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Dimmling W, Nesemann G, Dellweg H. Critical Assessment of Feedstocks for Biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/07388558409082586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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2
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Lovitt RW, Kim BH, Shen GJ, Zeikus JG, Phillips JA. Solvent Production by Microorganisms. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/07388558809150725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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3
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Sen S, Chakrabarty SL. Amylase fromLactobacillus cellobiosusD-39 isolated from vegetable wastes: Purification and characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1986.tb05087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Srivastava R, Mathur S. Regulation of amylase bio-synthesis in growing and non-growing cells ofBacillus stearothermophilus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1984.tb02367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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MORGAN FJ, PRIEST FG. Characterization of a Thermostable α-Amylase fromBacillus licheniformisNCIB 6346. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1981.tb00875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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AIBA SHUICHI, KOIZUMI JUNICHI, RU JIASHI. ENHANCED PRODUCTION OF α-AMYLASE AND PLASMID STABILITY IN BATCH AND/OR CONTINUOUS CULTURES OF BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS (pAT9). CHEM ENG COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00986448608911386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SHUICHI AIBA
- a Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering , Osaka University , Yamada-Oka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565, Japan
| | - JUN-ICHI KOIZUMI
- a Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering , Osaka University , Yamada-Oka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565, Japan
| | - JIA SHI RU
- a Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering , Osaka University , Yamada-Oka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565, Japan
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Rojo R, Mendoza G, González S, Landois L, Bárcena R, Crosby M. Effects of exogenous amylases from Bacillus licheniformis and Aspergillus niger on ruminal starch digestion and lamb performance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Lombraña M, Suárez P, San Juan F. Two forms of α-amylase in mantle tissue of Mytilus galloprovincialis: Purification and molecular properties of form II. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 142:56-66. [PMID: 16009590 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Amylase activity has been shown for the first time in a non-digestive tissue from Mytilus galloprovincialis. alpha-amylase from mussel mantle tissue has been purified by affinity chromatography on insoluble starch, followed by gel-filtration chromatography on Superdex-200. The chromatographic and electrophoretic behaviour of M. galloprovincialis alpha-amylase and stability characteristics suggest two forms of this enzyme: one form forming stable aggregates (form I) and a monomeric form (form II) that is more abundant, active and unstable. Both forms show an inverse quantitative variation. Purified form II was highly unstable and the molecular mass was estimated to be 66 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis. Maximum activity was noted at pH 6.5 and 35 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lombraña
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunolgía, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36200 Vigo, Spain
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9
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Nielsen JE, Borchert TV. Protein engineering of bacterial alpha-amylases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1543:253-274. [PMID: 11150610 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Amylases constitute a very diverse family of glycosyl hydrolases that cleave alpha1-->4 linkages in amylose and related polymers. Recent structural and mutagenic studies of archeael, mammalian and bacterial alpha-amylases have resulted in a wealth of information on the catalytic mechanism and on the structural features of this enzyme class. Because of their high thermo-stability, the Bacillus alpha-amylases have found widespread use in industrial processes, and much attention has been devoted to optimising these enzymes for the very harsh conditions encountered there. Stability has been a major area of focus in this respect, and several remarkably stable bacterial alpha-amylases have been produced by bioengineering techniques. Protein engineering studies of pH-activity profiles and of substrate specificities have also been initiated, although without much success. In the coming years it is likely, however, that the focus of alpha-amylase engineering will shift from engineering stability to these new areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Nielsen
- EMBL, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelber, Germany
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10
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Fiedurek J, Pielecki J, Skowronek M. Direct methods for selecting mutants with increased production of invertase from mutagenized cultures ofAspergillus fumigatus. J Basic Microbiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4028(200005)40:2<111::aid-jobm111>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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11
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Gromada A, Fiedurek J. Selective isolation of Aspergillus niger mutants with enhanced glucose oxidase production. J Appl Microbiol 1997; 82:648-52. [PMID: 9172408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1997.tb03597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
After mutagenization and selection, mutant Aspergillus niger strains resistant to certain agents were obtained. Seven of the mutants showed increased extracellular glucose oxidase (GOD), the level for individual cases ranged widely from 8.8 to over 138.5% in comparison with the parental strain. Studies of the relationship between method of selection and frequency of mutation showed that the highest frequency of positive mutations (15.8% and 17.3%) was obtained from mutants resistant to ethidium bromide (1 mmol l-1 and sodium gluconate (45%), respectively. The time course of growth and enzyme production by the most active mutant AM-11 showed intra- and extracellular GOD activities to have increased about 2.2- and 2.4-fold, respectively, compared with the parental strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gromada
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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12
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Gromada A, Fiedurek J. Selective isolation of Aspergillus niger mutants with enhanced glucose oxidase production. J Appl Microbiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1997.tb02875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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Continuous production of halophilic α- amylase through whole cell immobilization ofhalobacterium salinarium. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02787997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Ilori MO, Amund OO, Omidiji O. Purification and properties of an alpha-amylase produced by a cassava-fermenting strain of Micrococcus luteus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1997; 42:445-9. [PMID: 9438346 DOI: 10.1007/bf02826551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An extracellular alpha-amylase produced by a cassava-fermenting strain of Micrococcus luteus was purified 26-fold by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The molar mass was estimated to be approximately 56 kDa. The optimum temperature of the enzyme was 30 degrees C, optimum pH 6.0 and optimum substrate concentration was 0.6% (W/V). Treatment of the enzyme at 70 degrees C for 10 min resulted in 70% loss of activity. The activation energy was determined to be 34.8 kJ/mol. The activity of the enzyme was enhanced by Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Na+ and inhibited by EDTA, KCN and citric acid. The enzyme may find some application in local food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Ilori
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lagos, Nigeria
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15
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Varlan AR, Sansen W, Van Loey A, Hendrickx M. Covalent enzyme immobilization on paramagnetic polyacrolein beads. Biosens Bioelectron 1996; 11:443-8. [PMID: 8746190 DOI: 10.1016/0956-5663(96)82740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An optimized procedure of covalent glucose oxidase, urease, Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase and Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase immobilization on paramagnetic, non-porous, polyacrolein beads is presented. The resulting insolubilized enzymes can be employed for extended periods of time without loss of activity. The conditions were optimized for maximizing the activity of the linked enzyme. Coated beads bearing up to 15 micrograms active enzyme/mg(beads) were obtained on reproducible basis. The paramagnetic feature of the particles facilitates the enzyme handling. In the magnetic field, the enzyme separation is fast and complete. Thus, the paramagnetic beads represent an excellent carrier for immobilized enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Varlan
- Faculty of Electronics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
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16
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Annous BA, Blaschek HP. Isolation and characterization of α-amylase derived from starchgrownClostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Pazlarová J, Mokříšová O, Chaloupka J. Functional half life of the α-amylase mRNA ofBacillus amyloliquefaciens. Curr Microbiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01568976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Ponzo JH, Weigand WA. Simple structured model for ?-amylase synthesis byBacillus amyloliquefaciens. Biotechnol Bioeng 1991; 38:1065-81. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260380916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Annous BA, Blaschek HP. Isolation and characterization of Clostridium acetobutylicum mutants with enhanced amylolytic activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:2544-8. [PMID: 1722664 PMCID: PMC183617 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.9.2544-2548.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium acetobutylicum mutants BA 101 (hyperamylolytic) and BA 105 (catabolite depressed) were isolated by using N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine together with selective enrichment on the glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose. Amylolytic enzyme production by C. acetobutylicum BA 101 was 1.8- and 2.5-fold higher than that of the ATCC 824 strain grown in starch and glucose, respectively. C. acetobutylicum BA 105 produced 6.5-fold more amylolytic activity on glucose relative to that of the wild-type strain. The addition of glucose at time zero to starch-based P2 medium reduced the total amylolytic activities of C. acetobutylicum BA 101 and BA 105 by 82 and 25%, respectively, as compared with the activities of the same strains grown on starch alone. Localization studies demonstrated that the amylolytic activities of C. acetobutylicum BA 101 and BA 105 were primarily extracellular on all carbohydrates tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Annous
- Department of Food Science, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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20
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Ueki A, Hirono T, Sato E, Mitani A, Ueki K. Ethanol and amylase production by a newly isolated Clostridium sp. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1991; 7:385-93. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00329407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/1990] [Accepted: 01/05/1991] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Tonkova A. Alpha-Amylase Synthesis in the Genus Bacillus. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.1991.10818638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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22
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Increased thermal stability of Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase in the presence of various additives. Enzyme Microb Technol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(90)90030-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Kochhar S, Dua RD. Thermostable liquefying ?-amylase fromBacillus amyloliquefaciens. Biotechnol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01024438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Lonsane BK, Ramesh MV. Production of bacterial thermostable alpha-amylase by solid-state fermentation: a potential tool for achieving economy in enzyme production and starch hydrolysis. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1990; 35:1-56. [PMID: 2205080 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B K Lonsane
- Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
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25
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26
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Wei D, Parulekar SJ, Stark BC, Weigand WA. Plasmid stability and α-amylase production in batch and continuous cultures ofBacillus subtilis TN106[pAT5]. Biotechnol Bioeng 1989; 33:1010-20. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260330810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Roychoudhury S, Parulekar SJ, Weigand WA. Cell growth and ?-amylase production characteristics ofBacillus amyloliquefaciens. Biotechnol Bioeng 1989; 33:197-206. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260330209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Starch-degrading, amylolytic enzymes are widely distributed among microbes. Several activities are required to hydrolyze starch to its glucose units. These enzymes include alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, glucoamylase, alpha-glucosidase, pullulan-degrading enzymes, exoacting enzymes yielding alpha-type endproducts, and cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. Properties of these enzymes vary and are somewhat linked to the environmental circumstances of the producing organisms. Features of the enzymes, their action patterns, physicochemical properties, occurrence, genetics, and results obtained from cloning of the genes are described. Among all the amylolytic enzymes, the genetics of alpha-amylase in Bacillus subtilis are best known. Alpha-Amylase production in B. subtilis is regulated by several genetic elements, many of which have synergistic effects. Genes encoding enzymes from all the amylolytic enzyme groups dealt with here have been cloned, and the sequences have been found to contain some highly conserved regions thought to be essential for their action and/or structure. Glucoamylase appears usually in several forms, which seem to be the results of a variety of mechanisms, including heterogeneous glycosylation, limited proteolysis, multiple modes of mRNA splicing, and the presence of several structural genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vihinen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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29
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Tonkova A, Pazlarová J, Emanuilova E, Stoeva N. Functional half-life of the alpha-amylase mRNA of Bacillus licheniformis. J Basic Microbiol 1989; 29:55-60. [PMID: 2468758 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620290114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Some aspects of the regulation of alpha-amylase synthesis in Bacillus licheniformis CCM 2205 were investigated. The effect of actinomycin D and chloramphenicol was studied at the level of RNA transcription and translation. alpha-amylase synthesis in Bacillus licheniformis CCM 2205 was practically not altered during the first 20 min after the addition of actinomycin D, although RNA synthesis was almost completely blocked. In contrast to RNA polymerase inhibitor, chloramphenicol stopped immediately the synthesis of alpha-amylase. By using the least squares method the mean half-life of alpha-amylase mRNA was calculated to range from 7.5 to 8.4 min. the mean half-life of cell protein mRNA was determined to range from 2.6 to 3.8 min. Having in mind the immediate effect of chloramphenicol on the alpha-amylase synthesis, it can be concluded that de novo protein synthesis is required in the case of actinomycin D resistant residual synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tonkova
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia
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30
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31
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Ruohonen L, Hackman P, Lehtovaara P, Knowles JK, Keränen S. Efficient secretion of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase by [corrected] its own signal peptide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae host cells [corrected]. Gene 1987; 59:161-70. [PMID: 2830166 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The expression and secretion of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase was studied in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Bacillus promoter was removed by BAL 31 digestion and three forms of the alpha-amylase gene were constructed: the Bacillus signal sequence was either complete (YEp alpha a1), partial (YEp alpha a2) or missing (YEp alpha a3). Secretion of alpha-amylase into the culture medium was obtained with the complete signal sequence only. The secreted alpha-amylase was glycosylated and its signal peptide was apparently processed. The glycosylated alpha-amylase remained active. The enzyme produced by the other constructions was not glycosylated and thus probably remained in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ruohonen
- Recombinant DNA Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
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32
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Reddy C, Abouzied M. Glucose feedback inhibition of amylase activity in Aspergillus sp. and release of this inhibition when cocultured with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme Microb Technol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(86)90061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Gray GL, Mainzer SE, Rey MW, Lamsa MH, Kindle KL, Carmona C, Requadt C. Structural genes encoding the thermophilic alpha-amylases of Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus licheniformis. J Bacteriol 1986; 166:635-43. [PMID: 3009417 PMCID: PMC214652 DOI: 10.1128/jb.166.2.635-643.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The genes encoding the thermostable alpha-amylases of Bacillus stearothermophilus and B. licheniformis were cloned in Escherichia coli, and their DNA sequences were determined. The coding and deduced polypeptide sequences are 59 and 62% homologous to each other, respectively. The B. stearothermophilus protein differs most significantly from that of B. licheniformis in that it possesses a 32-residue COOH-terminal tail. Transformation of E. coli with vectors containing either gene resulted in the synthesis and secretion of active enzymes similar to those produced by the parental organisms. A plasmid was constructed in which the promoter and the NH2-terminal two-thirds of the B. stearothermophilus coding sequence was fused out of frame to the entire mature coding sequence of the B. licheniformis gene. Approximately 1 in 5,000 colonies transformed with this plasmid was found to secrete an active amylase. Hybridization analysis of plasmids isolated from these amylase-positive colonies indicated that the parental coding sequences had recombined by homologous recombination. DNA sequence analysis of selected hybrid genes revealed symmetrical, nonrandom distribution of loci at which the crossovers had resolved. Several purified hybrid alpha-amylases were characterized and found to differ with respect to thermostability and specific activity.
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Pretorius IS, Chow T, Modena D, Marmur J. Molecular cloning and characterization of the STA2 glucoamylase gene of Saccharomyces diastaticus. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1986; 203:29-35. [PMID: 3012280 DOI: 10.1007/bf00330380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces diastaticus structural gene STA2, encoding an exracellular glucoamylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan glycohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.3.), has been cloned by complementation of a stao strain. A genomic library was initially constructed from a STA2 yeast strain in the yeast Escherichia coli shuttle cosmid vector pYCl. The Sta+ complementing function was further delimited to an 8.3 kb BglII fragment whose restriction map was found to be similar to related genomic regions of STA1 and STA3. Fusions of several DNA fragments derived from the 8.3 kb BglII fragment with a truncated E. coli beta-galactosidase gene resulted in two overlapping fragments that could direct the production of large fusion proteins in E. coli. These fusion proteins were immunoprecipitable by anti-glucoamylase II antibodies, confirming that the Sta+ complementing fusion was due to the expression of a gene that coded for a yeast glucoamylase. Measurements of the STA1, STA2 and STA3 RNA transcripts by RNA-DNA hybridization using an internal fragment of the cloned STA2 gene as the probe indicated that a common transcript of 2.5 kb is produced by each of the STA genes. Integrative disruption of the STA2 gene through homologous recombination was achieved by transforming a STA2 yeast strain to Sta- using an in vitro constructed donor DNA fragment that has the URA3 gene inserted within the coding region of the cloned glucoamylase gene. This was confirmed by tetrad analysis of crosses between strains carrying a disrupted STA2 and a functional STA2. Southern blot analysis using BamHI digested genomic DNA from 15 tetrads demonstrated consistent co-segregation and Mendelian inheritance of the Sta- phenotype with STA2::URA3. These data further confirm that the cloned DNA that showed Sta+ complementing activity carries a functional STA2 gene that encodes the yeast extracellular glucoamylase II.
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35
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Pretorius IS, de Kock MJ, Britz TJ, Potgieter HJ, Lategan PM. Numerical taxonomy of alpha-amylase producing Bacillus species. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1986; 60:351-60. [PMID: 3487537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1986.tb01743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A total of 134 alpha-amylase producing Bacillus isolates and 21 reference strains were divided into 12 groups according to their similarities (% SSM). Phenotypic characteristics determined by the API 20E and API 50CHB galleries, other biochemical tests and morphological characteristics were used for the numerical analysis. The API Computer Service identified 45% of the isolates. The amylase yields of 16 alpha-amylase hyperproducing (AHP) isolates were compared with those of seven amylolytic reference and type strains. The AHP isolates were related to Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis and 'B. amyloliquefaciens'.
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36
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37
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Palva I. Molecular cloning of alpha-amylase gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and its expression in B. subtilis. Gene X 1982; 19:81-7. [PMID: 6183169 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(82)90191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene coding for alpha-amylase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was isolated by direct shotgun cloning using B. subtilis as a host. The genome of B. amyloliquefaciens was partially digested with the restriction endonuclease MboI and 2- to 5-kb fragments were isolated and joined to plasmid pUB110. Competent B. subtilis amylase-negative cells were transformed with the hybrid plasmids and kanamycin-resistant transformants were screened for the production of alpha-amylase. One of the transformants producing high amounts of alpha-amylase was characterized further. The alpha-amylase gene was shown to be present in a 2.3-kb insert. The alpha-amylase production of the transformed B. subtilis could be prevented by inserting lambda DNA fragments into unique sites of EcoRI, HindIII and KpnI in the insert. Foreign DNA inserted into a unique ClaI site failed to affect the alpha-amylase production. The amount of alpha-amylase activity produced by this transformed B. subtilis was about 2500-fold higher than that for the wild-type B. subtilis Marburg strain, and about 5 times higher than the activity produced by the donor B. amyloliquefaciens strain. Virtually all of the alpha-amylase was secreted into the culture medium. The secreted alpha-amylase was shown to be indistinguishable from that of B. amyloliquefaciens as based on immunological and biochemical criteria.
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Clementi F, Rossi J, Costamagna L, Rosi J. Production of amylase(s) by Schwanniomyces castellii and Endomycopsis fibuligera. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1980; 46:399-405. [PMID: 6160813 DOI: 10.1007/bf00421986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Schwanniomyces castellii and Endomycopsis fibuligera Produced extracellular amylase(s) when grown on various carbon sources and at different pH values. Both yeast species showed significant amylase synthesis in the presence of either maltose or soluble starch. On the other substrates tested (glucose, cellobiose, sucrose, trehalose, melezitose, raffinose, ethanol, glycerol) differences were found regarding growth and amylase production. Free glucose in the culture medium apparently inhibited enzyme synthesis. The pH range allowing maximal growth and amylase production was 4.5-6.0 for E. fibuligera and 5.5-7.0 for S. castellii.
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