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Chatzikonstantinou AV, Bellou MG, Spyrou S, Papanikolaou A, Simos YV, Peschos D, Stamatis H. Enhancement of the biological activity of hydroxytyrosol through its oxidation by laccase from Trametes versicolor. J Biotechnol 2024; 385:30-41. [PMID: 38403132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The laccase-catalyzed oxidation of hydroxytyrosol (HT) towards the formation of its bioactive oligomer derivatives was investigated. The biocatalytic oligomerization was catalyzed by laccase from Trametes versicolor in aqueous or various water-miscible organic solvents and deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based media. Mass Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance were used for the characterization of the products. The solvent system used significantly affects the degree of HT oligomerization. The use of 50 % v/v methanol favored the production of the HT dimer, while other organic solvents as well as DESs led to the formation of hydroxytyrosol trimer and other oligomers. In vitro studies showed that the HT dimer exhibits 3- to 4-fold enhanced antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared to the parent compound. Moreover, the ability of HT dimer to inhibit the activity of soybean lipoxygenase and Candida rugosa lipase was 1.5-fold higher than HT, while molecular docking supported these results. Furthermore, HT dimer showed reduced cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells and exhibited a strong ability to inhibit ROS formation. The enhanced bioactivity of HT dimer indicates that this compound could be considered for use in cosmetics, skin-care products, and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Chatzikonstantinou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece; Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Myrto G Bellou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Stamatia Spyrou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Angelos Papanikolaou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Yannis V Simos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece; Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Peschos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece; Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Haralambos Stamatis
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece; Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
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Pang XQ, Wu XM, Wang Q, Meng D, Huang YM, Xu JL, Li Y, Liu H, Xiao H, Ding ZT. Hydroxytyrosol Dimers from Medicinal Insect Blaps Rynchopetera and the in Vitro Cytotoxic Activity. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221086906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The edible Blaps rynchopetera Fairmaire is widely used for its various medicinal effects. From its ethyl acetate fraction, three new hydroxytyrosol dimers, rynchopeterine H (1), rynchopeterine I (2) and trans-2-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-3-hydroxy-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,4-benzdioxane (3), together with four known similar dimers were obtained by chromatography of silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. Their structures were identified by HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra analysis. Compounds 1-4 were obtained as a mixture, and cytotoxicity screening for HepG2, Caco-2, U251, AGS, B16 and Bel-7402 cell lines showed that the mixture of compounds 1-4 exhibited significantly selective cytotoxicity and good inhibitory activity on the proliferation of mouse melanoma cells (B16) with an IC50 value of 27.37 μg·mL−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qin Pang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Mei Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Di Meng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ming Huang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Lei Xu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Heng Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Huai Xiao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Tao Ding
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
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Giménez-Bastida JA, González-Sarrías A, Laparra-Llopis JM, Schneider C, Espín JC. Targeting Mammalian 5-Lipoxygenase by Dietary Phenolics as an Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7937. [PMID: 34360703 PMCID: PMC8348464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) plays a key role in inflammation through the biosynthesis of leukotrienes and other lipid mediators. Current evidence suggests that dietary (poly)phenols exert a beneficial impact on human health through anti-inflammatory activities. Their mechanisms of action have mostly been associated with the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), prostaglandins (PGE2), and the interaction with NF-κB and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) pathways. Much less is known about the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway as a target of dietary (poly)phenols. This systematic review aimed to summarize how dietary (poly)phenols target the 5-LOX pathway in preclinical and human studies. The number of studies identified is low (5, 24, and 127 human, animal, and cellular studies, respectively) compared to the thousands of studies focusing on the COX-2 pathway. Some (poly)phenolics such as caffeic acid, hydroxytyrosol, resveratrol, curcumin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), and quercetin have been reported to reduce the formation of 5-LOX eicosanoids in vitro. However, the in vivo evidence is inconclusive because of the low number of studies and the difficulty of attributing effects to (poly)phenols. Therefore, increasing the number of studies targeting the 5-LOX pathway would largely expand our knowledge on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of (poly)phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Giménez-Bastida
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - José Moisés Laparra-Llopis
- Group of Molecular Immunonutrition in Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Claus Schneider
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
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Sarsour EH, Son JM, Kalen AL, Xiao W, Du J, Alexander MS, O'Leary BR, Cullen JJ, Goswami PC. Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid contribute to stromal aging-induced progression of pancreatic cancer. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6946-6957. [PMID: 32265301 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of pancreatic cancer increases with age, suggesting that chronological aging is a significant risk factor for this disease. Fibroblasts are the major nonmalignant cell type in the stroma of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, we investigated whether the chronological aging of normal human fibroblasts (NHFs), a previously underappreciated area in pancreatic cancer research, influences the progression and therapeutic outcomes of PDAC. Results from experiments with murine xenografts and 2D and 3D co-cultures of NHFs and PDAC cells revealed that older NHFs stimulate proliferation of and confer resistance to radiation therapy of PDAC. MS-based metabolite analysis indicated that older NHFs have significantly increased arachidonic acid 12-lipoxygenase (ALOX12) expression and elevated levels of its mitogenic metabolite, 12-(S)-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-(S)-HETE) compared with their younger counterparts. In co-cultures with older rather than with younger NHFs, PDAC cells exhibited increases in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and cellular metabolism, as well as a lower oxidation state that correlated with their enhanced proliferation and resistance to radiation therapy. Expression of ALOX12 was found to be significantly lower in PDAC cell lines and tumor biopsies, suggesting that PDAC cells rely on a stromal supply of mitogens for their proliferative needs. Pharmacological (hydroxytyrosol) and molecular (siRNA) interventions of ALOX12 in older NHFs suppressed their ability to stimulate proliferation of PDAC cells. We conclude that chronological aging of NHFs contributes to PDAC progression and that ALOX12 and 12-(S)-HETE may be potential stromal targets for interventions that seek to halt progression and improve therapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab H Sarsour
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, Missouri 90089
| | - Jyung Mean Son
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 64106
| | - Amanda L Kalen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Wusheng Xiao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Surgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | | | - Brianne R O'Leary
- Department of Surgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Joseph J Cullen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Prabhat C Goswami
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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Bertelli M, Kiani AK, Paolacci S, Manara E, Dautaj A, Beccari T, Michelini S. Molecular pathways involved in lymphedema: Hydroxytyrosol as a candidate natural compound for treating the effects of lymph accumulation. J Biotechnol 2019; 308:82-86. [PMID: 31794783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lymphedema is a chronic accumulation of interstitial fluid due to inefficient lymph drainage. Major causes of lymphedema are malformations of lymphatic vessels, trauma, toxic damage and surgery. The swelling typically affects the limbs. Lymphedema may be primary, caused by genetic mutations and relatively rare, or secondary (acquired), due to external causes such as infections or surgery. Fluid accumulation induces pathological changes: activation of the inflammatory cascade, immune cell infiltration, tissue fibrosis, adipose accumulation. We focused on the inflammatory phenotype mediated by leukotriene B4, a lipid mediator of the inflammatory pathway, and the potential therapeutic effect of hydroxytyrosol. We conducted an electronic search in PubMed using "lymphedema", "lymphedema pathway", "hydroxytyrosol" as keywords. We found that lymphedema deregulates at least six molecular pathways and that hydroxytyrosol, a compound with antioxidant activity, can improve endothelial dysfunction, hemostatic and lipid profiles, and decrease oxidative stress and inflammation through inhibition of leukotriene B4 activity. This review is the first to highlight the possibility of using hydroxytyrosol to treat the secondary effects of lymphedema, especially inflammation. The possible effects of hydroxytyrosol on lymphedema should be tested in vitro and in vivo to find the best way to treat patients with lymphedema in order to improve their health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bertelli
- EBTNA-Lab, Via Delle Maioliche, 57/G, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy.
| | - Aysha Karim Kiani
- Allama Iqbal Open University, Sector H-8, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Stefano Paolacci
- MAGI's Lab, Via Delle Maioliche, 57/D, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy.
| | - Elena Manara
- MAGI Euregio, Via Maso della Pieve, 60/A, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Astrit Dautaj
- MAGI Balkans, Rruga Andon Zako Cajupi, 1019, Tirana, Albania.
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Ariodante Fabretti, 48, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Sandro Michelini
- Department of Vascular Rehabilitation, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Via Luigi Ercole Morselli, 13, 00148, Rome, Italy.
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6
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Lombardo L, Grasso F, Lanciano F, Loria S, Monetti E. Broad-Spectrum Health Protection of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64057-4.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
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7
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Maghsoumi-Norouzabad L, Mansoori A, Abed R, Shishehbor F. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on the frequency, severity, and duration of migraine attacks: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 21:614-623. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1344371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Maghsoumi-Norouzabad
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Anahita Mansoori
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Abed
- Nutritionist in Aras Hospital, Iran Social Security Organization, Parsabad, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Farideh Shishehbor
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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8
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Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects – A review. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1440] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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9
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Troise AD, Ferracane R, Palermo M, Fogliano V. Targeted metabolite profile of food bioactive compounds by Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry: The “FancyTiles” approach. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Macková A, Mučaji P, Widowitz U, Bauer R. In vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity of Ligustrum vulgare Extracts and Their Analytical Characterization. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300801102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in the anti-inflammatory effects of Ligustrum vulgare L., which has been used traditionally in China and Japan prompted us to determine anti-inflammatory effects of the plant's compounds in leukocytes. The leaves of L. vulgare were used to prepare a decoction which was successively extracted with organic solvents (dichloromethane (DCM), n-butanol, ethyl acetate) using liquid-liquid partition. Extracts were tested for inhibition of LTB4, resp. PGE2 biosynthesis. Each extract was evaluated for its in vitro cyclooxygenase-1/2 (COX-1/2) inhibitory activity using assays with purified COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, as well as for their LTB4 formation inhibitory activity using an assay with activated human neutrophil granulocytes. All extracts reported inhibitory actions against COXs in comparison with the synthetic inhibitors NS-398 (IC50 = 2.6 μM) and indomethacin (IC50 = 0.9 μM). The dichloromethane extract of privet leaves showed a considerable inhibitory effect against COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme activity. The DCM extract revealed 2.7 times higher inhibitory activity against LTB4 formation in comparison with the known specific LT inhibitor zileuton (IC50 = 5.0 μM). Additionally, oleuropein and echinacoside were detected by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS in the Ligustrum vulgare leaves. Both compounds exhibited weak inhibitory activity on cyclooxygenases and leukotriene formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Macková
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Comenius University, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Mučaji
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Comenius University, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ute Widowitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4/1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4/1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Abstract
Olive oil, an oil rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFCs) and minor constituents including phenolic compounds, is a major component of the Mediterranean diet. The potential health benefits of the Mediterranean diet were highlighted by the seminal Seven Countries Study, and more contemporary research has identified olive oil as a major element responsible for these effects. It is emerging that the phenolic compounds are the most likely candidates accounting for the cardioprotective and cancer preventative effects of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). In particular, the phenolic compound, hydroxytyrosol has been identified as one of the most potent antioxidants found in olive oil. This review will briefly consider historical aspects of olive oil research and the biological properties of phenolic compounds in olive oil will be discussed. The focus of the discussion will be related to the mechanisms of action of hydroxytyrosol. Studies have demonstrated that hydroxytyrosol induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. Further, research has shown that hydroxytyrosol can prevent cardiovascular disease by reducing the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The molecular mechanisms accounting for these effects are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haloom Rafehi
- Department of Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Zbakh H, El Abbassi A. Potential use of olive mill wastewater in the preparation of functional beverages: A review. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
A Mediterranean diet appears to have health benefits in many domains of human health, mediated perhaps by its anti-inflammatory effects. Metabolism of fatty acids and subsequent eicosanoid production is a key mechanism by which a Mediterranean diet can exert anti-inflammatory effects. Both dietary fatty acids and fatty acid metabolism determine fatty acid availability for cyclooxygenase- and lipoxygenase-dependent production of eicosanoids, namely prostaglandins and leukotrienes. In dietary intervention studies and in observational studies of the Mediterranean diet, blood levels of fatty acids do reflect dietary intakes but are attenuated. Small differences in fatty acid levels, however, appear to be important, especially when exposures occur over long periods of time. This review summarizes how fat intakes from a Greek-style Mediterranean diet can be expected to affect fatty acid metabolizing proteins, with an emphasis on the metabolic pathways that lead to the formation of proinflammatory eicosanoids. The proteins involved in these pathways are ripe for investigation using proteomic approaches and may be targets for colon cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Djuric
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5930, USA.
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Granados-Principal S, Quiles JL, Ramirez-Tortosa CL, Sanchez-Rovira P, Ramirez-Tortosa MC. Hydroxytyrosol: from laboratory investigations to future clinical trials. Nutr Rev 2010; 68:191-206. [PMID: 20416016 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean countries have lower rates of mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer than Northern European or other Western countries. This has been attributed, at least in part, to the so-called Mediterranean diet, which is composed of specific local foods, including olive oil. Traditionally, many beneficial properties associated with this oil have been ascribed to its high oleic acid content. Today, it is clear that many of the beneficial effects of ingesting virgin olive oil are due to its minor compounds. This review summarizes the existing knowledge concerning the chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of hydroxytyrosol, a minor compound of virgin olive oil, as well as this compound's importance for health. The main findings in terms of its beneficial effects in cardiovascular disease and cancer, including its properties against inflammation and platelet aggregation, are emphasized. New evidence and strategies regarding the use of hydroxytyrosol as a natural drug for the prevention and treatment of diseases with high incidences in Western countries are also presented.
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Cornwell DG, Ma J. Nutritional benefit of olive oil: the biological effects of hydroxytyrosol and its arylating quinone adducts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8774-8786. [PMID: 18783241 DOI: 10.1021/jf8015877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Olive oil is the essential component of the Mediterranean diet, a nutritional regimen gaining ever-increasing renown for its beneficial effects on inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. A unique characteristic of olive oil is its enrichment in oleuropein, a member of the secoiridoid family, which hydrolyzes to the catechol hydroxytyrosol and functions as a hydrophilic phenolic antioxidant that is oxidized to its catechol quinone during redox cycling. Little effort has been spent on exploring the biological properties of the catechol hydroxytyrosol quinone, a strong arylating electrophile that forms Michael adducts with thiol nucleophiles in glutathione and proteins. This study compares the chemical and biological characteristics of hydroxytyrosol with those of the tocopherol family in which Michael adducts of arylating desmethyltocopherol quinones have been identified and correlated with biologic properties including cytotoxicity and induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. It is noted that hydroxytyrosol and desmethyltocopherols share many similarities, suggesting that Michael adduct formation by an arylating quinone electrophile may contribute to the biological properties of both families, including the unique nutritional benefit of olive oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Cornwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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16
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Galvano F, La Fauci L, Graziani G, Ferracane R, Masella R, Di Giacomo C, Scacco A, D'Archivio M, Vanella L, Galvano G. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Italian extra virgin olive oil Monti Iblei. J Med Food 2008; 10:650-6. [PMID: 18158836 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The profile of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, oxidative stability, and chemical characteristics (free acidity, peroxide value, specific extinction K232 and K270 values, and DeltaK) of 22 commercial extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) samples coming from the denomination of protected origin (DPO) Monti Iblei and obtained from olives harvested in the period September-December 2005 in the production area of the province of Siracusa (Sicily, Italy) were evaluated. The content of total phenols, expressed as gallic acid equivalents, ranged from 14.80 to 121.20 mg/100 g, with a mean value of 53.72 mg/100 g, mainly attributable to deacetoxyligstroside aglycone, deacetoxyoleuropein aglycone, oleuropein aglycone, and ligstroside aglycone. The mean values of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and of oxidative stability were 54.76 and 11.99 hours, respectively. Both TEAC and oxidative stability were positively correlated to the phenol content and to the percentage of inclusion of the olive cultivar "Tonda Iblea." The high mean content of phenols, besides conferring prolonged oxidative stability, likely confers to the DPO Monti Iblei EVOO marked potential beneficial effects for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Galvano
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Chemistry, and Molecular Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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McCord D, Fore J. Using Olivamine-Containing Products to Reduce Pruritic Symptoms Associated With Localized Lymphedema. Adv Skin Wound Care 2007; 20:441-2, 444-5. [PMID: 17762311 DOI: 10.1097/01.asw.0000284921.92802.7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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González-Santiago M, Martín-Bautista E, Carrero JJ, Fonollá J, Baró L, Bartolomé MV, Gil-Loyzaga P, López-Huertas E. One-month administration of hydroxytyrosol, a phenolic antioxidant present in olive oil, to hyperlipemic rabbits improves blood lipid profile, antioxidant status and reduces atherosclerosis development. Atherosclerosis 2006; 188:35-42. [PMID: 16300770 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study analysed the effects of hydroxytyrosol (HT) on blood lipids, antioxidant status and the progression of aortic lesions in hyperlipemic rabbits. Sixty-four rabbits were distributed into eight groups of animals (n = 8). Animal groups C, A and H were fed for 1-month with a control diet containing sunflower oil (C), an atherogenic diet (A) high in saturated fat and cholesterol or the A diet together with HT, respectively. The other five groups were fed for 2-months with diets C or A (groups CC or AA, respectively), or for 1-month with the A-diet followed by a further month with diet C, extra virgin olive oil diet (O) or diet C with HT (groups AC, AO and AH, respectively). Four milligram of HT/kg body weight were used in the study. Fifty and 42% decrease in total cholesterol and triacylglycerols, respectively, and a 2.3-fold increase in HDL-cholesterol were observed in the AH group but not in the H group. The HT-supplemented groups improved their antioxidant status and reduced the size of atherosclerotic lesions measured as intimal layer areas of the aortic arch when compared with control animals. We conclude that HT supplementation may have cardioprotective effects in vivo.
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Miles EA, Zoubouli P, Calder PC. Differential anti-inflammatory effects of phenolic compounds from extra virgin olive oil identified in human whole blood cultures. Nutrition 2005; 21:389-94. [PMID: 15797683 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The olive oil-rich Mediterranean diet protects against cardiovascular disease, which involves inflammatory processes. This study investigated the effects of phenolic compounds found in extra virgin olive oil on inflammatory mediator production by human mononuclear cells. METHODS Diluted human blood cultures were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in the presence of phenolics (vanillic, p-coumaric, syringic, homovanillic and caffeic acids, kaempferol, oleuropein glycoside, and tyrosol) at concentrations of 10(-7) to 10(-4) M. Concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-6 and of the inflammatory eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Oleuropein glycoside and caffeic acid decreased the concentration of interleukin-1beta. At a concentration of 10(-4) M, oleuropein glycoside inhibited interleukin-1beta production by 80%, whereas caffeic acid inhibited production by 40%. Kaempferol decreased the concentration of prostaglandin E2. At a concentration of 10(-4) M, kaempferol inhibited prostaglandin E2 production by 95%. No effects were seen on concentrations of interleukin-6 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha and there were no effects of the other phenolic compounds. CONCLUSIONS Some, but not all, phenolic compounds derived from extra virgin olive oil decrease inflammatory mediator production by human whole blood cultures. This may contribute to the antiatherogenic properties ascribed to extra virgin olive oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Miles
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Obied HK, Allen MS, Bedgood DR, Prenzler PD, Robards K, Stockmann R. Bioactivity and analysis of biophenols recovered from olive mill waste. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:823-37. [PMID: 15712986 DOI: 10.1021/jf048569x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Biophenols have attracted increasing attention during the past few years due to their biological activities and natural abundance and are potential targets for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Olive mill waste (OMW) is rich in biophenols and typically contains 98% of the total phenols in the olive fruit, making value addition to OMW an attractive enterprise. The phenolic profile of OMW is complex, yet this complexity has not been fully exploited in the valorization of the waste. Most work on the bioactivity of OMW has focused on antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The analytical techniques used to identify and quantify active biophenols are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan K Obied
- School of Science and Technology and School of Wine and Food Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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Reimund JM, Rahmi G, Escalin G, Pinna G, Finck G, Muller CD, Duclos B, Baumann R. Efficacy and safety of an olive oil-based intravenous fat emulsion in adult patients on home parenteral nutrition. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21:445-54. [PMID: 15709996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most frequently used intravenous lipid emulsions are composed of 100% long chain triacylglycerols from soybean oil or of 50% long chain triacylglycerols-50% medium chain triacylglycerols. A newer emulsion, ClinOleic 20% containing 80% olive oil and 20% soybean oil, was suggested to reduce lipid peroxidation and immune function impairment. AIM To assess ClinOleic 20%'s efficacy, safety and effect upon systemic inflammatory parameters in adults on home parenteral nutrition. METHODS In stable home parenteral nutrition patients, the initial intravenous lipid emulsion was changed for ClinOleic 20%. Nutritional status, clinical and biological tolerance, and systemic inflammatory markers were analysed before and after 1 and 3 months of home parenteral nutrition, with ClinOleic 20% as intravenous lipid emulsion. RESULTS Clinical and biological nutritional markers and inflammatory parameters did not differ between day 0 and month +3. There was no essential fatty acids deficiency. No side-effects were reported. Three of five patients presenting with migraine during home parenteral nutrition infusion at day 0 felt consistently better at month +3. CONCLUSIONS ClinOleic 20% is safe and efficient in adult home parenteral nutrition. It maintains normal essential fatty acids status and did not influence inflammatory parameters. In contrast to studies in preterm infants or paediatric patients, no effect on vitamin E concentration or lipid peroxidation was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Reimund
- Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie et d'Assistance Nutritive, Centre Agréé de Nutrition Parentérale à Domicile, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Avenue Molière, Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Al-Waili NS. Topical application of natural honey, beeswax and olive oil mixture for atopic dermatitis or psoriasis: partially controlled, single-blinded study. Complement Ther Med 2004; 11:226-34. [PMID: 15022655 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-2299(03)00120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of honey, olive oil and beeswax mixture on patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) or psoriasis vulgaris (PV). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-one patients with dermatitis and 18 patients with psoriasis were entered for patient-blinded, partially controlled study; 11 patients with dermatitis used topical betamethasone esters and 10 patients with psoriasis used clobetasol propionate. Honey mixture contained honey, beeswax and olive oil (1:1:1). Mixtures A, B, and C contained honey mixture with the corticosteroids ointment in a ratio of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 respectively. Patients with dermatitis were subjected to controlled bilateral half-body comparison to evaluate the efficacy of honey mixture against Vaseline, or mixture A against Vaseline-betamethasone esters mixture (1:1) in patients using topical corticosteroid treatment. In patients with psoriasis, the effect of honey mixture was compared with paraffin in an individual right/left-sites comparison, or mixture A against paraffin-clobetasol propionate mixture (1:1) in patients using corticosteroid topical therapy. In dermatitis, body lesions on right or left half-body were assessed for erythema, scaling, lichenification, excoriation, indurations, oozing and itching on a 0-4 points scale. In psoriasis, lesions of selected site were assessed for redness, scaling, thickening and itching, on a 0-4 points scale. RESULTS In honey mixture group, 8/10 patients with dermatitis showed significant improvement after 2 weeks, and 5/11 patients pretreated with betamethasone esters showed no deterioration upon 75% reduction of corticosteroid doses with use of mixture C. In psoriasis, 5/8 patients showed a significant response to honey mixture. In patients using clobetasol propionate, 5/10 patients showed no deterioration upon 75% reduction of corticosteroid doses with use of mixture C. CONCLUSION Honey mixture appears useful in the management of dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noori S Al-Waili
- Dubai Specialized Medical Center and Medical Research Laboratories, Islamic Establishment for Education, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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Al-Waili NS. An alternative treatment for pityriasis versicolor, tinea cruris, tinea corporis and tinea faciei with topical application of honey, olive oil and beeswax mixture: an open pilot study. Complement Ther Med 2004; 12:45-7. [PMID: 15130571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the possible role of honey, olive oil and beeswax in the treatment of skin fungal infections. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-seven patients with pityriasis versicolor, tinea cruris, tinea corporis and tinea faciei were studied. After clinical evaluation of redness, scaling, pruritus and burning/pain sensation and mycological assessment, honey mixture containing honey, olive oil and beeswax (1:1:1) was applied to the lesions three times daily for a maximum of 4 weeks. RESULTS Clinical response was obtained in 86% of patients with pityriasis versicolor, 78% of patients with tinea cruris and in 75% of patients with tinea corporis. Mycological cure was obtained in 75, 71 and 62% of patients with PV, tinea cruris and tinea corporis, respectively. The patient with tinea faciei showed clinical and mycological cure 3 weeks after commencement of therapy. CONCLUSION Honey mixture may have place in the management of these skin conditions and rigorous, controlled trials are justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Al-Waili
- Dubai Specialized Medical Center and Medical Research Laboratories, Islamic Establishment for Education, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to briefly review the literature relating to clinical studies of the use of polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The reasons for the discrepancies in the findings could be related to the different study designs, different treatments, overlapping of treatment effects, as well as the variety of treatment formulations and doses used, which have led to results that are, in certain instances, very difficult to explain. Emphasis on a treatment formulation which reduces the incidence of side effects, together with careful selection of patients and experimental design, seems to be associated with benefits, and these studies point to the therapeutic potential for these lipids in the therapy of IBD. It is possible that these fatty acids act by reducing low-grade active inflammation rather than by preventing reinitiation of the inflammatory process from a truly quiescent state. Whether this treatment is applicable to all IBD patients has not been fully elucidated. Nevertheless, taken together, all these studies suggest the effectiveness of these new therapeutic approaches, not only when conventional treatment fails or when it is not possible to treat chronically, but also, in some instances, as first choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Belluzzi
- Department of First Aid and Emergency Medicine, S Orsola Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, Bologna, Italy.
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Abstract
It has been postulated that the components in olive oil in the Mediterranean diet, a diet which is largely vegetarian in nature, can contribute to the lower incidence of coronary heart disease and prostate and colon cancers. The Mediterranean diet includes the consumption of large amounts of olive oil. Olive oil is a source of at least 30 phenolic compounds. The major phenolic compounds in olive oil are oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol. Recently there has been a surge in the number of publications that has investigated their biological properties. The phenolic compounds present in olive oil are strong antioxidants and radical scavengers. Olive "waste water" also possesses compounds which are strong antioxidant and radical scavengers. Typically, hydroxytyrosol is a superior antioxidant and radical scavenger to oleuropein and tyrosol. Hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein have antimicrobial activity against ATTC bacterial strains and clinical bacterial strains. Recent syntheses of labeled and unlabelled hydroxytyrosol coupled with superior analytical techniques have enabled its absorption and metabolism to be studied. It has recently been found that hydroxytyosol is renally excreted unchanged and as the following metabolites as its glucuronide conjugate, sulfate conjugate, homovanillic acid, homovanillic alcohol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. Studies with tyrosol have shown that it is excreted unchanged and as its conjugates. This review summarizes the antioxidant abilities; the scavenging abilities and the biological fates of hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein and tyrosol which have been published in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie L. Tuck
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, School of Pharmaceutical, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Australia, 5000, Adelaide, Australia
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Quiles JL, Farquharson AJ, Simpson DK, Grant I, Wahle KWJ. Olive oil phenolics: effects on DNA oxidation and redox enzyme mRNA in prostate cells. Br J Nutr 2002; 88:225-34; discussion 223-4. [PMID: 12207832 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2002620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and caffeic acid effects on hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage, hydroperoxide generation and redox enzyme gene expression were studied in oxidative-stress-sensitive human prostate cells (PC3). Hydroxytyrosol led to lower levels of hydroperoxides, DNA damage, and mRNA levels of classic glutathione peroxidase (GPx) for all the studied concentrations. Only hydroxytyrosol was effective at low concentrations (10 microm). Tyrosol reduced DNA oxidation only at high (>50 microm) concentrations and increased hydroperoxides, GPx and phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx mRNA levels. Caffeic acid elicited effects between those of the other two phenolics. Results indicate that hydroxytyrosol is the only significant antioxidant phenolic in olive oil and may be the major component accounting for its beneficial properties. Tyrosol appeared to exhibit pro-oxidant effects (only at high concentrations) and caffeic acid was neutral. Both number and position of hydroxyl groups appear to play a role in the cellular effects of hydroxytyrosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Quiles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Fabiani R, De Bartolomeo A, Rosignoli P, Servili M, Montedoro GF, Morozzi G. Cancer chemoprevention by hydroxytyrosol isolated from virgin olive oil through G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Eur J Cancer Prev 2002; 11:351-8. [PMID: 12195161 DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200208000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological evidence and animal studies suggest a relationship between the intake of olive oil and a reduced risk of several malignancies. The present study assesses the effect of hydroxytyrosol, a major antioxidant compound of virgin olive oil, on proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle of tumour cells. Hydroxytyrosol inhibited proliferation of both human promyelocytic leukaemia cells HL60 and colon adenocarcinoma cells HT29 and HT29 clone 19A. The con-centrations of hydroxytyrosol which inhibited 50% of cell proliferation were approximately 50 and approximately 750 micromol/l for HL60 and both HT29 and HT29 clone 19A cells, respectively. At concentrations ranging from 50 to 100 micromol/l, hydroxytyrosol induced an appreciable apoptosis in HL60 cells after 24 h of incubation as evidenced by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Interestingly, no effect on apoptosis was observed after similar treatment of freshly isolated human lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear cells. The DNA cell cycle analysis, quantified by flow cytometry, showed that the treatment of HL60 cells with hydroxytyrosol 50-100 micromol/l arrested the cells in the G0/G1 phase with a concomitant decrease in the cell percentage in the S and G2/M phases. These results support the hypothesis that hydroxytyrosol may exert a protective activity against cancer by arresting the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis in tumour cells, and suggest that hydroxytyrosol, an important component of virgin olive oil, may be responsible for its anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fabiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Sezione di Scienze Igienistiche e Ambientali, Università di Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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