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Valledor M, Myers RS, Schiller PC. Herpes ICP8 protein stimulates homologous recombination in human cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200955. [PMID: 30110337 PMCID: PMC6093641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombineering has transformed functional genomic analysis. Genome modification by recombineering using the phage lambda Red homologous recombination protein Beta in Escherichia coli has approached 100% efficiency. While highly efficient in E. coli, recombineering using the Red Synaptase/Exonuclease pair (SynExo) in other organisms declines in efficiency roughly correlating with phylogenetic distance from E. coli. SynExo recombinases are common to double-stranded DNA viruses infecting a variety of organisms, including humans. Human Herpes virus 1 (HHV1) encodes a SynExo comprised of ICP8 synaptase and UL12 exonuclease. In a previous study, the Herpes SynExo was reconstituted in vitro and shown to catalyze a model recombination reaction. Here we describe stimulation of gene targeting to edit a novel fluorescent protein gene in the human genome using ICP8 and compared its efficiency to that of a "humanized" version of Beta protein from phage λ. ICP8 significantly enhanced gene targeting rates in HEK 293T cells while Beta was not only unable to catalyze recombineering but inhibited gene targeting using endogenous recombination functions, despite both synaptases being well-expressed and localized to the nucleus. This proof of concept encourages developing species-specific SynExo recombinases for genome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvys Valledor
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Myers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul C. Schiller
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center and Research Service, Bruce W. Carter VAMC, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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ICP8 Filament Formation Is Essential for Replication Compartment Formation during Herpes Simplex Virus Infection. J Virol 2015; 90:2561-70. [PMID: 26676794 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02854-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Herpes simplex virus (HSV) dramatically reorganizes the infected-cell nucleus, leading to the formation of prereplicative sites and replication compartments. This process is driven by the essential viral single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein ICP8, which can form double-helical filaments in the absence of DNA. In this paper, we show that two conserved motifs, FNF (F1142, N1143, and F1144) and FW (F843 and W844), are essential for ICP8 self-interactions, and we propose that the FNF motif docks into the FW region during filament formation. Mammalian expression plasmids bearing mutations in these motifs (FNF and FW) were unable to complement an ICP8-null mutant for growth and replication compartment formation. Furthermore, FNF and FW mutants were able to inhibit wild-type (WT) virus plaque formation and filament formation, whereas a double mutant (FNF-FW) was not. These results suggest that single mutant proteins are incorporated into nonproductive ICP8 filaments, while the double mutant is unable to interact with WT ICP8 and does not interfere with WT growth. Cells transfected with WT ICP8 and the helicase-primase (H/P) complex exhibited punctate nuclear structures that resemble prereplicative sites; however, the FNF and FW mutants failed to do so. Taken together, these results suggest that the FNF and FW motifs are required for ICP8 self-interactions and that these interactions may be important for the formation of prereplicative sites and replication compartments. We propose that filaments or other higher-order structures of ICP8 may provide a scaffold onto which other proteins can be recruited to form prereplicative sites and replication compartments. IMPORTANCE For nuclear viruses such as HSV, efficient DNA replication requires the formation of discrete compartments within the infected-cell nucleus in which replication proteins are concentrated and assembled into the HSV replisome. In this paper, we characterize the role of filament formation by the single-stranded DNA binding protein ICP8 in the formation of prereplicative sites and replication compartments. We propose that ICP8 protein filaments generate a protein scaffold for other cellular and viral proteins, resulting in a structure that concentrates both viral DNA and replication proteins. Replication compartments may be similar to other types of cellular membraneless compartments thought to be formed by phase separations caused by low-affinity, multivalent interactions involving proteins and nucleic acids within cells. ICP8 scaffolds could facilitate the formation of replication compartments by mediating interactions with other components of the replication machinery.
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Panas MD, Schulte T, Thaa B, Sandalova T, Kedersha N, Achour A, McInerney GM. Viral and cellular proteins containing FGDF motifs bind G3BP to block stress granule formation. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004659. [PMID: 25658430 PMCID: PMC4450067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras-GAP SH3 domain-binding proteins (G3BP) are essential regulators of the formation of stress granules (SG), cytosolic aggregates of proteins and RNA that are induced upon cellular stress, such as virus infection. Many viruses, including Semliki Forest virus (SFV), block SG induction by targeting G3BP. In this work, we demonstrate that the G3BP-binding motif of SFV nsP3 consists of two FGDF motifs, in which both phenylalanine and the glycine residue are essential for binding. In addition, we show that binding of the cellular G3BP-binding partner USP10 is also mediated by an FGDF motif. Overexpression of wt USP10, but not a mutant lacking the FGDF-motif, blocks SG assembly. Further, we identified FGDF-mediated G3BP binding site in herpes simplex virus (HSV) protein ICP8, and show that ICP8 binding to G3BP also inhibits SG formation, which is a novel function of HSV ICP8. We present a model of the three-dimensional structure of G3BP bound to an FGDF-containing peptide, likely representing a binding mode shared by many proteins to target G3BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D. Panas
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Schulte
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bastian Thaa
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatiana Sandalova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy Kedersha
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerald M. McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Kim S, Ahn BC, O'Callaghan DJ, Kim SK. The early UL31 gene of equine herpesvirus 1 encodes a single-stranded DNA-binding protein that has a nuclear localization signal sequence at the C-terminus. Virology 2012; 432:306-15. [PMID: 22721961 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of the UL31 protein (UL31P) of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) has homology to that of the ICP8 of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Here we show that the UL31 gene is synergistically trans-activated by the IEP and the UL5P (EICP27). Detection of the UL31 RNA transcript and the UL31P in EHV-1-infected cells at 6h post-infection (hpi) as well as metabolic inhibition assays indicated that UL31 is an early gene. The UL31P preferentially bound to single-stranded DNA over double-stranded DNA in gel shift assays. Subcellular localization of the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-UL31 fusion proteins revealed that the C-terminal 32 amino acid residues of the UL31P are responsible for the nuclear localization. These findings may contribute to defining the role of the UL31P single-stranded DNA-binding protein in EHV-1 DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongman Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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Simian TRIM5alpha proteins reduce replication of herpes simplex virus. Virology 2010; 398:243-50. [PMID: 20060996 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Old World monkey TRIM5alpha proteins are known to block the replication of human immunodeficiency virus and other retroviruses in a species-specific fashion. In this report, we show that specific forms of simian TRIM5alpha proteins can restrict herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. To define the effect of TRIM5alpha on HSV replication, we examined HSV infection in HeLa cell lines that stably express simian and human orthologs of TRIM5alpha proteins. We demonstrated that several simian TRIM5alpha proteins can restrict HSV replication, with the TRIM5alpha protein of rhesus macaques showing the strongest inhibition of HSV infection. We also found that the level of the inhibition of virus replication was viral strain-specific. TRIM5alpha is likely to inhibit HSV at the early stage of infection; however, at later times of infection, the levels of TRIM5alpha are significantly decreased. Thus, some TRIM5alpha proteins exhibit antiviral effects that extend beyond retroviral infections, but HSV may be able to reduce this restriction by reducing TRIM5alpha levels during the later phases of virus replication. Our results also argue that TRIM5alpha is only part of the reduced level of HSV replication in rhesus macaques, which are known to be less susceptible to HSV infection than other primates.
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Paleo-immunology: evidence consistent with insertion of a primordial herpes virus-like element in the origins of acquired immunity. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5778. [PMID: 19492059 PMCID: PMC2686171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The RAG encoded proteins, RAG-1 and RAG-2 regulate site-specific recombination events in somatic immune B- and T-lymphocytes to generate the acquired immune repertoire. Catalytic activities of the RAG proteins are related to the recombinase functions of a pre-existing mobile DNA element in the DDE recombinase/RNAse H family, sometimes termed the “RAG transposon”. Methodology/Principal Findings Novel to this work is the suggestion that the DDE recombinase responsible for the origins of acquired immunity was encoded by a primordial herpes virus, rather than a “RAG transposon.” A subsequent “arms race” between immunity to herpes infection and the immune system obscured primary amino acid similarities between herpes and immune system proteins but preserved regulatory, structural and functional similarities between the respective recombinase proteins. In support of this hypothesis, evidence is reviewed from previous published data that a modern herpes virus protein family with properties of a viral recombinase is co-regulated with both RAG-1 and RAG-2 by closely linked cis-acting co-regulatory sequences. Structural and functional similarity is also reviewed between the putative herpes recombinase and both DDE site of the RAG-1 protein and another DDE/RNAse H family nuclease, the Argonaute protein component of RISC (RNA induced silencing complex). Conclusions/Significance A “co-regulatory” model of the origins of V(D)J recombination and the acquired immune system can account for the observed linked genomic structure of RAG-1 and RAG-2 in non-vertebrate organisms such as the sea urchin that lack an acquired immune system and V(D)J recombination. Initially the regulated expression of a viral recombinase in immune cells may have been positively selected by its ability to stimulate innate immunity to herpes virus infection rather than V(D)J recombination Unlike the “RAG-transposon” hypothesis, the proposed model can be readily tested by comparative functional analysis of herpes virus replication and V(D)J recombination.
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Taylor TJ, Knipe DM. The use of green fluorescent fusion proteins to monitor herpes simplex virus replication. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 515:239-48. [PMID: 19378129 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-559-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The localization pattern of the seven herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA replication proteins is dependent upon the status of viral DNA synthesis in the infected cell. Normally, the replication proteins accumulate within replication compartments, which expand as viral DNA synthesis increases. If viral replication is blocked, either by the addition of drugs or a genetic lesion, prereplicative sites are observed. Observing the distribution of a GFP-tagged HSV replication protein can monitor the progression of viral replication. Here, we demonstrate the use of an ICP8-GFP fusion protein to observe the status of HSV replication in cultured cells by the formation of viral replication compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Stallings CL, Duigou GJ, Gershon AA, Gershon MD, Silverstein SJ. The cellular localization pattern of Varicella-Zoster virus ORF29p is influenced by proteasome-mediated degradation. J Virol 2006; 80:1497-512. [PMID: 16415026 PMCID: PMC1346923 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.3.1497-1512.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) open reading frame 29 (ORF29) encodes a single-stranded DNA binding protein. During lytic infection, ORF29p is localized primarily to infected-cell nuclei, whereas during latency it appears in the cytoplasm of infected neurons. Following reactivation, ORF29p accumulates in the nucleus. In this report, we analyze the cellular localization patterns of ORF29p during VZV infection and during autonomous expression. Our results demonstrate that ORF29p is excluded from the nucleus in a cell-type-specific manner and that its cellular localization pattern may be altered by subsequent expression of VZV ORF61p or herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP0. In these cases, ORF61p and ICP0 induce nuclear accumulation of ORF29p in cell lines where it normally remains cytoplasmic. One cellular system utilized by ICP0 to influence protein abundance is the proteasome degradation pathway. Inhibition of the 26S proteasome, but not heat shock treatment, resulted in accumulation of ORF29p in the nucleus, similar to the effect of ICP0 expression. Immunofluorescence microscopy and pulse-chase experiments reveal that stabilization of ORF29p correlates with its nuclear accumulation and is dependent on a functional nuclear localization signal. ORF29p nuclear translocation in cultured enteric neurons and cells derived from an astrocytoma is reversible, as the protein's distribution and stability revert to the previous states when the proteasomal activity is restored. Thus, stabilization of ORF29p leads to its nuclear accumulation. Although proteasome inhibition induces ORF29p nuclear accumulation, this is not sufficient to reactivate latent VZV or target the immediate-early protein ORF62p to the nucleus in cultured guinea pig enteric neurons.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Line
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Enteric Nervous System/metabolism
- Enteric Nervous System/virology
- Exons
- Guinea Pigs
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 3, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 3, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 3, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Immediate-Early Proteins/metabolism
- Leupeptins/pharmacology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Mutation
- Open Reading Frames
- Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Proteasome Inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Subcellular Fractions/metabolism
- Subcellular Fractions/virology
- Tissue Culture Techniques
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Stallings
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biophysical Studies, and Department of Microbiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 701 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Stallings CL, Silverstein S. Dissection of a novel nuclear localization signal in open reading frame 29 of varicella-zoster virus. J Virol 2005; 79:13070-81. [PMID: 16189009 PMCID: PMC1235848 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.20.13070-13081.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Open reading frame 29 (ORF29) of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) encodes a 120-kDa single-stranded DNA binding protein (ORF29p) that is not packaged in the virion and is expressed during latency. During lytic infection, ORF29p is localized primarily to infected cell nuclei. In contrast, ORF29p is found exclusively in the cytoplasm in neurons of the dorsal root ganglia obtained at autopsy from seropositive latently infected patients. ORF29p accumulates in the nuclei of neurons in dorsal root ganglia obtained at autopsy from patients with active zoster. The localization of this protein is, therefore, tightly correlated with the proposed VZV lytic/latent switch. In this report, we have investigated the nuclear import mechanism of ORF29p. We identified a novel nuclear targeting domain bounded by amino acids 9 to 154 of ORF29p that functions independent of other VZV-encoded factors. In vitro import assays in digitonin-permeabilized HeLa cells reveal that ORF29p is transported into the nucleus by a Ran-, karyopherin alpha- and beta-dependent mechanism. These data are further supported by the demonstration that a glutathione S-transferase-karyopherin alpha fusion interacts with ORF29p, but not with a protein containing a point mutation in its nuclear localization signal (NLS). Therefore, the region of ORF29p responsible for its nuclear targeting is also involved in the association with karyopherin alpha. As a result of this interaction, this noncanonical NLS appears to hijack the classical cellular nuclear import machinery. Elucidation of the mechanisms governing ORF29p nuclear targeting could shed light on the VZV reactivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Stallings
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biophysical Studies and the Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Taylor TJ, Knipe DM. Proteomics of herpes simplex virus replication compartments: association of cellular DNA replication, repair, recombination, and chromatin remodeling proteins with ICP8. J Virol 2004; 78:5856-66. [PMID: 15140983 PMCID: PMC415816 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.11.5856-5866.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have used immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to identify over 50 cellular and viral proteins that are associated with the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) ICP8 single-stranded DNA-binding protein. Many of the coprecipitating cellular proteins are known members of large cellular complexes involved in (i) DNA replication or damage repair, including RPA and MSH6; (ii) nonhomologous and homologous recombination, including the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase, Ku86, and Rad50; and (iii) chromatin remodeling, including BRG1, BRM, hSNF2H, BAF155, mSin3a, and histone deacetylase 2. It appears that DNA mediates the association of certain proteins with ICP8, while more direct protein-protein interactions mediate the association with other proteins. A number of these proteins accumulate in viral replication compartments in the infected cell nucleus, indicating that these proteins may have a role in viral replication. WRN, which functions in cellular recombination pathways via its helicase and exonuclease activities, is not absolutely required for viral replication, as viral yields are only very slightly, if at all, decreased in WRN-deficient human primary fibroblasts compared to control cells. In Ku70-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts, viral yields are increased by almost 50-fold, suggesting that the cellular nonhomologous end-joining pathway inhibits HSV replication. We hypothesize that some of the proteins coprecipitating with ICP8 are involved in HSV replication and may give new insight into viral replication mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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