicating that it can be an alternative to treat Lachesis envenomations when Bothrops-Lachesis antivenom is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiro G Muniz
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil.
| | - Maria das Dores N Noronha
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças G Saraiva
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; Departamento de Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Sâmella S Oliveira
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil.
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Wiezel GA, Bordon KC, Silva RR, Gomes MS, Cabral H, Rodrigues VM, Ueberheide B, Arantes EC. Subproteome of Lachesis muta rhombeata venom and preliminary studies on LmrSP-4, a novel snake venom serine proteinase. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e147018. [PMID: 31131000 PMCID: PMC6521711 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-1470-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lachesis muta rhombeata is one of the venomous snakes of
medical importance in Brazil whose envenoming is characterized by local and
systemic effects which may produce even shock and death. Its venom is mainly
comprised of serine and metalloproteinases, phospholipases A2 and
bradykinin-potentiating peptides. Based on a previously reported
fractionation of L. m. rhombeata venom (LmrV), we decided
to perform a subproteome analysis of its major fraction and investigated a
novel component present in this venom. Methods: LmrV was fractionated through molecular exclusion chromatography and the main
fraction (S5) was submitted to fibrinogenolytic activity assay and
fractionated by reversed-phase chromatography. The N-terminal sequences of
the subfractions eluted from reversed-phase chromatography were determined
by automated Edman degradation. Enzyme activity of LmrSP-4 was evaluated
upon chromogenic substrates for thrombin (S-2238), plasma kallikrein
(S-2302), plasmin and streptokinase-activated plasminogen (S-2251) and
Factor Xa (S-2222) and upon fibrinogen. All assays were carried out in the
presence or absence of possible inhibitors. The fluorescence resonance
energy transfer substrate Abz-KLRSSKQ-EDDnp was used to determine the
optimal conditions for LmrSP-4 activity. Molecular mass of LmrSP-4 was
determined by MALDI-TOF and digested peptides after trypsin and Glu-C
treatments were analyzed by high resolution MS/MS using different
fragmentation modes. Results: Fraction S5 showed strong proteolytic activity upon fibrinogen. Its
fractionation by reversed-phase chromatography gave rise to 6 main fractions
(S5C1-S5C6). S5C1-S5C5 fractions correspond to serine proteinases whereas
S5C6 represents a C-type lectin. S5C4 (named LmrSP-4) had its N-terminal
determined by Edman degradation up to the 53rd amino acid residue
and was chosen for characterization studies. LmrSP-4 is a fibrinogenolytic
serine proteinase with high activity against S-2302, being inhibited by PMSF
and benzamidine, but not by 1,10-phenantroline. In addition, this enzyme
exhibited maximum activity within the pH range from neutral to basic and
between 40 and 50 °C. About 68% of the LmrSP-4 primary structure was
covered, and its molecular mass is 28,190 Da. Conclusions: Novel serine proteinase isoforms and a lectin were identified in LmrV.
Additionally, a kallikrein-like serine proteinase that might be useful as
molecular tool for investigating bradykinin-involving process was isolated
and partially characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele A Wiezel
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla Cf Bordon
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronivaldo R Silva
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mário Sr Gomes
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.,Department of Chemical and Physical, State University of Southwest Bahia, Rua José Moreira Sobrinho, até 873 874, 45506-210, Jequié, BA, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Cabral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Veridiana M Rodrigues
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Proteomics Resource Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, 430 East 29th St., 10016, New York City, USA
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Stransky S, Costal-Oliveira F, Lopes-de-Souza L, Guerra-Duarte C, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Braga VMM. In vitro assessment of cytotoxic activities of Lachesis muta muta snake venom. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006427. [PMID: 29659601 PMCID: PMC5919693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Envenomation by the bushmaster snake Lachesis muta muta is considered severe, characterized by local effects including necrosis, the main cause of permanent disability. However, cellular mechanisms related to cell death and tissue destruction, triggered by snake venoms, are poorly explored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect caused by L. m. muta venom in normal human keratinocytes and to identify the cellular processes involved in in cellulo envenomation. In order to investigate venom effect on different cell types, Alamar Blue assay was performed to quantify levels of cellular metabolism as a readout of cell viability. Apoptosis, necrosis and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were evaluated by flow cytometry, while induction of autophagy was assessed by expression of GFP-LC3 and analyzed using fluorescence microscopy. The cytotoxic potential of the venom is shown by reduced cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. It was also observed the sequential appearance of cells undergoing autophagy (by 6 hours), apoptosis and necrosis (12 and 24 hours). Morphologically, incubation with L. m. muta venom led to a significant cellular retraction and formation of cellular aggregates. These results indicate that L. m. muta venom is cytotoxic to normal human keratinocytes and other cell lines, and this toxicity involves the integration of distinct modes of cell death. Autophagy as a cell death mechanism, in addition to apoptosis and necrosis, can help to unravel cellular pathways and mechanisms triggered by the venom. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie cellular damage and tissue destruction will be useful in the development of alternative therapies against snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Stransky
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Letícia Lopes-de-Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail: (CCO); (VMMB)
| | - Vania Maria Martin Braga
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CCO); (VMMB)
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Cross-reactivity, antivenomics, and neutralization of toxic activities of Lachesis venoms by polyspecific and monospecific antivenoms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005793. [PMID: 28787445 PMCID: PMC5560760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bothrops, Crotalus and Lachesis represent the most medically relevant genera of pitvipers in Central and South America. Similarity in venom phenotype and physiopathological profile of envenomings caused by the four nominal Lachesis species led us to hypothesize that an antivenom prepared against venom from any of them may exhibit paraspecificity against all the other congeneric taxa. Methods To assess this hypothesis, in this work we have applied antivenomics and immunochemical methods to investigate the immunoreactivity of three monovalent antivenoms and two polyvalent antivenoms towards the venoms from different geographic populations of three different Lachesis species. The ability of the antivenoms to neutralize the proteolytic, hemorrhagic, coagulant, and lethal activities of the seven Lachesis venoms was also investigated. Results A conspicuous pattern of immunorecognition and cross-neutralization for all effects was evident by the polyspecific antivenoms, indicating large immunoreactive epitope conservation across the genus during more than 10 million years since the Central and South American bushmasters diverged. Conclusions Despite the broad geographic distribution of Lachesis, antivenoms against venoms of different species are effective in the neutralization of congeneric venoms not used in the immunization mixture, indicating that they can be used equivalently for the clinical treatment of any lachesic envenoming. General significance This study demonstrates that antivenoms raised against venom of different Lachesis species are indistinctly effective in the neutralization of congeneric venoms not used in the immunization mixture, indicating that antivenoms against conspecific venoms may be used equivalently for the clinical treatment of envenomings caused by any bushmaster species. Snakebite envenoming is a neglected public health problem in many developing countries and antivenom administration constitutes the mainstay in the treatment of such envenomings. Therapeutic antivenoms contain animal-derived antibodies against venom toxins and are produced by immunizing animals with the venom from one or several snake species from a defined geographical area. Defining the geographic boundaries of the efficiency of an antivenom therefore has implications for its rational and efficient use. In Central and South America most accidents are caused by pitvipers of the genus Bothrops, Crotalus and Lachesis. There are four Lachesis species distributed in a variety of habitats ranging from the Caribbean coast of Central America to the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil. Lachesis species cause severe envenomings in humans due to the toxicity of their venoms and also to the large amount of venom they inject into their victims. In this work we investigate the capability of several antivenoms to neutralize the toxic activities of a panel of Lachesis venoms. The results demonstrate that antivenoms raised by immunizing horses with the venoms of different Lachesis species are effective at neutralizing congeneric venoms not used in the immunization, indicating that they could be used equivalently for the clinical treatment of any lachesic envenoming.
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8
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Dias L, Rodrigues MA, Rennó AL, Stroka A, Inoue BR, Panunto PC, Melgarejo AR, Hyslop S. Hemodynamic responses to Lachesis muta (South American bushmaster) snake venom in anesthetized rats. Toxicon 2016; 123:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Cremonez CM, Leite FP, Bordon KDCF, Cerni FA, Cardoso IA, Gregório ZMDO, de Souza RCG, de Souza AM, Arantes EC. Experimental Lachesis muta rhombeata envenomation and effects of soursop (Annona muricata) as natural antivenom. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2016; 22:12. [PMID: 26957955 PMCID: PMC4782340 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-016-0067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the Atlantic forest of the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, local population often uses the fruit juice and the aqueous extract of leaves of soursop (Annona muricata L.) to treat Lachesis muta rhombeata envenomation. Envenomation is a relevant health issue in these areas, especially due to its severity and because the production and distribution of antivenom is limited in these regions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relevance of the use of soursop leaf extract and its juice against envenomation by Lachesis muta rhombeata. Methods We evaluated the biochemical, hematological and hemostatic parameters, the blood pressure, the inflammation process and the lethality induced by Lachesis muta rhombeata snake venom. We also assessed the action of the aqueous extract of leaves (AmL) and juice (AmJ) from A. muricata on the animal organism injected with L. m. rhombeata venom (LmrV) in the laboratory environment. Results LmrV induced a decrease of total protein, albumin and glucose; and increase of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and urea concentrations. It provoked hemoconcentration followed by reduction of hematocrit, an increase in prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time and a decrease of the blood pressure. LmrV induced the release of interleukin-6, an increase in neutrophils and changes in the serum protein profile, characteristic of the acute inflammatory process. LD50 values were similar for the groups injected with LmrV and treated or untreated with AmJ and AmL. Both treatments play a role on the maintenance of blood glucose, urea and coagulation parameters and exert a protective action against the myotoxicity. However, they seem to worsen the hypotension caused by LmrV. Conclusion The treatments with AmJ and AmL present some beneficial actions, but they might intensify some effects of the venom. Therefore, additional studies on A. muricata are necessary to enable its use as natural antivenom for bushmaster snakebite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Marroni Cremonez
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Flávia Pine Leite
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Karla de Castro Figueiredo Bordon
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Felipe Augusto Cerni
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Iara Aimê Cardoso
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Zita Maria de Oliveira Gregório
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria de Souza
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
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10
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Wiezel GA, dos Santos PK, Cordeiro FA, Bordon KCF, Selistre-de-Araújo HS, Ueberheide B, Arantes EC. Identification of hyaluronidase and phospholipase B in Lachesis muta rhombeata venom. Toxicon 2015; 107:359-68. [PMID: 26335358 PMCID: PMC6166653 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronidases contribute to local and systemic damages after envenoming, since they act as spreading factors cleaving the hyaluronan presents in the connective tissues of the victim, facilitating the diffusion of venom components. Although hyaluronidases are ubiquitous in snake venoms, they still have not been detected in transcriptomic analysis of the Lachesis venom gland and neither in the proteome of its venom performed previously. This work purified a hyaluronidase from Lachesis muta rhombeata venom whose molecular mass was estimated by SDS-PAGE to be 60 kDa. The hyaluronidase was more active at pH 6 and 37 °C when salt concentration was kept constant and more active in the presence of 0.15 M monovalent ions when the pH was kept at 6. Venom was fractionated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). Edman sequencing after RPLC failed to detect hyaluronidase, but identified a new serine proteinase isoform. The hyaluronidase was identified by mass spectrometry analysis of the protein bands in SDS-PAGE. Additionally, phospholipase B was identified for the first time in Lachesis genus venom. The discovery of new bioactive molecules might contribute to the design of novel drugs and biotechnology products as well as to development of more effective treatments against the envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele A Wiezel
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Patty K dos Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Francielle A Cordeiro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Karla C F Bordon
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Heloisa S Selistre-de-Araújo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Proteomics Resource Center, Langone Medical Center, New York University, 430 East 29th St., 8th Floor, 10016, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Torres-Huaco FD, Werneck CC, Vicente CP, Vassequi-Silva T, Nery-Diez ACC, Mendes CB, Antunes E, Marangoni S, Damico DCS. Rapid purification and procoagulant and platelet aggregating activities of Rhombeobin: a thrombin-like/gyroxin-like enzyme from Lachesis muta rhombeata snake venom. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:903292. [PMID: 24058917 PMCID: PMC3766598 DOI: 10.1155/2013/903292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a rapid purification method using one-step chromatography of SVSP Rhombeobin (LMR-47) from Lachesis muta rhombeata venom and its procoagulant activities and effects on platelet aggregation. The venom was fractionated by a single chromatographic step in RP-HPLC on a C8 Discovery BIO Wide Pore, showing high degree of molecular homogeneity with molecular mass of 47035.49 Da. Rhombeobin showed amidolytic activity upon BA ρ NA, with a broad optimum pH (7-10) and was stable in solution up to 60°C. The amidolytic activity was inhibited by serine proteinase inhibitors and reducing agents, but not chelating agents. Rhombeobin showed high coagulant activity on mice plasma and bovine fibrinogen. The deduced amino acid sequence of Rhombeobin showed homology with other SVSPs, especially with LM-TL (L. m. muta) and Gyroxin (C. d. terrificus). Rhombeobin acts, in vitro, as a strong procoagulant enzyme on mice citrated plasma, shortening the APTT and PT tests in adose-dependent manner. The protein showed, "ex vivo", a strong defibrinogenating effect with 1 µg/animal. Lower doses activated the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways and impaired the platelet aggregation induced by ADP. Thus, this is the first report of a venom component that produces a venom-induced consumptive coagulopathy (VICC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Denis Torres-Huaco
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudio C. Werneck
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina Pontes Vicente
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-865 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Talita Vassequi-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho Nery-Diez
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila B. Mendes
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Marangoni
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela C. S. Damico
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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12
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Pla D, Sanz L, Molina-Sánchez P, Zorita V, Madrigal M, Flores-Díaz M, Alape-Girón A, Núñez V, Andrés V, Gutiérrez JM, Calvete JJ. Snake venomics of Lachesis muta rhombeata and genus-wide antivenomics assessment of the paraspecific immunoreactivity of two antivenoms evidence the high compositional and immunological conservation across Lachesis. J Proteomics 2013; 89:112-23. [PMID: 23747394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We report the proteomic analysis of the Atlantic bushmaster, Lachesis muta rhombeata, from Brazil. Along with previous characterization of the venom proteomes of L. stenophrys (Costa Rica), L. melanocephala (Costa Rica), L. acrochorda (Colombia), and L. muta muta (Bolivia), the present study provides the first overview of the composition and distribution of venom proteins across this wide-ranging genus, and highlights the remarkable similar compositional and pharmacological profiles across Lachesis venoms. The paraspecificity of two antivenoms, produced at Instituto Vital Brazil (Brazil) and Instituto Clodomiro Picado (Costa Rica) using different conspecific taxa in the immunization mixtures, was assessed using genus-wide comparative antivenomics. This study confirms that the proteomic similarity among Lachesis sp. venoms is mirrored in their high immunological conservation across the genus. The clinical and therapeutic consequences of genus-wide venomics and antivenomics investigations of Lachesis venoms are discussed. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The proteomics characterization of L. m. rhombeata venom completes the overview of Lachesis venom proteomes and confirms the remarkable toxin profile conservation across the five clades of this wide-ranging genus. Genus-wide antivenomics showed that two antivenoms, produced against L. stenophrys or L. m. rhombeata, exhibit paraspecificity towards all other congeneric venoms. Our venomics study shows that, despite the broad geographic distribution of the genus, monospecific antivenoms may achieve clinical coverage for any Lachesis sp. envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinia Pla
- Laboratorio de Venómica y Proteinómica Estructural, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Valencia, Spain
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13
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Madrigal M, Sanz L, Flores-Díaz M, Sasa M, Núñez V, Alape-Girón A, Calvete JJ. Snake venomics across genus Lachesis. Ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of Lachesis stenophrys and comparative proteomics of the venoms of adult Lachesis melanocephala and Lachesis acrochorda. J Proteomics 2012; 77:280-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Vieira CO, Tanaka AS, Sano-Martins IS, Morais KB, Santoro ML, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Bothrops jararaca fibrinogen and its resistance to hydrolysis evoked by snake venoms. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 151:428-32. [PMID: 18805500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen is an essential protein involved in several steps of hemostasis, being associated with the final steps of the blood coagulation mechanism. Herein, we describe the purification and characterization of a reptile fibrinogen, obtained from Bothrops jararaca plasma. Native B. jararaca fibrinogen showed a molecular mass of 372 kDa, and the reduced and alkylated fibrinogen molecule showed three chains of 71, 60 and 55 kDa, which are similar to the molecular masses of human and bovine Aalpha, Bbeta and gamma fibrinogen chains. Remarkably, B. jararaca fibrinogen was clotted by bovine thrombin, but B. jararaca, Crotalus durissus terrificus and Lachesis muta rhombeata venoms could not induce its clotting or hydrolysis. Thus, despite the similarities between B. jararaca and mammalian fibrinogens, the former shows distinctive features, which protect B. jararaca snakes from accidental envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina O Vieira
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Assis EB, Estevão-Costa MI, Carmo Valentim A, Silva-Neto A, Agostini Cotta G, Alvarenga Mudado M, Richardson M, Fortes-Dias CL. Purification and Complete Primary Structure of the First PLA2 from Lachesis stenophrys (the Central American Bushmaster) Snake Venom. Protein J 2008; 27:327-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-008-9141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Snake venomics of the South and Central American Bushmasters. Comparison of the toxin composition of Lachesis muta gathered from proteomic versus transcriptomic analysis. J Proteomics 2008; 71:46-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Pimenta AMC, De Marco Almeida F, de Lima ME, Martin-Eauclaire MF, Bougis PE. Individual variability in Tityus serrulatus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) venom elicited by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:413-418. [PMID: 12590389 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Venom variability in specimens of Tityus serrulatus scorpion was assessed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) analyses. An expanded time lag venom extraction protocol was carried out using ten scorpions to study individual variations that might occur due to different rates in protein expression and/or processing. The first extraction of venom was made from the animals after 20 days of starvation, which allowed the venom gland to be filled up. The second extraction event was carried out 24 hours after the first one. The third was 8 days after the first extraction. By means of MALDI-TOF analyses, important variations were observed in venoms of a single specimen extracted at different times, especially in latter extraction events. These variations are most probably related to dynamics in cell gland production. Since T. serrulatus is a parthenogenetic species, sexual variations are naturally excluded and we did not expect intra-specific variations, which was confirmed. Knowledge of individual venom variability is extremely important to avoid misunderstandings in the use of venom proteomic analysis as a taxonomic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano M C Pimenta
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Ingénierie des Protéines, UMR 6560, IFR Jean Roche, Marseille, France.
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18
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Escoubas P, Corzo G, Whiteley BJ, Célérier ML, Nakajima T. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography study of quantitative and qualitative variation in tarantula spider venoms. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:403-413. [PMID: 11857724 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Animal venoms are important sources of novel pharmacological tools, useful in biochemical characterization of their receptors. Venom quality control, batch-to-batch homogeneity and high reproducibility of venom fractionation and toxin purification are crucial issues for biochemical and pharmacological studies. To address these issues, a study of the variability of tarantula spider venom samples was undertaken. Venom profiles of samples collected from individuals of different age and sex, and from sibling spiders of the same species, were generated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) and analyzed to assess venom variability and method accuracy. Sex-linked venom variation was studied on eight species. Clear qualitative differences were observed for six out of eight species, as well as quantitative differences. Age-related variation studied in Poecilotheria rufilata showed essentially age-related quantitative differences between adults of both sexes and immature juveniles. The venoms of nine siblings and three wild-collected Pterinochilus murinus were studied for individual variation, showing only very minor quantitative differences. On the same samples, the quality of MALDI-TOFMS venom fingerprinting was demonstrated to be highly reproducible. Our results show that tarantula venom peptide fingerprinting is a highly reliable identification method, that pooled batches of venom from several animals can be used for venom purification, that venom composition does not appear to be qualitatively related to ontogenesis in the spiders studied, and that qualitative sex-linked variation occurs across most species and may be important in activity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Escoubas
- Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Mishima-Gun, Shimamoto-Cho, Wakayamadai 1-1-1, Osaka 618-8503, Japan.
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Rucavado A, Flores-Sánchez E, Franceschi A, Magalhaes A, Gutiérrez JM. Characterization of the local tissue damage induced by LHF-II, a metalloproteinase with weak hemorrhagic activity isolated from Lachesis muta muta snake venom. Toxicon 1999; 37:1297-312. [PMID: 10400290 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Local tissue damage induced by LHF-II, a 22-kDa hemorrhagic metalloproteinase from Lachesis muta venom was studied. Intravital microscopy experiments evidenced hemorrhagic events 2 min after LHF-II application onto cremaster muscle, characterized by microhemorrhages in capillary vessels and venules. However, histological analysis showed only mild hemorrhage in the gastrocnemius muscle. LHF-II degraded laminin, fibronectin and type IV collagen upon incubation in vitro, but was not cytotoxic to capillary endothelial cells in culture. Intramuscular injection of LHF-II induced a mild myonecrosis, with early small increments in plasma creatine kinase activity. It also induced edema in the mouse footpad at doses where hemorrhage is absent. Injection of LHF-II induced the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases evidenced in muscle homogenates and in exudate samples. It is concluded that LHF-II has weak hemorrhagic and myotoxic activities, and that its role in the pathogenesis of L. muta-induced local tissue damage is associated with edema formation and degradation of extracellular matrix components, either directly or by activation of endogenous matrix metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José.
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