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Huang C, Zeng Y, Luo X, Ren Z, Tian Y, Mai B. Comprehensive exploration of the ultraviolet degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls in different media. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142590. [PMID: 33059143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most important natural transformation processes, photodegradation deserves more attention and research. In the current work, we comprehensively explored the photochemical behaviors of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in n-hexane (Hex), methanol/water, and silica gel under UV-irradiation. Photodegradation rates were found to be faster in methanol/water than in Hex. All of the three photochemical systems generated sigmatropic rearrangement products. The dominant photodegradation pathways were dechlorination, dechlorination/methoxylation/hydroxylation, and hydroxylation in Hex, methanol/water, and silica gel systems, respectively. Furthermore, some new photodegradation products, such as polychlorinated biphenyl ethers, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenylenes, and methylated polychlorinated biphenyls, are reported for the first time. These findings would provide deeper insight into the phototransformation behaviors of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zihe Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yankuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Khammar S, Bahramifar N, Younesi H. Preparation and surface engineering of CM-β-CD functionalized Fe 3O 4@TiO 2 nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from transformer oil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 394:122422. [PMID: 32200245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present research is to investigate the efficiency of surface-modified magnetic nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of PCBs from transformer oil. Therefore, CMCD-Fe3O4@TiO2 was successfully produced via grafting of carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) onto the core-shell titania magnetic nanoparticles surface. The photocatalytic efficiency of CMCD-Fe3O4@TiO2 for degradation of PCBs was systematically evaluated using an experimental design and the process parameters were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The central composite design (CCD) with four experimental parameters was used successfully in the modeling and optimization of photocatalytic efficiency in removing PCBs from transformer oil. ANOVA analysis confirmed a high R-squared value of 0.9769 describing the goodness of fit of the proposed model for the significance estimation of the individual and the interaction effects of variables. The optimal degradation yields of PCBs was achieved 83 % at a temperature of 25 °C, time of 16 min, the dosage of the catalyst of 8.35 mg and oil: ethanol ratio of 1:5. These findings encourage the practical use of CM-β-CD-Fe3O4@TiO2 as a promising and alternative photocatalyst on an industrial scale for the cleaning of organic pollutants such as PCBs due to its environmental friendliness, the benefit of magnetic separation and good reusability after five times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Khammar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356 Nour, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Nader Bahramifar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356 Nour, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Habibollah Younesi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356 Nour, Mazandaran, Iran
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3
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Jalili-Jahani N, Fatehi A, Zeraatkar E. PLS and N-PLS based MIA-QSPR modeling of the photodegradation half-lives for polychlorinated biphenyl congeners. RSC Adv 2020; 10:33753-33761. [PMID: 35519039 PMCID: PMC9056733 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05231k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivariate image analysis as a useful tool in environmental risk assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azadeh Fatehi
- Green Land Shiraz Eksir Chemical and Agricultural Industries Company
- Shiraz
- Iran
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4
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Photolysis of polychlorobiphenyls in the presence of nanocrystalline TiO2 and CdS/TiO2. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-019-01543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tang T, Zheng Z, Wang R, Huang K, Li H, Tao X, Dang Z, Yin H, Lu G. Photodegradation behaviors of polychlorinated biphenyls in methanol by UV-irradiation: Solvent adducts and sigmatropic arrangement. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:861-868. [PMID: 29874760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study has investigated the photolysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in methanol solution under UV irradiation. The results showed that the PCBs containing ortho-chlorine can generate both hydroxylated and methoxylated PCBs (HO-PCBs and MeO-PCBs), while the PCBs with a meta-chlorine but without ortho-chlorine can only generate MeO-PCBs as the only solvent adducts. No solvent adducts were detected during the photochemical reaction of 4-chlorobiphenyl (PCB-3), indicating the para-chlorine cannot be attacked by solvent molecule to form correspondent solvent adducts. The sigmatropic rearrangement was found during the photochemical reaction of ortho-substituted PCBs, but cannot occur in the reaction of PCBs with only meta- or para-chlorine, indicating that ortho-chlorine played a vital role in the sigmatropic rearrangement reaction. In addition, the seteric hindrance can also lead to the generation of sigmatropic rearrangement products. The effect of solvent was investigated in the case of photochemical reaction of 2-chlorobiphenyl (PCB-1), the results showed that sigmatropic rearrangement can occur in different solvents, and corresponding solvent adducts were generated in the photochemical reaction of PCB-1 in different solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kaibo Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huafeng Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xueqin Tao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guining Lu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Wang S, Hao C, Gao Z, Chen J, Qiu J. Theoretical investigation on photodechlorination mechanism of polychlorinated biphenyls. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 95:200-205. [PMID: 24055025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photodechlorination is a key process affecting the fate and effect of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment. However, there are still numerous gaps in our knowledge, which become apparent in photodechlorination mechanism of PCBs. We investigated the conformations of 35 PCB congeners in the ground state and the first triplet excited state (T1), and predicted the photodechlorination pathway of the PCBs by calculating bond dissociation energies of the C-Cl bonds and activation energies of the C-Cl bond dissociation in the excited T1 state. Results show that the torsional degree of the two benzene rings of the PCBs depends on the number of ortho chlorines because of steric effect in the ground state. The two benzene rings of the PCBs with low photoreactivity tend to be coplanar and their torsional degree becomes lower in the excited T1 state compared with those in the ground state. The serious deformation and non-coplane of the benzene rings of some PCBs (e.g. PCB138) in the excited T1 state reduces the conjugation between the two benzene rings, implying that these PCBs have high photoreactivity. The dissociation of the C-Cl bond is the rate-determining step in the photodechlorination reactions of PCBs when the hydrogen donor is methanol. The main photodechlorination pathways predicted in this study are in good agreement with previous experimental results. Our results have provided new insights into mechanism of PCBs photodechlorination, which could be useful in the future in utilizing quantum chemistry calculation in investigating the environmental behavior and fate of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Yu L, Izadifard M, Achari G, Langford CH. Electron transfer sensitized photodechlorination of surfactant solubilized PCB 138. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2347-2351. [PMID: 23141843 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sensitized photodechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyl, PCB 138, in three different surfactant solutions was studied. The sensitizer of choice was leuco-methylene blue, which was produced in situ from methylene blue using either triethylamine or sodium borohydride. Three types of surfactants, anionic (SDS), neutral (TWEEN 80), and cationic (CTAB) at different concentrations were investigated. The neutral and cationic surfactants were found to be more effective than anionic. In each case the surfactant concentration was found to play a significant role in the rate of dechlorination. For different sensitized systems (triethylamine or sodium borohydride), a different product distribution and a different pathway of dechlorination was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlong Yu
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Dasary SSR, Saloni J, Fletcher A, Anjaneyulu Y, Yu H. Photodegradation of selected PCBs in the presence of Nano-TiO2 as catalyst and H2O2 as an oxidant. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:3987-4001. [PMID: 21139872 PMCID: PMC2996220 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7113987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation of five strategically selected PCBs was carried out in acetonitrile/water 80:20. Quantum chemical calculations reveal that PCBs without any chlorine on ortho-positions are closer to be planar, while PCBs with at least one chlorine atoms at the ortho-positions causes the two benzene rings to be nearly perpendicular. Light-induced degradation of planar PCBs is much slower than the perpendicular ones. The use of nano-TiO2 speeds up the degradation of the planar PCBs, but slows down the degradation of the non-planar ones. The use of H2O2 speeds up the degradation of planar PCBs greatly (by >20 times), but has little effect on non-planar ones except 2,3,5,6-TCB. The relative photodegradation rate is: 2,2′,4,4′-TCB > 2,3,5,6-TCB > 2,6-DCB ≈ 3,3′,4,4′-TCB > 3,4′,5-TCB. The use of H2O2 in combination with sunlight irradiation could be an efficient and “green” technology for PCB remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S R Dasary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 J. R. Lynch Street, P.O. Box 17910, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
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Nomiyama K, Tanizaki T, Arizono K, Shinohara R. Endocrine effects generated by photooxidation of coplanar biphenyls in water using titanium dioxide. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 66:1138-45. [PMID: 16857235 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative photodegradation behaviors of selected three coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), (CB77, CB81, and CB169) using titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) in water were investigated. The main purposes were to clarify the structural relation between the original PCBs and the intermediates derived by TiO(2) oxidation and to evaluate the estrogenic and thyroid hormonal activity in the treated three coplanar PCBs during the oxidative reactions. Approximately 90% of the three coplanar PCBs decomposed within 180 min. Intermediates from the decomposition of the three coplanar PCBs, such as some hydroxylated-PCBs (OH-PCBs), carboxylic intermediates, phenolic intermediates, and other intermediates produced by the cleavage of a benzene ring were identified and quantified. In the degradation pathways, the produced amounts of OH-PCBs increased within 60 min of irradiation time. The estrogenic activity and thyroid hormonal activity of the intermediates from the three coplanar PCBs in water at 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min of irradiation time were assessed by using a yeast two-hybrid assay system for human estrogen receptor alpha (hERalpha) and human thyroid hormone receptor alpha (hTRalpha). The maximal estrogenic activities were induced by the solutions of decomposed PCBs with irradiation time at 60-120 min similar and slightly lower than those after the irradiation time. We found that the solutions occuring during the irradiation times of 60-120 min contained several 4-OH-PCBs substituted with OH and Cl at para- and para'-positions having estrogenic activity. The thyroid hormonal activity was not detected in the decomposed three coplanar PCBs solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Nomiyama
- Graduate School of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, 3-1-100, Tsukide, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
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Tajima N, Asano S, Ohara A. Advantage of Internal Irradiating Reactor for Ultraviolet-ray Decomposition of PCBs. KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.33.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Niu JF, Yang ZF, Shen ZY, Wang LL. QSPRs for the prediction of photodegradation half-life of PCBs in n-hexane. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 17:173-82. [PMID: 16644556 DOI: 10.1080/10659360600636170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
By partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis, a quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) model was developed for photodegradation half-life (t1/2) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in n-hexane solution under UV irradiation. Quantum chemical descriptors computed by PM3 Hamiltonian were used as predictor variables. The cross-validated value for the optimal QSPR model was 0.589, indicating good predictive capability for log t1/2 values of PCBs in n-hexane. The QSPR results show that standard heat of formation (DeltaHf), total energy (TE), and molecular weight (Mw) have dominant effect on t1/2 values of PCBs in n-hexane. Increasing DeltaHf and TE values or decreasing Mw values of the PCBs leads to decrease of log t1/2 values. In addition, increasing the largest negative atomic charge on a carbon atom and dipole moment of the PCBs leads to decrease of log t1/2 values.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
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Chang FC, Chiu TC, Yen JH, Wang YS. Dechlorination pathways of ortho-substituted PCBs by UV irradiation in n-hexane and their correlation to the charge distribution on carbon atom. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 51:775-784. [PMID: 12668036 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradations of 22 individual polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (including 21 non-coplanar ortho substituted and one non-ortho substituted) by irradiation with ultraviolet lamp in n-hexane solution were studied. Photoproducts were identified by matching their retention times and mass spectra with those of authentic standards. PCB congener with less than two chlorides was photodegraded within half an hour, if more than three chlorine on ring, the photodechlorination time for PCB needs one and half hours or more, sometimes even longer than 15 h. The half-life of PCB degradation by photodechlorination was much shorter than that by anaerobic biological dechlorination. Charge distribution on carbon atom combined with the monitoring products of individual PCB congeners were used to deduce the photodegradation pathways. The higher the charge distribution for carbon to which chlorine is attached, the easier for photodechlorination to occur. A lot of chlorine atoms attached PCB, the dechlorination was found to occur prior to the carbon with higher charge distribution at the benzene ring with more chlorine atoms attached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng Chang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
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Watanabe A, Ohara A, Tajima N, Muramatsu T, Sakoda A. Optimum Design for a Detoxification Plant of PCB with a Combined System of Photochemical Dechlorination and Catalytic Dechlorination. KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUN 2003. [DOI: 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.29.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Watanabe
- PCB Detoxification Promotion Department, Toshiba Corporation
| | - Atsushi Ohara
- PCB Detoxification Promotion Department, Toshiba Corporation
| | - Naoki Tajima
- PCB Detoxification Promotion Department, Toshiba Corporation
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Tajima N, Kon M, Muramatsu T, Ohara, A, Nishizawa K, Watanabe A. Waste Treatment Technologies. Treatment of PCB by Using The Ultraviolet/Catalyst Method. KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUN 2002. [DOI: 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.28.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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