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Pushchin I, Kondrashev S, Borshcheva T. The structure and diversity of retinal ganglion cells in the masked greenling Hexagrammos octogrammus Pallas, 1814 (Pisces: Scorpaeniformes: Hexagrammidae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:550-563. [PMID: 36482763 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The authors studied the structure and diversity of retinal ganglion cells (GC) in the masked greenling Hexagrammos octogrammus. In vivo labelling with horseradish peroxidase revealed GCs of various structures in retinal wholemounts. A total of 154 cells were camera lucida drawn, and their digital models were generated. Each cell was characterized by 17 structural and topological parameters. Using nine clustering algorithms, a variety of clusterings were obtained. The optimum clustering was found using silhouette analysis. It was based on a set of three variables associated with dendritic field size and dendrite stratification depth in the retina. A total of nine cell types were discovered. A number of non-parametric tests showed significant pair-wise between-cluster differences in at least four parameters with medium and large effect sizes. Three large-field types differed mainly in dendritic field size, total dendrite length, level of dendrite stratification in the retina and position of somata. Six medium- to small-field types differed mainly in the structural complexity of dendritic arbors and level of dendrite arborization. Cells similar and obviously homologous to types 1-4 were identified in many fish species, including teleosts. Potential homologues of type 5 cells were identified in fewer teleost species. Cells similar to types 6-9 in relative dendritic field size and dendrite arborization pattern were also described in several teleostean species. Nonetheless, their homology is more questionable as their stratification patterns do not match so well as they do in large types. Potential functional matches of the GC types were identified in a number of teleostean species. Type 1 and 2 cells probably match spontaneously active units with the large receptive field centre, so-called dimming and lightening detectors; type 4 may be a counterpart of changing contrast detectors with medium receptive field centre size preferring fast-moving stimuli. Type 3 (biplexiform) cells have no obvious functional matches. Probable functional matches of types 6, 8 and 9 belong to ON-centre elements with small receptive fields such as ON-type direction-selective cells, ON-type spot detectors or ON-type spontaneously active units. Type 5 and 7 cells may match ON-OFF type units, in particular, changing contrast detectors or orientation-selective units. Potential functional matches of GC types presently described are involved in a wide spectrum of visual reactions related to adaptation to gradual change in illumination, predator escape, prey detection and capture, habitat selection and social behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pushchin
- Laboratory of Physiology, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sergei Kondrashev
- Laboratory of Physiology, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Tatiana Borshcheva
- Primorsky Aquarium, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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Pushchin I, Kondrashev S, Kamenev Y. Retinal ganglion cell topography and spatial resolution in the Japanese smelt Hypomesus nipponensis (McAllister, 1963). J Anat 2020; 238:905-916. [PMID: 33078423 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision plays a crucial role in the life of the vast majority of vertebrate species. The spatial arrangement of retinal ganglion cells has been reported to be related to a species' visual behavior. There are many studies focusing on the ganglion cell topography in bony fish species. However, there are still large gaps in our knowledge on the subject. We studied the topography of retinal ganglion cells (GCs) in the Japanese smelt Hypomesus nipponensis, a highly visual teleostean fish with a complex life cycle. DAPI labeling was used to visualize cell nuclei in the ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers. The ganglion cell layer was relatively thin (about 6-8 μm), even in areas of increased cell density (area retinae temporalis), and was normally composed of a single layer of cells. In all retinal regions, rare cells occurred in the inner plexiform layer. Nissl-stained retinae were used to estimate the proportion of displaced amacrine cells and glia in different retinal regions. In all retinal regions, about 84.5% of cells in the GC layer were found to be ganglion cells. The density of GCs varied across the retina in a regular way. It was minimum (3990 and 2380 cells/mm2 in the smaller and larger fish, respectively) in the dorsal and ventral periphery. It gradually increased centripetally and reached a maximum of 14,275 and 10,960 cells/mm2 (in the smaller and larger fish, respectively) in the temporal retina, where a pronounced area retinae temporalis was detected. The total number of GCs varied from 177 × 103 (smaller fish) to 212 × 103 cells (larger fish). The theoretical anatomical spatial resolution (the anatomical estimate of the upper limit of visual acuity calculated from the density of GCs and eye geometry and expressed in cycles per degree) was minimum in the ventral periphery (smaller fish, 1.46 cpd; larger fish, 1.26 cpd) and maximum in area retinae temporalis (smaller fish, 2.83 cpd; larger fish, 2.75 cpd). The relatively high density of GCs and the presence of area retinae temporalis in the Japanese smelt are consistent with its highly visual behavior. The present findings contribute to our understanding of the factors affecting the topography of retinal ganglion cells and visual acuity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pushchin
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sergei Kondrashev
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yaroslav Kamenev
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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Shapovalova OE, Levy D, Avnir D, Vinogradov VV. Protection of enzymes from photodegradation by entrapment within alumina. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:731-6. [PMID: 27442952 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Most enzymes are highly sensitive to UV-light in all of its ranges and their activity can irreversibly drop even after a short time of exposure. Here we report a solution of this problem by using sol-gel matrices as effective protectors against this route of enzyme inactivation and denaturation. The concept presented here utilizes several modes of action: First, the entrapment within the rigid ceramic sol-gel matrix, inhibits denaturation motions, and the hydration shell around the entrapped protein provides extra protection. Second, the matrix itself - alumina in this report - absorbs UV light. And third, sol-gel materials have been shown to be quite universal in their ability to entrap small molecules, and so co-entrapment with well documented sun-screening molecules (2-hydroxybenzophenone, 2,2'-dihydroxybenzophenone, and 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone) is an additional key protective tool. Three different enzymes as models were chosen for the experiments: carbonic anhydrase, acid phosphatase and horseradish peroxidase. All showed greatly enhanced UV (regions UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C) stabilization after entrapment within the doped sol-gel alumina matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga E Shapovalova
- Laboratory of Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russian Federation
| | - David Levy
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-ICMM, CSIC, 28049, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Avnir
- Institute of Chemistry and the Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Vladimir V Vinogradov
- Laboratory of Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russian Federation.
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Pushchin I, Karetin Y. Retinal ganglion cells in the Pacific redfin,Tribolodon brandtiidybowski, 1872: Morphology and diversity. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:1355-72. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pushchin
- Laboratory of Physiology; A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok 690059 Russia
| | - Yuriy Karetin
- Laboratory of Embryology; A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok 690059 Russia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; School of Natural Sciences; Far Eastern Federal University; Vladivostok 690950 Russia
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Muguruma K, Stell WK, Yamamoto N. A morphological classification of retinal ganglion cells in the Japanese catshark Scyliorhinus torazame. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2014; 83:199-215. [PMID: 24642951 DOI: 10.1159/000358285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (GCs) in the Japanese catshark Scyliorhinus torazame were labeled retrogradely with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA3000). First the labeled cells were classified into 5 morphological types (types I-III: small GCs; types IV and V: large GCs) according to the size of the soma and the dendritic arborization pattern as seen in retinal wholemounts. Type I cells were stellate, with dendrites radiating in different directions. Type II cells had bipolar dendritic trees, with 2 primary dendrites extending in opposite directions. Type III cells had a single thick primary dendrite. Type IV cells were stellate, with dendrites covering a large area centered on the cell body. Type V cells were asymmetric, with most dendrites extending opposite to the axon as a large, fan-shaped dendritic field. Subsequently a wholemount was cross-sectioned, and we classified cells further into multiple subtypes according to the level of dendritic arborization within the inner plexiform layer. The present results suggest the existence of many types of GCs in elasmobranchs in addition to the 3 types of large GCs that have been characterized previously. Some of the newly described GC subtypes in the catshark retina appear to be similar to some of those reported in actinopterygians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Muguruma
- Laboratory of Fish Biology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Fletcher LN, Coimbra JP, Rodger J, Potter IC, Gill HS, Dunlop SA, Collin SP. Classification of retinal ganglion cells in the southern hemisphere lampreyGeotria australis(Cyclostomata). J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:750-71. [PMID: 23897624 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Norman Fletcher
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Oceans Institute; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - João Paulo Coimbra
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Oceans Institute; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Ian C. Potter
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - Howard S. Gill
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - Sarah A. Dunlop
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Shaun P. Collin
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Oceans Institute; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
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Pushchin I, Kalachev A. Biplexiform ganglion cells contact photoreceptors in the retina of the greenling Hexagrammos octogrammus. Synapse 2010; 64:937-40. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jones MR, Grillner S, Robertson B. Selective projection patterns from subtypes of retinal ganglion cells to tectum and pretectum: Distribution and relation to behavior. J Comp Neurol 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lamb TD, Collin SP, Pugh EN. Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007; 8:960-76. [PMID: 18026166 PMCID: PMC3143066 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Charles Darwin appreciated the conceptual difficulty in accepting that an organ as wonderful as the vertebrate eye could have evolved through natural selection. He reasoned that if appropriate gradations could be found that were useful to the animal and were inherited, then the apparent difficulty would be overcome. Here, we review a wide range of findings that capture glimpses of the gradations that appear to have occurred during eye evolution, and provide a scenario for the unseen steps that have led to the emergence of the vertebrate eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Lamb
- Australian National University, Division of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Garran Road, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia.
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Pushchin II, Podugolnikova TA, Kondrashev SL. Morphology and spatial arrangement of large retinal ganglion cells projecting to the optic tectum in the perciform fish Pholidapus dybowskii. Vision Res 2007; 47:3212-27. [PMID: 17888480 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Using retrograde HRP labeling from the optic nerve (ON) or optic tectum (OT), we have visualized large ganglion cells (LGCs) in wholemounted retinas of the teleost Pholidapus dybowskii and studied their morphology and spatial properties. In all, three LGC types were distinguished. In a previous paper, detailed data were provided on one type, biplexiform cells [Pushchin, I. I., & Kondrashev, S. L. (2003). Biplexiform ganglion cells in the retina of the perciform fish Pholidapus dybowskii revealed by HRP labeling from the optic nerve and optic tectum. Vision Research, 43, 1117-1133]. Here, we present data on the other two confirmed types, alpha(a) and alpha(ab) cells. The types differed in the level of dendrite stratification, dendrite arborization pattern, dendritic field size, and other features, and formed in the retina significantly non-random, spatially independent mosaics. Both types were labeled from the OT, indicating their participation in OT-mediated visual reactions. The comparison of spatial properties of alpha(a) and alpha(ab) mosaics labeled from the ON and OT suggests that the OT is the major or one of the major projection areas of both types. We also describe the morphology of cells resembling alpha(c) cells of other fishes, which were only labeled from the ON. The LGC types presently revealed were similar in their morphology to LGCs found in other teleosts supporting the hypothesis of LGC homology across the teleost lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Pushchin
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo str., Vladivostok, Russia.
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