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Junqué E, Tardón A, Fernandez-Somoano A, Grimalt JO. Environmental and dietary determinants of metal exposure in four-year-old children from a cohort located in an industrial area (Asturias, Northern Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113862. [PMID: 35850295 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Urine samples from four-year-old children located in a heavily industrialized zone in Asturias (Spain) were collected between 2009 and 2012 (n = 334). Vanadium (V; median 54 μg/g creatinine), cobalt (Co; 1.0 μg/g c.), nickel (Ni; 3.8 μg/g c.), copper (Cu; 22 μg/g c.), zinc (Zn; 590 μg/g c.), arsenic (As; 64 μg/g c.), selenium (Se; 49 μg/g c.), molybdenum (Mo; 110 μg/g c.), cadmium (Cd; 0.27 μg/g c.), antimony (Sb; 1.0 μg/g c.), cesium (Cs; 14 μg/g c.), barium (Ba; 2.6 μg/g c.), thallium (Tl; 0.55 μg/g c.) and lead (Pb; 1.9 μg/g c.) were analysed. Comparison with children from other sites showed that this Asturias cohort was characterized by high levels of V, As, Sb, Cs and Tl. The concentrations of Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, Mo, Se, Cd, Ba and Pb were within the range of other cohorts. Terrestrial dietary items were most strongly related to increased urinary concentrations of metals in children, e.g., red meat with Ba and Ni, pasta/cereal with Ni and Zn, sweets with Zn, Co, and Cu, eggs with Mo, Cd, and Cs, and dairy products with Co and Sb. Seafood was the second group of dietary items significantly related to increased metals, e.g., shellfish with Ba, Cs, Pb, and V, fatty fish with As, and lean fish with As and Se. In contrast, higher fruit intake was significantly associated with decreased Cu and Sb, and higher legume intake with decreased Cu, Se and Cs. Higher intakes of other dietary items also led to significant decreases in some metals, such as vegetables and lower concentrations of Se and Mo, and dairy products with decreases in Cu and As. These negative correlations implied very low concentrations of the mentioned metals in these foods. Higher exposure to traffic was associated with higher concentrations of Ba, present in brake components. Children living outside urban areas had higher concentrations of Se. No association of metals with smoking in the family was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Junqué
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adonina Tardón
- IUOPA-Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias-Foundation for Biosanitary Research of Asturias (ISPA-FINBA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Fernandez-Somoano
- IUOPA-Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias-Foundation for Biosanitary Research of Asturias (ISPA-FINBA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Lin LF, Xie J, Sánchez OF, Bryan C, Freeman JL, Yuan C. Low dose lead exposure induces alterations on heterochromatin hallmarks persisting through SH-SY5Y cell differentiation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128486. [PMID: 33032221 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a commonly found heavy metal due to its historical applications. Recent studies have associated early-life Pb exposure with the onset of various neurodegenerative disease. The molecular mechanisms of Pb conferring long-term neurotoxicity, however, is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we explored the persistency of alteration in epigenetic marks that arise from exposure to low dose of Pb using a combination of image-based and gene expression analysis. Using SH-SY5Y as a model cell line, we observed significant alterations in global 5-methycytosine (5 mC) and histone 3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) and histone 3 lysine 9 tri-methylation (H3K9me3) levels in a dose-dependent manner immediately after Pb exposure. The changes are partially associated with alterations in epigenetic enzyme expression levels. Long term culturing (14 days) after cease of exposure revealed persistent changes in 5 mC, partial recovery in H3K9me3 and overcompensation in H3K27me3 levels. The observed alterations in H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 are reversed after neuronal differentiation, while reduction in 5 mC levels are amplified with significant changes in patterns as identified via texture clustering analysis. Moreover, correlation analysis demonstrates a strong positive correlation between trends of 5 mC alteration after differentiation and neuronal morphology. Collectively, our results suggest that exposure to low dose of Pb prior to differentiation can result in persistent epigenome alterations that can potentially be responsible for the observed phenotypic changes. Our work reveals that Pb induced changes in epigenetic repressive marks can persist through neuron differentiation, which provides a plausible mechanism underlying long-term neurotoxicity associated with developmental Pb-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li F Lin
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Junkai Xie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Oscar F Sánchez
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, 110231, Colombia
| | - Chris Bryan
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jennifer L Freeman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chongli Yuan
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Evaluation of daily intake for some elements of radiation protection concern by inhabitants of Greater Cairo Area, Egypt. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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He WY, Yang XE, Yang JY, He ZL. Effect of lead on plant availability of phosphorus and potassium in a vegetable-soil system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34793-34797. [PMID: 30343373 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two typical red soils were sequentially cultivated with celery (Apium graveolens L.) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) in a greenhouse to determine the effect of lead (Pb) on plant availability of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soils. The concentrations of available P as estimated by the 0.05 mol L-1 HCl-0.025 mol L-1 (1/2 H2SO4) extraction and available K estimated by the NH4OAc extraction method in the crop-free soils were not affected by Pb treatment. Plant P concentrations in the above-ground part of celery and Chinese cabbage exposed to Pb were either lower or showed no significant difference to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan He
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiao-E Yang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jin-Yan Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Zhen-Li He
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- University of Florida-IFAS, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945-3138, USA
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Ikeda M, Nakatsuka H, Watanabe T, Shimbo S. Estimation of dietary intake of cadmium from cadmium in blood or urine in East Asia. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 50:24-27. [PMID: 30262285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cadmium (Cd) is an ubiquitous environmental toxic pollutant. As daily foods are an almost exclusive source of exposure for general populations, it is of public health importance to know the level of dietary intake of cadmium (Cd-D). The purpose of this study is to examine whether Cd in blood (Cd-B) or urine (Cd-U) correlates with Cd-D in East Asia, and in case it is, whether it is possible to estimate Cd-D from Cd-B or Cd-U. It should be added that the measurement of Cd-D is quite hand-consuming in practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature was retrieved for publication on Cd-B and Cd-U in combination with Cd-D. Twenty three data sets thus obtained for East Asia were subjected to regression analysis to investigate the possibility to estimate Cd-D from Cd-B or Cd-U. RESULTS In Japan and Korea, large correlation coefficients (p > 0.7) were observed between Cd-B and Cd-D, as well as between Cd-U and Cd-D. In China, the coefficient was >0.7 between Cd-B and Cd-D. Furthermore, correlation was significant for Cd-B and Cd-D, as well as Cd-U and Cd-D, when 19 sets for Japan, Korea and China were combined for analysis. DISCUSSION Major reasons for successful analysis may be predominant use of women-based data. Women have been less smoking than men in East Asia, and possible confounding effects of smoking on Cd exposure might be minimized. CONCLUSION Based on significant correlations, Cd-D can be estimated from Cd-B or Cd-U in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ikeda
- Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan.
| | - Haruo Nakatsuka
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kanazawa Gakuin College, Kanazawa 920-1392, Japan
| | - Takao Watanabe
- Department of Education, Tohoku Bunkyo University, Yamagata 990-2316, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Shimbo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto 605-8501, Japan
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Rehman UU, Khan S, Muhammad S. Associations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water and human biomarkers: a case study from five districts of Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:27912-27923. [PMID: 30058038 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2755-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are hazardous contaminants with great global environmental/ecological concerns due to their toxic, persistence, and bio-accumulative nature. This study investigates the concentrations of PTEs (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb, and Zn) in drinking water sources and consumers' biomarkers such as hair, nails, urine, and blood. For this purpose, drinking water (n = 190) and consumer biomarker (n = 60) samples were collected from five districts of the Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Samples were extracted and analyzed for selected PTEs concentrations using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS, PerkinElmer Optima 7000 DV, USA). The concentrations of PTEs were observed within the drinking water guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO), except for Fe, Mn, and Pb. The determined concentrations of PTEs were used to evaluate the health risk through exposure, particularly hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). The PTEs contamination of drinking water has led to the highest mean ADI values (39.0 and 91.8 μg/kg/day) and HQ values (0.306 and 0.130) for Zn in adults and children, respectively. The mean values of HQ and HI for selected PTEs were observed within the safe health limits (< 1). Among studied biomarkers, hair showed the highest concentrations for Mn, Zn, Cd, and Pb, plasma for Co and Cu, nails for Ni, and red blood cells (RBCs) for Fe only. This study concluded that chronic exposure of PTEs through drinking water consumption has led to their bioaccumulation in human biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaid Ur Rehman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Said Muhammad
- Department of Earth Sciences, COMSATS University, Tobe Camp, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan.
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Blood lead level and its association with body mass index and obesity in China - Results from SPECT-China study. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18299. [PMID: 26658662 PMCID: PMC4677308 DOI: 10.1038/srep18299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to report environmental and blood lead level (BLL) in China, and investigate the relationship of BLL with body mass index (BMI) and obesity. 5558 subjects were enrolled from 16 sites in China. BLL was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Median (interquartile range) of BLL was 44.00 μg/L (29.00–62.16) for men and 37.79 μg/L (25.13–54.35) for women, about twice higher than in U.S. population. Subjects in rural and high-economic-status areas had significantly greater BLL (P < 0.001). However, in these areas, the lead levels in drinking water, river water and rice were comparable to or significantly lower than those in urban and low-economic-status areas. After adjustment for age, urbanization, economic status and metabolic factors, BLL was independently associated with BMI in women (P for trend < 0.001), but not in men. In fully adjusted model, increased quartiles of BLL were associated with significantly increased odds ratios of obesity (P for trend < 0.01) in women. In conclusion, BLLs in Chinese adults were much higher than in developed countries. There was a sex-specific association between BLL and BMI. Elevated BLL does not appear to be associated with lead levels in drinking water or rice, suggesting some other exposure source.
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Khan A, Khan S, Khan MA, Qamar Z, Waqas M. The uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy metals by food plants, their effects on plants nutrients, and associated health risk: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:13772-99. [PMID: 26194234 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination is a globally recognized environmental issue, threatening human life very seriously. Increasing population and high demand for food resulted in release of various contaminants into environment that finally contaminate the food chain. Edible plants are the major source of diet, and their contamination with toxic metals may result in catastrophic health hazards. Heavy metals affect the human health directly and/or indirectly; one of the indirect effects is the change in plant nutritional values. Previously, a number of review papers have been published on different aspects of heavy metal contamination. However, no related information is available about the effects of heavy metals on the nutritional status of food plants. This review paper is focused upon heavy metal sources, accumulation, transfer, health risk, and effects on protein, amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in plants. The literature about heavy metals in food plants shows that both leafy and nonleafy vegetables are good accumulators of heavy metals. In nonleafy vegetables, the bioaccumulation pattern was leaf > root ≈ stem > tuber. Heavy metals have strong influence on nutritional values; therefore, plants grown on metal-contaminated soil were nutrient deficient and consumption of such vegetables may lead to nutritional deficiency in the population particularly living in developing countries which are already facing the malnutrition problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarzeb Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
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9
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Al-Hwaiti M, Al-Khashman O. Health risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in tomato and green pepper plants grown in soils amended with phosphogypsum waste materials. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2015; 37:287-304. [PMID: 25173878 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-014-9646-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a waste produced by the phosphate fertilizer industry that has relatively high concentrations of some heavy metals (e.g., Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, V, and Zn). The present study was conducted to investigate heavy metal contamination in soils and vegetables (tomatoes and green peppers) and to evaluate the possible health risks associated with the consumption of vegetables grown in PG-amended soils. The enrichment factor values indicated that Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and V were depleted to minimally enriched, and Cd was moderately enriched. The pollution load index values indicated that the PG-amended soils were strongly polluted with Cd, moderately polluted with Cr and Ni, and slightly polluted with Pb, Cu, Zn and V. The geo-accumulation index values indicated that the PG-amended soils were uncontaminated with Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, V, and moderately contaminated with Cd. The trace metal transfer for Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn concentrations was below what are considered as acceptable limits (<1) for food production in soil and vegetables (tomatoes and green peppers) at each site area. Soil-to-plant transfer factor values decreased in order of Zn > Pb > Cd > Cr. The biological absorption coefficients in plants are, in order of highest to lowest, Pb > Zn > Cd > Cr, which suggests that Pb is more bioavailable to plants than Cd, Cr, and Zn. Furthermore, this study highlights that both adults and children consuming vegetables (e.g., tomatoes and green peppers) grown in PG-amended soils ingest significant amounts of the metals studied. However, the daily intake of metals (DIM) and the health risk index (HRI) values are <1, indicating a relative absence of health risks associated with the consumption of vegetables/fruits grown in PG-amended soils. However, while DIM and HRI values suggest that the consumption of plants grown in PG-amended soils is nearly free of risks, there are other sources of metal exposures such as dust inhalation, dermal contact, and ingestion (for children) of metal-contaminated soils, which were not included in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al-Hwaiti
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, PO Box 20, Ma'an, Jordan,
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Molina-Villalba I, Lacasaña M, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Hernández AF, Gonzalez-Alzaga B, Aguilar-Garduño C, Gil F. Biomonitoring of arsenic, cadmium, lead, manganese and mercury in urine and hair of children living near mining and industrial areas. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 124:83-91. [PMID: 25434277 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Huelva (South West Spain) and its surrounding municipalities represent one of the most polluted estuaries in the world owing to the discharge of mining and industrial related pollutants in their proximity. A biomonitoring study was conducted to assess exposure to arsenic and some trace metals (cadmium, mercury, manganese and lead) in urine and scalp hair from a representative sample of children aged 6-9 years (n=261). This is the only study simultaneously analyzing those five metal elements in children urine and hair. The potential contribution of gender, water consumption, residence area and body mass index on urinary and hair metal concentrations was also studied. Urine levels of cadmium and total mercury in a proportion (25-50%) of our children population living near industrial/mining areas might have an impact on health, likely due to environmental exposure to metal pollution. The only significant correlation between urine and hair levels was found for mercury. Children living near agriculture areas showed increased levels of cadmium and manganese (in urine) and arsenic (in hair). In contrast, decreased urine Hg concentrations were observed in children living near mining areas. Girls exhibited significantly higher trace metal concentrations in hair than boys. The greatest urine arsenic concentrations were found in children drinking well/spring water. Although human hair can be a useful tool for biomonitoring temporal changes in metal concentrations, levels are not correlated with those found in urine except for total mercury, thus providing additional information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Molina-Villalba
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Marina Lacasaña
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (IBS. GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Fernando Gil
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain.
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Gall JE, Boyd RS, Rajakaruna N. Transfer of heavy metals through terrestrial food webs: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:201. [PMID: 25800370 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are released into the environment by both anthropogenic and natural sources. Highly reactive and often toxic at low concentrations, they may enter soils and groundwater, bioaccumulate in food webs, and adversely affect biota. Heavy metals also may remain in the environment for years, posing long-term risks to life well after point sources of heavy metal pollution have been removed. In this review, we compile studies of the community-level effects of heavy metal pollution, including heavy metal transfer from soils to plants, microbes, invertebrates, and to both small and large mammals (including humans). Many factors contribute to heavy metal accumulation in animals including behavior, physiology, and diet. Biotic effects of heavy metals are often quite different for essential and non-essential heavy metals, and vary depending on the specific metal involved. They also differ for adapted organisms, including metallophyte plants and heavy metal-tolerant insects, which occur in naturally high-metal habitats (such as serpentine soils) and have adaptations that allow them to tolerate exposure to relatively high concentrations of some heavy metals. Some metallophyte plants are hyperaccumulators of certain heavy metals and new technologies using them to clean metal-contaminated soil (phytoextraction) may offer economically attractive solutions to some metal pollution challenges. These new technologies provide incentive to catalog and protect the unique biodiversity of habitats that have naturally high levels of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian E Gall
- College of the Atlantic, 105 Eden Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
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12
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Niisoe T, Harada KH, Hitomi T, Watanabe T, Hung NN, Ishikawa H, Wang Z, Koizumi A. Environmental ecological modeling of human blood lead levels in East Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:2856-2862. [PMID: 21355531 DOI: 10.1021/es103666e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Environmental ecological modeling (EEM), which unifies models simulating transport of chemicals and exposure of humans to chemicals, was used to simulate long-term trends of female adult human blood lead levels (BLLs) and historical exposure to the atmospheric lead in four East Asian countries: Japan, Korea, China, and Vietnam. Anthropogenic lead emissions to the atmosphere in Vietnam were estimated from energy statistics to be 1931 t yr(-1). Calculated BLLs generally agreed with those observed in samples collected in these countries as the error factors were less than 2. The model results revealed that BLLs decreased significantly in Tokyo (by 58%) and Seoul (by 45%) in recent decades and confirmed the effects of efforts to reduce environmental lead in Japan and Korea. The model results also revealed that BLLs in Beijing did not decrease in this decade as much as in Tokyo and Seoul, despite the phasing out of leaded gasoline, and that the contribution from the atmospheric component was increasing (43% in 2009). Finally, we applied EEM to simulate BLLs of children in Hanoi. The probability of children having BLLs greater than 50 μg L(-1) was 7.5%, which was greater than those observed in developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamon Niisoe
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Ikeda M, Shimbo S, Watanabe T, Ohashi F, Fukui Y, Sakuragi S, Moriguchi J. Estimation of dietary Pb and Cd intake from Pb and Cd in blood or urine. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 139:269-86. [PMID: 20422312 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Successful trials were made to estimate the dietary daily intake of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) via foods from the levels of the metals in blood or urine. In practice, 14 and 15 reports were available for Pb and Cd in blood (Pb-B and Cd-B), urine (Pb-U and Cd-U) and 24-h diet duplicates (Pb-D and Cd-D), respectively, from which 68 pairs each of Pb or Cd in blood and food duplicates [each being geometric mean (GM) values for the survey sites] were obtained. Regression analysis revealed that there was a significant correlation between Pb-B and Pb-D, and also between Cd-B and Cd-D, suggesting that it should be possible to estimate both Pb-D and Cd-D from Pb-B and Cd-B, respectively. For Cd-U, the number of available cases was limited (20 pairs), but a significant correlation was detected between Cd-U (as Cd-U(cr), or Cd levels in urine as corrected for creatinine concentration) and Cd-D. Care should be taken in estimating Pb-D from Pb-B, as the ratio of Pb-D over Pb-B may decrease as a function of increasing Pb-B levels. The Pb-D (μg/day) for typical Japanese women with Pb-B of 15 μg/l was best estimated to be 13.5 μg/day. No Cd-B- or Cd-U(cr)-dependent change was detected in case of Cd. The best estimate of Cd-D for Cd-B at 1.5 μg/l should be about 19.4 μg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ikeda
- Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Nishinokyo-Kitatsuboicho, Nakagyo-ku, Japan.
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Lin C, Zhu T, Liu L, Wang D. Influences of major nutrient elements on Pb accumulation of two crops from a Pb-contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 174:202-208. [PMID: 19854574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2009] [Revised: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To know about the effect of major nutrient elements on various forms of Pb and metal extraction, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess the effects of various major nutrient elements on Pb accumulation in two crops (Spinacia oleracea, SO and Sonchus arvensis, SA) in Changchun, China. Results indicated that, for SO, the Pb concentrations in both shoots and roots had no difference with increasing nutrients except for low nutrient treatment (1/2H). For SA, high nutrient treatments (2H and 3H) resulted in higher Pb concentrations in roots than low and standard nutrient treatments (1/2H and C), but high Pb concentration in shoot appeared in low and highest nutrient treatments (1/2H and 3H). The nitrogenous nutrient treatment (2N) had the most effect of increasing Pb concentrations in roots of SO and SA. The potassic and phosphorus nutrient treatments (2K and 2P) had little effect on the Pb concentrations in plant tissues for SO. Pb concentration in SO was lower than SA. Because of the higher total biomass in SO than SA, the ability to Pb accumulation in SO was better than SA. Sequential extraction results indicated that the addition of soil amendments transform soil Pb from bioavailable fractions to non-bioavailable fraction substantially. The results suggest that nitrogen fertilizer for SO and phosphorus fertilizer for SA are the most effective materials for the remediation of Pb-contaminated soils, and increase the tolerance of crops to Pb contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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15
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Wang Q, Zhao HH, Chen JW, Gu KD, Zhang YZ, Zhu YX, Zhou YK, Ye LX. Adverse health effects of lead exposure on children and exploration to internal lead indicator. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:5986-92. [PMID: 19751948 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Our research on adverse effects of lead exposures on physical and neurobehavioral health of children aged 6-12years in 4 villages, labeled as K, M, L, and X, in rural China, was reported in this article. Lead in blood (PbB), urine (PbU), hairs (PbH), and nails (PbN) were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire of Conner's instruments and Revised Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices were applied to evaluate childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) and intelligences. Geometric means (SD) of PbB, PbU, PbH and PbN concentrations were 71.2 microg/L (1.56), 11.7 microg/g (1.75), 12.5 microg/g (2.82), and 25.3 microg/g (2.79), respectively. 54 (17.0%) children had PbB levels of > or =100 microg/L. Boys, 6-10 years old, and living in village K were 2.11, 2.48, and 9.16 times, respectively, more likely to be poisoned by lead than girls, aged 11-12 years, and residing in X. 18 (5.7%) and 37 (11.7%) subjects had ADHD and mental retardations, respectively. Inverse relationships between intelligences and natural log transformed PbU and PbH levels were observed with respective odds ratios (95%CI) of 1.79 (1.00-3.22) and 1.46 (1.06-2.03) or 1.28 (1.04-1.58) and 1.73 (1.18-2.52) by binary or ordinal logistic regression modeling. ADHD prevalence was different by gender and age of subjects. PbU, PbH, and PbN related to PbB positively with respective correlation coefficients of 0.530, 0.477, and 0.181. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the three measurements revealed areas under curves (AUCs) being 0.829, 0.758, and 0.687, respectively. In conclusion, children had moderate levels of lead exposures in this rural area. Intelligence declines were associated with internal lead levels among children. ROC analysis suggests PbU an internal lead indicator close to PbB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Zheng L, Wu K, Li Y, Qi Z, Han D, Zhang B, Gu C, Chen G, Liu J, Chen S, Xu X, Huo X. Blood lead and cadmium levels and relevant factors among children from an e-waste recycling town in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 108:15-20. [PMID: 18514186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primitive electronic waste (e-waste) recycling is ongoing in Guiyu, and thus toxic heavy metals may keep on threatening to the health of local children. Some related factors may contribute to the elevation of blood lead levels (BLLs) or blood cadmium levels (BCLs). OBJECTIVE To investigate the children's BLLs and BCLs in Guiyu and Chendian as compare to discuss the effects of primitive e-waste recycling activities on children's health. METHODS Two hundred and seventy-eight children less than 8 years who lived in Guiyu and Chendian were observed, and their BLLs and BCLs were determined by graphite atomizer absorption spectrophotometer. Questionnaire survey for risk factors was also performed and data were analyzed using spearman correlation analyses and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Children living in Guiyu had significantly higher BLLs and BCLs as compared with those living in Chendian (p<0.01). In Guiyu, 70.8% of children (109/154) had BLLs>10 microg/dL, and 20.1% of children (31/154) had BCLs>2 microg/L, compared with 38.7% of children (48/124) had BLLs>10 microg/dL and 7.3% of children (9/124) had BCLs>2 microg/L in Chendian (p<0.01, respectively). We also observed a significant increasing trend in BLLs with increasing age in Guiyu (p<0.01). Mean height of children in Guiyu was significantly lower than that in Chendian (p<0.01). The risk factors related to children's BLLs and BCLs mainly included father's engagement in the work related to e-waste, children's residence in Guiyu and the amount of time that children played outside near the road everyday. CONCLUSIONS There are close relationships between the BLLs, BCLs in children and the primitive e-waste recycling activities in Guiyu. Environmental pollution, especially lead pollution, has threatened the health of children living around e-waste recycling site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangkai Zheng
- Central Laboratory and Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China
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Reale L, Kaiser J, Reale A, Lai A, Flora F, Balerna A, Cinque G, Fanelli M, Ruggieri F, Faenov A, Pikuz T, Tucci A, Poma A, Zuppella P, Liska M, Malina R. Mapping the intake of different elements in vegetal tissues by dual-energy X-ray imaging at DaPhine synchrotron light source. Microsc Res Tech 2008; 71:179-85. [PMID: 17992692 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article reports on the first utilization of the soft X-ray beamline at the DaPhine synchrotron light source for mapping the intake of different elements in plant tissues. As a test, the method of dual-energy X-ray microradiography was applied to the investigation of the natural sulfur content in dried leaf and root samples. Our ultimate goal was to monitor the pollutant lead and its intake, which was added in controlled doses to the hydroponic medium of laboratory-controlled samples of vegetal species. The results obtained by the nondestructive X-ray radiographic analysis are compared to the values of concentrations determined by a standard chemical analysis utilizing atomic absorption spectroscopy. From this comparison the validity of the X-ray detection of heavy metals in biological samples has been confirmed. The superposition of the dual energy results on the simple planar radiography shows the representation of the pollutant intake directly on the sample structures. It should be pointed out that this method, developed here for plant root and leaves could be applied to any biological sample of interest, but the preparation and observation conditions necessitate different strategies according to the type of sample under analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Reale
- Faculty of Sciences, University of L'Aquila, gc LNGS INFN, INFM 67010 Coppito, Italy.
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18
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Chiang PN, Wang MK, Chiu CY, Chou SY. Effects of cadmium amendments on low-molecular-weight organic acid exudates in rhizosphere soils of tobacco and sunflower. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2006; 21:479-88. [PMID: 16944509 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To recognize physiological response of plants to cadmium (Cd) toxicity in rhizosphere of plants, the pot experiments were employed to investigate how low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were exudated from tobacco and sunflower roots of Cd-amended soils. The aims of this study were to assess the effect of LMWOAs on uptake of Cd by tobacco and sunflower under pot experiments, thus comparing the ability of tobacco and sunflower for phytoremediation. Surface soils (0-20 cm) were collected from Taichung Experiment Station (TC) (silty loam). Cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)) was amended into TC soil, giving Cd concentrations of 1, 5, 10 mg kg(-1) soil. Soils with different concentrations of Cd were put into 12 cm (i.d.) pots for incubation, and then 2-week-old tobacco and sunflower seedlings were transplanted into the pots. Tobacco and sunflower were grown in greenhouse for 50 days, respectively. The rhizosphere and bulk soils, and fresh plant tissues were collected after harvest. The Cd concentrations in the plant and transfer factor values in the sunflower were higher than that in the tobacco. No LMWOAs were detected by gas chromatograph in bulk soils, and low amounts of LMWOAs were found in uncontaminated rhizosphere soils. Acetic, lactic, glycolic, malic, maleic, and succinic acids were found in the tobacco and sunflower rhizosphere soils. Concentrations of LMWOAs increased with increasing amendment of Cd concentrations in tobacco and sunflower rhizosphere soils. Correlation coefficient (r) of concentrations of Cd amendment versus LMWOAs exudates of tobacco and sunflower were 0.85 and 0.98, respectively. These results suggest that the different levels of LMWOAs present in the rhizosphere soil play an important role in the solubilization of Cd that bound with soil particle into soil solution and then uptake by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Neng Chiang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kawata K, Li Y, Liu H, Zhang XQ, Ushijima H. Specific factors for prenatal lead exposure in the border area of China. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2006; 209:377-83. [PMID: 16697256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study are to examine the prevalence of increased blood lead concentrations in mothers and their umbilical cords, and to identify risk factors for prenatal lead exposure in Kunming city, Yunnan province, China. The study was conducted at two obstetrics departments, and 100 peripartum women were enrolled. The mean blood lead concentrations of the mothers and the umbilical cords were 67.3microg/l and 53.1microg/l, respectively. In multiple linear regression analysis, maternal occupational exposure, maternal consumption of homemade dehydrated vegetables and maternal habitation period in Kunming city were significantly associated with an increase of umbilical cord blood lead concentration. In addition, logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of umbilical cord blood lead concentrations that possibly have adverse effects on brain development of newborns with each potential risk factor. Maternal frequent use of tableware with color patterns inside was significantly associated with higher cord blood lead concentration in addition to the three items in the multiple linear regression analysis. These points should be considered as specific recommendations for maternal and fetal lead exposure in this city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Kawata
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
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20
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Heikens A, Widianarko B, Dewi IC, De Boer JLM, Seinen W, van Leeuwen K. The impact of the hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake. Part I: Concentrations of elements in crops and soil. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2005; 27:409-18. [PMID: 16237597 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-005-0827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In Asembagus (East Java, Indonesia) irrigation water is contaminated with effluent from the hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake resulting in a low pH and high levels of various elements. As a first step towards a risk assessment, locally produced food items (rice, maize, cassava leaf, cassava root, peanuts) were collected and concentrations of As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn were compared to samples from a reference area and with literature values. Further, concentrations in rice were compared to total soil concentrations in paddy fields. Compared to the reference area, food items produced in the contaminated area had increased levels of Cd, Co, Ni and Mn in particular, while levels of Mo were lower. In contrast, total soil concentrations of Cd and Mn in particular have decreased whereas especially Mo was increased. In combination with the observed soil acidification, it is likely that the bioavailable concentration of most elements in the contaminated soil is higher (except for Mo) due to an increased weathering rate and/or input via the contaminated irrigation water. In terms of human health, concentrations in foods were generally within normal literature values. However, it was observed that essential elements (in particular Fe) known for their inhibitory effects on e.g. Cd and Mn toxicity did not accumulate in crops whereas Cd and Mn did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Heikens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Yalelaan 2, PO Box 80176, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Cui Y, Zhu YG, Zhai R, Huang Y, Qiu Y, Liang J. Exposure to metal mixtures and human health impacts in a contaminated area in Nanning, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2005; 31:784-90. [PMID: 15979144 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2005.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium and lead have been identified as very toxic metals, which are widely present in the environment due to natural and anthropogenic emissions. Many studies have shown that the food chain is the main pathway of cadmium and lead transfer from the environment to humans. It is well documented that many factors will affect their transfer through food chains. Previous investigations on heavy metals were mostly concentrated on one contaminant in isolation. However, in real environments, exposure to mixtures of metals is ubiquitous such that cadmium pollution is invariably being associated with lead and zinc, etc. This study focuses on the contamination and health effects of the metal mixtures. For this purpose, a dietary survey was taken for 3 groups in Nanning in October 2002. Samples of soils, plants (vegetables), urine and blood of humans were measured for Cd, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca and Pb, in addition, the urinary indicators of renal dysfunction Albumin (ALB), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), Beta-2-microglobulin (beta2-MG) and Retinol-binding protein (RBP) in urine were also measured. Results showed that soil contamination with metal mixtures had caused significant renal dysfunction of the local residents living in the contaminated area, and the dose-response curve was somewhat altered by the mixed contamination of Cd and Pb as well as the intake of other minerals. The importance of mixtures of metal contamination and human health are also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Cui
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China
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Cui YJ, Zhu YG, Zhai RH, Chen DY, Huang YZ, Qiu Y, Liang JZ. Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables in an area near a smelter in Nanning, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2004; 30:785-791. [PMID: 15120196 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2004.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A field survey was conducted to investigate the metal contamination in soils and vegetables, and to evaluate the possible health risks to local population through foodchain transfer near a smelter in Nanning, southern China. Contamination levels in soils and vegetables with cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were measured, and transfer factors (TF) from soils to vegetable plants and its health risk (risk index, RI) were calculated accordingly. Results showed that both soils and vegetables from villages 1 and 2 (V1 and V2, 1500 m and 500 m from the smelter) were heavily contaminated, compared to a village 50 km from the smelter. Geometric mean of Cd and Pb concentrations in vegetables for V1 and V2, respectively, were 0.15 and 0.24 mg Cd kg(-1) and 0.45 and 0.38 mg Pb kg(-1) (on fresh weight basis). Oral intake of Cd and Pb through vegetables poses high health risk to local residents. Risk indices for V1 and V2, respectively, were 3.87 and 7.42 for Cd, and 1.44 and 13.5 for Pb. The complexity of metal contamination and their health risks are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Cui
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Santos EE, Lauria DC, Porto da Silveira CL. Assessment of daily intake of trace elements due to consumption of foodstuffs by adult inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2004; 327:69-79. [PMID: 15172572 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, U and Zn were determined in vegetables (leafy vegetables, fruit, root, grain and cereal), derived products (sugar, coffee, manioc flour, wheat flour, corn flour, and pasta) and animal products (meat, fish, milk) most frequently consumed by adult inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro city. A total of 90 samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) as the principal method following sample dissolution by dry and wet ashing. Generally, highest contributions for the intake of micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn) arise from bean, rice and wheat flour consumption. Meat, cow milk and the flours, wheat and manioc, are major sources of Al, Cd, Pb and U intake. The daily intake of nine elements via foodstuffs was estimated as: 3.4x10(-4) mg of U, 1.8x10(-3) mg of Cd, 2.8x10(-2) mg of Pb, 2.3x10(-2) mg of Cr, 8.9x10(-2) mg of Ni, 1.12 mg of Cu, 2.5 mg of Mn, 3.5 mg of Al and 4.8 mg of Zn. The intake of toxic elements ranged between 2.7% (Cd) and 30% (U) of the provisional tolerable daily intake and reference dose values indicating that food consumption is, at present, no critical factor for the uptake of these toxic metals, in the population studied here. Concerning micronutrients, the recommended values of daily intake of Cu and Mn are conveniently supplied by the diet; however, for Cr and Zn they are lower than the recommend daily allowance. Due to high metal concentrations and consumption rates, black bean is the foodstuff that provided the highest ingestion rates of Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn (36-60% of the reference dose), being therefore a very important source of micronutrient supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Santos
- Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 8720551-030, Brazil
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Tsukahara T, Ezaki T, Moriguchi J, Furuki K, Shimbo S, Matsuda-Inoguchi N, Ikeda M. Rice as the most influential source of cadmium intake among general Japanese population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2003; 305:41-51. [PMID: 12670756 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to examine whether rice is still a leading source of cadmium (Cd) burden among general populations in Japan. For this purpose, 10 prefectures were selected from all over Japan (including the northern- and southern-most Hokkaido and Okinawa prefecture, respectively). Cadmium levels in urine of never-smoking women (corrected for creatinine; Cd-Ucr) were compared with the rice- and wheat product-based Cd intake, which were estimated from Cd contents in rice and wheat (in the forms of bread, noodle and flour) consumed by residents in the areas, and per-capita daily consumption of rice and wheat. Stepwise multiple regression analysis taking Cd-Ucr as a dependent variable and rice- or wheat product-based Cd intakes as independent variables showed that rice was the most influential and almost exclusive variable with a partial correlation coefficient of 0.770-0.832, explaining 59-69% of total variation in Cd-Ucr. The effects of other sources including wheat were essentially negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruomi Tsukahara
- Kyoto Industrial Health Association, 67 Nishinokyo-Kitatsuboicho, Nakagyo-ku, 604-8472, Kyoto, Japan
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