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HLA DR Genome Editing with TALENs in Human iPSCs Produced Immune-Tolerant Dendritic Cells. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:8873383. [PMID: 34093711 PMCID: PMC8163544 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8873383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can serve as a universal cell source for regenerative medicine, the use of iPSCs in clinical applications is limited by prohibitive costs and prolonged generation time. Moreover, allogeneic iPSC transplantation requires preclusion of mismatches between the donor and recipient human leukocyte antigen (HLA). We, therefore, generated universally compatible immune nonresponsive human iPSCs by gene editing. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) were designed for selective elimination of HLA DR expression. The engineered nucleases completely disrupted the expression of HLA DR on human dermal fibroblast cells (HDF) that did not express HLA DR even after stimulation with IFN-γ. Teratomas formed by HLA DR knockout iPSCs did not express HLA DR, and dendritic cells differentiated from HLA DR knockout iPSCs reduced CD4+ T cell activation. These engineered iPSCs might provide a novel translational approach to treat multiple recipients from a limited number of cell donors.
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Rong Z, Wang M, Hu Z, Stradner M, Zhu S, Kong H, Yi H, Goldrath A, Yang YG, Xu Y, Fu X. An effective approach to prevent immune rejection of human ESC-derived allografts. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:121-30. [PMID: 24388175 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold great promise for cell therapy as a source of diverse differentiated cell types. One key bottleneck to realizing such potential is allogenic immune rejection of hESC-derived cells by recipients. Here, we optimized humanized mice (Hu-mice) reconstituted with a functional human immune system that mounts a vigorous rejection of hESCs and their derivatives. We established knockin hESCs that constitutively express CTLA4-Ig and PD-L1 before and after differentiation, denoted CP hESCs. We then demonstrated that allogenic CP hESC-derived teratomas, fibroblasts, and cardiomyocytes are immune protected in Hu-mice, while cells derived from parental hESCs are effectively rejected. Expression of both CTLA4-Ig, which disrupts T cell costimulatory pathways, and PD-L1, which activates T cell inhibitory pathway, is required to confer immune protection, as neither was sufficient on their own. These findings are instrumental for developing a strategy to protect hESC-derived cells from allogenic immune responses without requiring systemic immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Rong
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0322, USA
| | - Meiyan Wang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518026, China; Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0322, USA
| | - Zheng Hu
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Martin Stradner
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0322, USA
| | - Shengyun Zhu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518026, China; Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0322, USA
| | - Huijuan Kong
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0322, USA
| | - Huanfa Yi
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Ananda Goldrath
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0322, USA
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical School, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0322, USA.
| | - Xuemei Fu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518026, China; Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Abstract
Clinical trials in transplantation have focused on improving outcomes and minimizing side effects associated with renal transplantation. Although immunologic tolerance, which means complete freedom from immunosuppressive drugs and maintenance of excellent long-term graft function, has seldom been achieved, in rare cases, this has been accomplished. Most current clinical trials focus on minimization of steroid use and calcineurin inhibitor use as a step toward tolerance, sometimes termed prope tolerance. Alternatively, new immunosuppressive agents are studied to assess their efficacy in preventing graft rejection with the anticipation of lesser toxicity. This review is organized in a case presentation style with actual cases from the University of Wisconsin kidney transplant experience presented as illustrations of actual scenarios in clinical trials. Lessons learned from these particular patients are then summarized with reference to the literature associated with the case. Using this format, some of the important lessons learned from clinical trials are outlined and directions for future study are noted. Clinical trials have permitted a dramatic improvement in graft survival and lowering of infectious and malignant side effects over the past 30-40 years. Nevertheless, we remain far from achieving true tolerance in patients for a variety of reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Knechtle
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-7375, USA.
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Chute JP, Saini AA, Chute DJ, Wells MR, Clark WB, Harlan DM, Park J, Stull MK, Civin C, Davis TA. Ex vivo culture with human brain endothelial cells increases the SCID-repopulating capacity of adult human bone marrow. Blood 2002; 100:4433-9. [PMID: 12393435 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-04-1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult human bone marrow (ABM) is an important source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation in the treatment of malignant and nonmalignant diseases. However, in contrast to the recent progress that has been achieved with umbilical cord blood, methods to expand ABM stem cells for therapeutic applications have been disappointing. In this study, we describe a novel culture method that uses human brain endothelial cells (HUBECs) and that supports the quantitative expansion of the most primitive measurable cell within the adult bone marrow compartment, the nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) repopulating cell (SRC). Coculture of human ABM CD34(+) cells with brain endothelial cells for 7 days supported a 5.4-fold increase in CD34(+) cells, induced more than 95% of the CD34(+)CD38(-) subset to enter cell division, and produced progeny that engrafted NOD/SCID mice at significantly higher rates than fresh ABM CD34(+) cells. Using a limiting dilution analysis, we found the frequency of SRCs within fresh ABM CD34(+) cells to be 1 in 9.9 x 10(5) cells. Following HUBEC culture, the estimated frequency of SRCs increased to 1 in 2.4 x 10(5) cells. All mice that received transplants of HUBEC-cultured cells showed B-lymphoid and myeloid differentiation, indicating that a primitive hematopoietic cell was preserved during culture. Noncontact HUBEC cultures also maintained SRCs at a level comparable to contact HUBEC cultures, suggesting that cell-to-cell contact was not required. These data demonstrate that human brain endothelial cells possess a unique hematopoietic activity that increases the repopulating capacity of adult human bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Chute
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Navy Transplantation and Autoimmunity Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Howard RJ, Patton PR, Reed AI, Hemming AW, Van der Werf WJ, Pfaff WW, Srinivas TR, Scornik JC. The changing causes of graft loss and death after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2002; 73:1923-8. [PMID: 12131689 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200206270-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results of kidney transplantation have improved markedly over the last three decades. Despite this, patients still lose grafts and die. We sought to determine whether the causes of graft loss and death have changed over the last 30 years. METHODS We reviewed patients who underwent transplantation or who died between January 1, 1970 and December 31, 1999. We compared the causes of graft loss or death for three decades: 1970 to 1979, 1980 to 1989, and 1990 to 1999. RESULTS From January 1, 1970 to December 31, 1999, we performed 2501 kidney transplantations in 2225 patients. For the three periods, 210, 588, and 383 patients lost their grafts, respectively. Graft survival increased substantially. Graft loss occurred later after transplantation, with 36.0% losing grafts in the first year during 1970 to 1970, 22.8% during 1980 to 1989, and 11.4% during 1990 to 1999. Death with a functioning graft increased from 23.8% for 1970 to 1979 to 37.5% for 1990 to 1999. Concomitantly, rejection as a cause of graft loss fell from 65.7% for 1970 to 1979 to 44.6% for 1990 to 1999. Approximately two thirds of the patients who died after transplantation died with a functioning graft and one third died after returning to dialysis. Cardiac disease as a cause of death increased from 9.6% for 1970 to 1979 to 30.3% for 1990 to 1999. Deaths from cancer and stroke also increased significantly over the three decades from 1.2% and 2.4%, respectively, for 1970 to 1979, to 13.2% and 8.0%, respectively, for 1990 to 1999. CONCLUSIONS The causes of graft loss and death have changed over the last three decades. By better addressing the main causes of death, cardiac disease, and stroke with better prevention, graft loss due to death with a functioning graft will be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Howard
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0286, USA
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