1
|
Keyt BA, Baliga R, Sinclair AM, Carroll SF, Peterson MS. Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Use of IgM Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E53. [PMID: 33066119 PMCID: PMC7709107 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies are pentameric or hexameric macro-immunoglobulins and have been highly conserved during evolution. IgMs are initially expressed during B cell ontogeny and are the first antibodies secreted following exposure to foreign antigens. The IgM multimer has either 10 (pentamer) or 12 (hexamer) antigen binding domains consisting of paired µ heavy chains with four constant domains, each with a single variable domain, paired with a corresponding light chain. Although the antigen binding affinities of natural IgM antibodies are typically lower than IgG, their polyvalency allows for high avidity binding and efficient engagement of complement to induce complement-dependent cell lysis. The high avidity of IgM antibodies renders them particularly efficient at binding antigens present at low levels, and non-protein antigens, for example, carbohydrates or lipids present on microbial surfaces. Pentameric IgM antibodies also contain a joining (J) chain that stabilizes the pentameric structure and enables binding to several receptors. One such receptor, the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), is responsible for transcytosis from the vasculature to the mucosal surfaces of the lung and gastrointestinal tract. Several naturally occurring IgM antibodies have been explored as therapeutics in clinical trials, and a new class of molecules, engineered IgM antibodies with enhanced binding and/or additional functional properties are being evaluated in humans. Here, we review the considerable progress that has been made regarding the understanding of biology, structure, function, manufacturing, and therapeutic potential of IgM antibodies since their discovery more than 80 years ago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Keyt
- IGM Biosciences Inc, 325 East Middlefield Road, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; (R.B.); (A.M.S.); (S.F.C.); (M.S.P.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tambuyzer E, Vandendriessche B, Austin CP, Brooks PJ, Larsson K, Miller Needleman KI, Valentine J, Davies K, Groft SC, Preti R, Oprea TI, Prunotto M. Therapies for rare diseases: therapeutic modalities, progress and challenges ahead. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 19:93-111. [PMID: 31836861 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Most rare diseases still lack approved treatments despite major advances in research providing the tools to understand their molecular basis, as well as legislation providing regulatory and economic incentives to catalyse the development of specific therapies. Addressing this translational gap is a multifaceted challenge, for which a key aspect is the selection of the optimal therapeutic modality for translating advances in rare disease knowledge into potential medicines, known as orphan drugs. With this in mind, we discuss here the technological basis and rare disease applicability of the main therapeutic modalities, including small molecules, monoclonal antibodies, protein replacement therapies, oligonucleotides and gene and cell therapies, as well as drug repurposing. For each modality, we consider its strengths and limitations as a platform for rare disease therapy development and describe clinical progress so far in developing drugs based on it. We also discuss selected overarching topics in the development of therapies for rare diseases, such as approval statistics, engagement of patients in the process, regulatory pathways and digital tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Tambuyzer
- BioPontis Alliance for Rare Diseases Foundation fup/son, Brussels, Belgium. .,BioPontis Alliance Rare Disease Foundation, Inc, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Benjamin Vandendriessche
- Byteflies, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering (ECSE), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christopher P Austin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip J Brooks
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristina Larsson
- Orphan Medicines Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Kay Davies
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen C Groft
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert Preti
- Hitachi Chemical Regenerative Medicine Business Sector, Allendale, NJ, USA
| | - Tudor I Oprea
- Translational Informatics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Marco Prunotto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Johnson JL, Scholz JL, Marshak-Rothstein A, Cancro MP. Molecular pattern recognition in peripheral B cell tolerance: lessons from age-associated B cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 61:33-38. [PMID: 31446338 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although central tolerance mechanisms purge self-reactive B cells during development based on BCR signal strength, mechanisms that block the differentiation of autoreactive effector and memory B cells from mature pools remain poorly understood. Prior observations implicate nucleic acid sensing TLRs in autoimmunity, and more recent findings show that TLR9 is also involved in maintaining peripheral tolerance. Studies of the immunological changes that occur during aging revealed a subset of B cells denoted Age-associated B cells which expands in settings of aging and in autoimmunity. Further studies demonstrated that TLR9 signals poise activated B cells to adopt an Age-associated B cell phenotype, but BCR-delivered TLR9 signals cause programmed cell death that, if circumvented by costimulation, allows continued differentiation to the ABC fate. Together, these observations suggest molecular pattern recognition, rather than BCR epitope specificity per se, is a fundamental mediator of tolerogenic outcomes in the peripheral B cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John L Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jean L Scholz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Gearhart PJ, Mock BA, Casellas R, Cancro MP. The Reign of Antibodies: A Celebration of and Tribute to Michael Potter and His Homogeneous Immunoglobulin Workshops. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:23-26. [PMID: 29255086 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Gearhart
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224;
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rafael Casellas
- Genomics and Immunity, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dayton VD, Williams SJ, McKenna RW, Linden MA. Unusual extramedullary hematopoietic neoplasms in lymph nodes. Hum Pathol 2017; 62:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
7
|
Eisen HN. Affinity enhancement of antibodies: how low-affinity antibodies produced early in immune responses are followed by high-affinity antibodies later and in memory B-cell responses. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:381-92. [PMID: 24795350 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The antibodies produced initially in response to most antigens are high molecular weight (MW) immunoglobulins (IgM) with low affinity for the antigen, while the antibodies produced later are lower MW classes (e.g., IgG and IgA) with, on average, orders of magnitude higher affinity for that antigen. These changes, often termed affinity maturation, take place largely in small B-cell clusters (germinal center; GC) in lymphoid tissues in which proliferating antigen-stimulated B cells express the highly mutagenic cytidine deaminase that mediates immunoglobulin class-switching and sequence diversification of the immunoglobulin variable domains of antigen-binding receptors on B cells (BCR). Of the large library of BCR-mutated B cells thus rapidly generated, a small minority with affinity-enhancing mutations are selected to survive and differentiate into long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells. BCRs are also endocytic receptors; they internalize and cleave BCR-bound antigen, yielding peptide-MHC complexes that are recognized by follicular helper T cells. Imperfect correlation between BCR affinity for antigen and cognate T-cell engagement may account for the increasing affinity heterogeneity that accompanies the increasing average affinity of antibodies. Conservation of mechanisms underlying mutation and selection of high-affinity antibodies over the ≈200 million years of evolution separating bird and mammal lineages points to the crucial role of antibody affinity enhancement in adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herman N Eisen
- Authors' Affiliations: Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Knittel G, Metzner M, Beck-Engeser G, Kan A, Ahrends T, Eilat D, Huppi K, Wabl M. Insertional hypermutation in mineral oil-induced plasmacytomas. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2785-801. [PMID: 24975032 PMCID: PMC4165787 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Unless stimulated by a chronic inflammatory agent, such as mineral oil, plasma cell tumors are rare in young BALB/c mice. This raises the questions: What do inflammatory tissues provide to promote mutagenesis? And what is the nature of mutagenesis? We determined that mineral oil-induced plasmacytomas produce large amounts of endogenous retroelements--ecotropic and polytropic murine leukemia virus and intracisternal A particles. Therefore, plasmacytoma formation might occur, in part, by de novo insertion of these retroelements, induced or helped by the inflammation. We recovered up to ten de novo insertions in a single plasmacytoma, mostly in genes with common retroviral integration sites. Additional integrations accompany tumor evolution from a solid tumor through several generations in cell culture. The high frequency of de novo integrations into cancer genes suggests that endogenous retroelements are coresponsible for plasmacytoma formation and progression in BALB/c mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gero Knittel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414
| | - Mirjam Metzner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414
| | - Gabriele Beck-Engeser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414
| | - Ada Kan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414
| | - Tomasz Ahrends
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414
| | - Dan Eilat
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital and The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Konrad Huppi
- National Cancer Institute, Genetics Branch, Gene Silencing Section, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Matthias Wabl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Padilla-Nash HM, Hathcock K, McNeil NE, Mack D, Hoeppner D, Ravin R, Knutsen T, Yonescu R, Wangsa D, Dorritie K, Barenboim L, Hu Y, Ried T. Spontaneous transformation of murine epithelial cells requires the early acquisition of specific chromosomal aneuploidies and genomic imbalances. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 51:353-74. [PMID: 22161874 PMCID: PMC3276700 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.21921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human carcinomas are defined by recurrent chromosomal aneuploidies, which result in a tissue-specific distribution of genomic imbalances. In order to develop models for these genome mutations and to determine their role in tumorigenesis, we generated 45 spontaneously transformed murine cell lines from normal epithelial cells derived from bladder, cervix, colon, kidney, lung, and mammary gland. Phenotypic changes, chromosomal aberrations, centrosome number, and telomerase activity were assayed in control uncultured cells and in three subsequent stages of transformation. Supernumerary centrosomes, binucleate cells, and tetraploidy were observed as early as 48 hr after explantation. In addition, telomerase activity increased throughout progression. Live-cell imaging revealed that failure of cytokinesis, not cell fusion, promoted genome duplication. Spectral karyotyping demonstrated that aneuploidy preceded immortalization, consisting predominantly of whole chromosome losses (4, 9, 12, 13, 16, and Y) and gains (1, 10, 15, and 19). After transformation, focal amplifications of the oncogenes Myc and Mdm2 were frequently detected. Fifty percent of the transformed lines resulted in tumors on injection into immunocompromised mice. The phenotypic and genomic alterations observed in spontaneously transformed murine epithelial cells recapitulated the aberration pattern observed during human carcinogenesis. The dominant aberration of these cell lines was the presence of specific chromosomal aneuploidies. We propose that our newly derived cancer models will be useful tools to dissect the sequential steps of genome mutations during malignant transformation, and also to identify cancer-specific genes, signaling pathways, and the role of chromosomal instability in this process.
Collapse
|
10
|
Klimovich VB. IgM and its receptors: structural and functional aspects. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:534-49. [PMID: 21639833 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911050038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review combines the data obtained before the beginning of the 1990s with results published during the last two decades. The predominant form of the IgM molecule is a closed ring composed of five 7S subunits and a J chain. The new model of spatial structure of the pentamer postulates nonplanar mushroom-shaped form of the molecule with the plane formed by a radially-directed Fab regions and central protruding portion consisting of Cµ4 domains. Up to the year 2000 the only known Fc-receptor for IgM was pIgR. Interaction of IgM with pIgR results in secretory IgM formation, whose functions are poorly studied. The receptor designated as Fcα/µR is able to bind IgM and IgA. It is expressed on lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, and macrophages. A receptor binding IgM only named FcµR has also been described. It is expressed on T- and B-lymphocytes. The discovery of new Fc-receptors for IgM requires revision of notions that interactions between humoral reactions involving IgM and the cells of the immune system are mediated exclusively by complement receptors. In the whole organism, apart from IgM induced by immunization, natural antibodies (NA) are present and comprise in adults a considerable part of the circulating IgM. NA are polyreactive, germ-line-encoded, and emerge during embryogenesis without apparent antigenic stimuli. They demonstrate a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and serve as first line of defense against microbial and viral infections. NA may be regarded as a transitional molecular form from invariable receptors of innate immunity to highly diverse receptors of adaptive immunity. By means of interaction with autoantigens, NA participate in maintenance of immunological tolerance and in clearance of dying cells. At the same time, NA may act as a pathogenic factor in atherosclerotic lesion formation and in development of tissue damage due to ischemia/reperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V B Klimovich
- Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, St. Petersburg.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Our goal is to provide a perspective on current understanding of the origins of specificity in immune reactions, a topic that has intrigued scientists for over a century. A fundamental property of adaptive immune responses is the ability to discriminate among an immense variety of substances by means of antibodies (Abs) and Ab-like receptors on T lymphocytes [T-cell receptors (TCRs)], each able to bind a particular chemical structure [the antigen (Ag)] and not, or only weakly, similar alternatives. Evidence has long existed, however, and has grown, especially recently, that while exhibiting remarkable specificity, many individual Abs and TCRs can also bind a variety of very different ligands. How can Ag recognition by these receptors exercise the great specificity for which they are renowned and yet react with a variety of different ligands (degeneracy)? We critically consider the mechanistic bases for this specificity/degeneracy enigma and also compare and contrast Ag recognition by Abs and TCRs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Two of three humans never get cancer. Even the majority of heavy smokers remain cancer free. Is this a matter of chance, or are there cancer-resistant genotypes? Based on the evidence discussed, it would appear that evolution has favored a limited number of relatively common resistance genes that may nip incipient cancerous foci in the bud, i.e., to stop them at their inception. It is further suggested that resistance genes may act at the level of tissue organization in a dominant fashion.
Collapse
|