Studies on Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase from Castor Bean Endosperm I. Subcellular Localization and Induction of the Enzyme

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and cinnamic acid hydroxylases as assembled consecutive enzymes on microsomal membranes of cucumber cotyledons: Cooperation and subcellular distribution

1. Cooperation between phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) and cinnamic acid hydroxylases was investigated using microsomal fractions from cotyledons of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The interpretations were based on experiments which demonstrate a limited exchange between the pool of cinnamic acid formed by the membrane-bound phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and the cinnamic acid pool external to the enzyme-membrane system. 2. The extent of cooperation between the microsomal enzymes was proved to be influenced by treatment of the cotyledons with light. On exposure to UV-light, which is known to enhance greatly the soluble phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in cell cultures, differential effects on the levels of microsomal and soluble phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and of cinnamic acid hydroxylases, were observed. The time course of the enzyme activities and their cooperation in vitro after treatment of the cotyledons with light were studied. 3. The extent of cooperation in vitro was found to vary depending on the concentration of L-phenylalanine. 4. Homogenates obtained from etiolated cotyledons of Cucumis sativus in the absence of Mg(2+) were fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and examined for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamic acid o-hydroxylase, cinnamic acid o-hydroxylase, and several marker enzymes. Ammonia-lyase activity was highest in fractions with 25% sucrose, in which primarily smooth endoplasmic reticulum is localized. Hydroxylase activities co-occur with phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in these fractions (density=1.100 g/cm(3)), and also in fractions at higher densities (d=1.12-1.13 and 1.15 g/cm(3)).