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Allchin RL, Kelly ME, Mamand S, Doran AG, Keane T, Ahearne MJ, Wagner SD. Structural and diffusion weighted MRI demonstrates responses to ibrutinib in a mouse model of follicular helper (Tfh) T-cell lymphoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215765. [PMID: 31013298 PMCID: PMC6478326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent analyses of the genetics of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) have shown that a large proportion of cases are derived from normal follicular helper (Tfh) T-cells. The sanroque mouse strain bears a mutation that increases Tfh cell number and heterozygous animals (Roquinsan/+) develop lymphomas similar to human Tfh lymphoma. Here we demonstrate the usefulness of Roquinsan/+ animals as a pre-clinical model of Tfh lymphoma. Long latency of development and incomplete penetrance in this strain suggests the lymphomas are genetically diverse. We carried out preliminary genetic characterisation by whole exome sequencing and detected tumor specific mutations in Hsp90ab1, Ccnb3 and RhoA. Interleukin-2-inducible kinase (ITK) is expressed in Tfh lymphoma and is a potential therapeutic agent. A preclinical study of ibrutinib, a small molecule inhibitor of mouse and human ITK, in established lymphoma was carried out and showed lymphoma regression in 8/12 (67%) mice. Using T2-weighted MRI to assess lymph node volume and diffusion weighted MRI scanning as a measure of function, we showed that treatment increased mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) suggesting cell death, and that change in ADC following treatment correlated with change in lymphoma volume. We suggest that heterozygous sanroque mice are a useful model of Tfh cell derived lymphomas in an immunocompetent animal.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/diagnostic imaging
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/diagnostic imaging
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/genetics
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Mice
- Piperidines
- Primary Cell Culture
- Pyrazoles/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Allchin
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre and Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E. Kelly
- Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Mamand
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre and Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony G. Doran
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Keane
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Ahearne
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre and Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D. Wagner
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre and Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Zacharias NM, McCullough CR, Wagner S, Sailasuta N, Chan HR, Lee Y, Hu J, Perman WH, Henneberg C, Ross BD, Bhattacharya P. Towards Real-time Metabolic Profiling of Cancer with Hyperpolarized Succinate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6. [PMID: 27547490 PMCID: PMC4989923 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9937.1000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The energy-yielding mitochondrial Krebs cycle has been shown in many cancers and other diseases to be inhibited or mutated. In most cells, the Krebs cycle with oxidative phosphorylation generates approximately 90% of the adenosine triphosphate in the cell. We designed and hyperpolarized carbon-13 labeled succinate (SUC) and its derivative diethyl succinate (DES) to interrogate the Krebs cycle in real-time in cancer animal models. PROCEDURES Using Parahydrogen Induced Polarization (PHIP), we generated hyperpolarized SUC and DES by hydrogenating their respective fumarate precursors. DES and SUC metabolism was studied in five cancer allograft animal models: breast (4T1), Renal Cell Carcinoma (RENCA), colon (CT26), lymphoma NSO, and lymphoma A20. RESULTS The extent of hyperpolarization was 8 ± 2% for SUC and 2.1 ± 0.6% for DES. The metabolism of DES and SUC in the Krebs cycle could be followed in animals 5 s after tail vein injection. The biodistribution of the compounds was observed using 13C FISP imaging. We observed significant differences in uptake and conversion of both compounds in different cell types both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION With hyperpolarized DES and SUC, we are able to meet many of the requirements for a useable in vivo metabolic imaging compound - high polarization, relatively long T1 values, low toxicity and high water solubility. However, succinate and its derivative DES are metabolized robustly by RENCA but not by the other cancer models. Our results underscore the heterogeneity of cancer cells and the role cellular uptake plays in hyperpolarized metabolic spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki M Zacharias
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, USA
| | - Christopher R McCullough
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Shawn Wagner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Napapon Sailasuta
- Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Laboratories, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, USA
| | - Henry R Chan
- Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Laboratories, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, USA
| | - Youngbok Lee
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA; Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Jingzhe Hu
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, USA
| | - William H Perman
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Saint Louis University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Cameron Henneberg
- Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Laboratories, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, USA
| | - Brian D Ross
- Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Laboratories, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, USA
| | - Pratip Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
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Karroum O, Mignion L, Kengen J, Karmani L, Levêque P, Danhier P, Magat J, Bol A, Labar D, Grégoire V, Bouzin C, Feron O, Gallez B, Jordan BF. Multimodal imaging of tumor response to sorafenib combined with radiation therapy: comparison between diffusion-weighted MRI, choline spectroscopy and 18F-FLT PET imaging. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2013; 8:274-80. [PMID: 23606431 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the value of different imaging modalities, that is, magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) and positron emission tomography (PET), to assess early tumor response to sorafenib with or without radiotherapy. Diffusion-weighted (DW)-MRI, choline (1)H MRS at 11.7 T, and (18)F-FLT PET imaging were used to image fibrosarcoma (FSaII) tumor-bearing mice over time. The imaging markers were compared with apoptosis cell death and cell proliferation measurements assessed by histology. Anti-proliferative effects of sorafenib were evidenced by (1)H MRS and (18)F-FLT PET after 2 days of treatment with sorafenib, with no additional effect of the combination with radiation therapy, results that are in agreement with Ki67 staining. Apparent diffusion coefficient calculated using DW-MRI was not modified after 2 days of treatment with sorafenib, but showed significant increase 24 h after 2 days of sorafenib treatment combined with consecutive irradiation. The three imaging markers were able to show early tumor response as soon as 24 h after treatment initiation, with choline MRS and (18)F-FLT being sensitive to sorafenib in monotherapy as well as in combined therapy with irradiation, whereas DW-MRI was only sensitive to the combination of sorafenib with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Karroum
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Avenue Mounier 73, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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García-Álvarez I, Garrido L, Romero-Ramírez L, Nieto-Sampedro M, Fernández-Mayoralas A, Campos-Olivas R. The effect of antitumor glycosides on glioma cells and tissues as studied by proton HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78391. [PMID: 24194925 PMCID: PMC3806797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the treatment with glycolipid derivatives on the metabolic profile of intact glioma cells and tumor tissues, investigated using proton high resolution magic angle spinning (1H HR-MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, is reported here. Two compounds were used, a glycoside and its thioglycoside analogue, both showing anti-proliferative activity on glioma C6 cell cultures; however, only the thioglycoside exhibited antitumor activity in vivo. At the drug concentrations showing anti-proliferative activity in cell culture (20 and 40 µM), significant increases in choline containing metabolites were observed in the 1H NMR spectra of the same intact cells. In vivo experiments in nude mice bearing tumors derived from implanted C6 glioma cells, showed that reduction of tumor volume was associated with significant changes in the metabolic profile of the same intact tumor tissues; and were similar to those observed in cell culture. Specifically, the activity of the compounds is mainly associated with an increase in choline and phosphocholine, in both the cell cultures and tumoral tissues. Taurine, a metabolite that has been considered a biomarker of apoptosis, correlated with the reduction of tumor volume. Thus, the results indicate that the mode of action of the glycoside involves, at least in part, alteration of phospholipid metabolism, resulting in cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel García-Álvarez
- Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (IG-A); (RC-O)
| | - Leoncio Garrido
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Romero-Ramírez
- Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
- Instituto Cajal de Neurobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Nieto-Sampedro
- Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
- Instituto Cajal de Neurobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Fernández-Mayoralas
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Campos-Olivas
- Spectroscopy and NMR Unit, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (IG-A); (RC-O)
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Radermacher KA, Magat J, Bouzin C, Laurent S, Dresselaers T, Himmelreich U, Boutry S, Mahieu I, Vander Elst L, Feron O, Muller RN, Jordan BF, Gallez B. Multimodal assessment of early tumor response to chemotherapy: comparison between diffusion-weighted MRI, 1H-MR spectroscopy of choline and USPIO particles targeted at cell death. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:514-522. [PMID: 21874657 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the value of different magnetic resonance (MR) protocols to assess early tumor response to chemotherapy. We used a murine tumor model (TLT) presenting different degrees of response to three different cytotoxic agents. As shown in survival curves, cyclophosphamide (CP) was the most efficient drug followed by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), whereas the etoposide treatment had little impact on TLT tumors. Three different MR protocols were used at 9.4 Tesla 24 h post-treatment: diffusion-weighted (DW)-MRI, choline measurement by (1) H MRS, and contrast-enhanced MRI using ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO) targeted at phosphatidylserine. Accumulation of contrast agent in apoptotic tumors was monitored by T(2) -weighted images and quantified by EPR spectroscopy. Necrosis and apoptosis were assessed by histology. Large variations were observed in the measurement of choline peak areas and could not be directly correlated to tumor response. Although the targeted USPIO particles were able to significantly differentiate between the efficiency of each cytotoxic agent and best correlated with survival endpoint, they present the main disadvantage of non-specific tumor accumulation, which could be problematic when transferring the method to the clinic. DW-MRI presents a better compromise by combining longitudinal studies with a high dynamic range; however, DW-MRI was unable to show any significant effect for 5-FU. This study illustrates the need for multimodal imaging in assessing tumor response to treatment to compensate for individual limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Radermacher
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Shen ZW, Cao Z, You KZ, Yang ZX, Xiao YY, Cheng XF, Chen YW, Wu RH. Quantification of choline concentration following liver cell apoptosis using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1130-6. [PMID: 22416190 PMCID: PMC3296989 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i10.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the feasibility of quantifying liver choline concentrations in both normal and apoptotic rabbit livers in vivo, using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS).
METHODS: 1H-MRS was performed in 18 rabbits using a 1.5T GE MR system with an eight-channel head/neck receiving coil. Fifteen rabbits were injected with sodium selenite at a dose of 10 μmol/kg to induce the liver cell apoptosis. Point-resolved spectroscopy sequence-localized spectra were obtained from 10 livers once before and once 24 h after sodium selenite injection in vivo. T1 and T2 relaxation time of water and choline was measured separately in the livers of three healthy rabbits and three selenite-treated rabbits. Hematoxylin and eosin and dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was used to detect and confirm apoptosis. Choline peak areas were measured relative to unsuppressed water using LCModel. Relaxation attenuation was corrected using the average of T1 and T2 relaxation time. The choline concentration was quantified using a formula, which was tested by a phantom with a known concentration.
RESULTS: Apoptosis of hepatic cells was confirmed by TUNEL assay. In phantom experiment, the choline concentration (3.01 mmol/L), measured by 1H-MRS, was in good agreement with the actual concentration (3 mmol/L). The average T1 and T2 relaxation time of choline was 612 ± 15 ms and 74 ± 4 ms in the control group and 670 ± 27 ms and 78 ± 5 ms in apoptotic livers in vivo, respectively. Choline was quantified in 10 rabbits, once before and once after the injection with sodium selenite. The choline concentration decreased from 14.5 ± 7.57 mmol/L before sodium selenite injection to 10.8 ± 6.58 mmol/L (mean ± SD, n = 10) after treatment (Z = -2.395, P < 0.05, two-sample paired Wilcoxon test).
CONCLUSION: 1H-MRS can be used to quantify liver choline in vivo using unsuppressed water as an internal reference. Decreased liver choline concentrations are found in sodium selenite-treated rabbits undergoing liver cell apoptosis.
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Vangestel C, Peeters M, Mees G, Oltenfreiter R, Boersma HH, Elsinga PH, Reutelingsperger C, Van Damme N, De Spiegeleer B, Van de Wiele C. In vivo imaging of apoptosis in oncology: an update. Mol Imaging 2011; 10:340-58. [PMID: 21521554 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, data on noninvasive imaging of apoptosis in oncology are reviewed. Imaging data available are presented in order of occurrence in time of enzymatic and morphologic events occurring during apoptosis. Available studies suggest that various radiopharmaceutical probes bear great potential for apoptosis imaging by means of positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). However, for several of these probes, thorough toxicologic studies are required before they can be applied in clinical studies. Both preclinical and clinical studies support the notion that 99mTc-hydrazinonicotinamide-annexin A5 and SPECT allow for noninvasive, repetitive, quantitative apoptosis imaging and for assessing tumor response as early as 24 hours following treatment instigation. Bioluminescence imaging and near-infrared fluorescence imaging have shown great potential in small-animal imaging, but their usefulness for in vivo imaging in humans is limited to structures superficially located in the human body. Although preclinical tumor-based data using high-frequency-ultrasonography (US) are promising, whether or not US will become a routinely clinically useful tool in the assessment of therapy response in oncology remains to be proven. The potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for imaging late apoptotic processes is currently unclear. Neither 31P MRS nor 1H MRS signals seems to be a unique identifier for apoptosis. Although MRI-measured apparent diffusion coefficients are altered in response to therapies that induce apoptosis, they are also altered by nonapoptotic cell death, including necrosis and mitotic catastrophe. In the future, rapid progress in the field of apoptosis imaging in oncology is expected.
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Surman AJ, Kenny GD, Kumar DK, Bell JD, Casey DR, Vilar R. Targeting of anionic membrane species by lanthanide(iii) complexes: towards improved MRI contrast agents for apoptosis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:10245-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13284a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Mirbahai L, Wilson M, Shaw CS, McConville C, Malcomson RDG, Griffin JL, Kauppinen RA, Peet AC. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolites as biomarkers for cell cycle arrest and cell death in rat glioma cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 43:990-1001. [PMID: 20633697 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved non-invasive imaging biomarkers of treatment response contribute to optimising cancer management and metabolites detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) show promise in this area. Understanding (1)H MRS changes occurring in cells during cell stress and cell death in vitro should aid the selection of pertinent biomarkers for clinical use. METHODS BT4C glioma cells in culture were exposed to either 50 μM cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum II (cisplatin) or starvation by culture in phosphate buffered saline. High resolution magic angle spinning (1)H MRS was performed on cells using a Varian 600 MHz nanoprobe and metabolites were quantified by a time domain fitting method. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue, H&E, 4',6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), DNA laddering and annexin V-FITC labelled flow cytometry; propidium iodide flow cytometry was used to assess the cell cycle phase. RESULTS With cisplatin exposure, cells initially accumulated in the G1 stage of the cell cycle with low numbers of apoptotic and necrotic cells and this was associated with decreases in phosphocholine, succinate, alanine, taurine, glycine and glutamate and increases in lactate and glycerophosphocholine (GPC). Starvation, leading to necrotic cell death within 6-18 h, caused decreases in succinate, alanine, glycine, and glutamate and increases in GPC. Principal component analysis revealed two patterns of metabolite changes, one common to both types of cell stress and another specific for necrosis secondary to cell starvation. CONCLUSIONS (1)H MRS reveals alterations in multiple metabolites during cell cycle arrest and cell death which may provide early biomarker profiles of treatment efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Mirbahai
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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10
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Galons JP, Morse DL, Jennings DR, Gillies RJ. Diffusion-Weighted MRI and Response to Anti-Cancer Therapies. Isr J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1560/gj5m-pp8r-ghub-vuup] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Strijkers GJ, van Tilborg GAF, Geelen T, Reutelingsperger CPM, Nicolay K. Current applications of nanotechnology for magnetic resonance imaging of apoptosis. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 624:325-342. [PMID: 20217606 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-609-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a morphologically and biochemically distinct form of cell death, which together with proliferation plays an important role in tissue development and homeostasis. Insufficient apoptosis is important in the pathology of various disorders such as cancer and autoimmune diseases, whereas a high apoptotic activity is associated with myocardial infarction, neurodegenerative diseases, and advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Consequently, apoptosis is recognized as an important therapeutic target, which should be either suppressed, e.g., during an ischemic cardiac infarction, or promoted, e.g., in the treatment of cancerous lesions. Imaging tools to address location, amount, and time course of apoptotic activity non-invasively in vivo are therefore of great clinical use in the evaluation of such therapies. This chapter reviews current literature and new developments in the application of nanoparticles for non-invasive apoptosis imaging. Focus is on functionalized nanoparticle contrast agents for MR imaging and bimodal nanoparticle agents that combine magnetic and fluorescent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav J Strijkers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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12
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Cordeiro MF, Nickells R, Drexler W, Borrás T, Ritch R. High-resolution ocular imaging: combining advanced optics and microtechnology. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2009; 40:480-8. [PMID: 19772272 DOI: 10.3928/15428877-20090901-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in imaging technologies offer great potential for the assessment of retinal ganglion cell disorders, with particular relevance to glaucoma. In particular, advances in this field have allowed unprecedented in vivo access to the retinal layers, using many different properties of light to differentiate cellular structures. This article is a summary of currently available and investigational advanced, high-resolution imaging technologies and their potential applications to glaucoma. It represents the topics of discussion at the annual Optic Nerve Rescue and Restoration Think Tank, sponsored by The Glaucoma Foundation, entitled "High Resolution Imaging of the Eye: Advanced Optics, Microtechnology and Nanotechnology" and held in New York, New York, September 28-29, 2007.
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13
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Ramm P, Couillard-Despres S, Plötz S, Rivera FJ, Krampert M, Lehner B, Kremer W, Bogdahn U, Kalbitzer HR, Aigner L. A nuclear magnetic resonance biomarker for neural progenitor cells: is it all neurogenesis? Stem Cells 2009; 27:420-3. [PMID: 18988707 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In vivo visualization of endogenous neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is crucial to advance stem cell research and will be essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of neurogenesis-based therapies. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (i.e., spatially resolved spectroscopy in vivo) is a highly promising technique by which to investigate endogenous neurogenesis noninvasively. A distinct feature in nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (i.e., a lipid signal at 1.28 ppm) was recently attributed specifically to NPCs in vitro and to neurogenic regions in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that although this 1.28-ppm biomarker is present in NPC cultures, it is not specific for the latter. The 1.28-ppm marker was also evident in mesenchymal stem cells and in non-stem cell lines. Moreover, it was absent in freshly isolated NPCs but appeared under conditions favoring growth arrest or apoptosis; it is initiated by induction of apoptosis and correlates with the appearance of mobile lipid droplets. Thus, although the 1.28-ppm signal cannot be considered as a specific biomarker for NPCs, it might still serve as a sensor for processes that are tightly associated with neurogenesis and NPCs in vivo, such as apoptosis or stem cell quiescence. However, this requires further experimental evidence. The present work clearly urges the identification of additional biomarkers for NPCs and for neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ramm
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been used for more than two decades to interrogate metabolite distributions in living cells and tissues. Techniques have been developed that allow multiple spectra to be obtained simultaneously with individual volume elements as small as 1 uL of tissue (i.e., 1 x 1 x 1 mm(3)). The most common modern applications of in vivo MRS use endogenous signals from (1)H, (31)P, or (23)Na. Important contributions have also been made using exogenous compounds containing (19)F, (13)C, or (17)O. MRS has been used to investigate cardiac and skeletal muscle energetics, neurobiology, and cancer. This review focuses on the latter applications, with specific reference to the measurement of tissue choline, which has proven to be a tumor biomarker that is significantly affected by anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Gillies
- Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724-5024, USA.
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16
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Schmitz JE, Kettunen MI, Hu DE, Brindle KM. 1H MRS-visible lipids accumulate during apoptosis of lymphoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Magn Reson Med 2005; 54:43-50. [PMID: 15968678 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Proton MRS detection of cellular lipid accumulation has been suggested as a noninvasive method for detecting apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) in vivo. The spectral changes that have been observed in apoptotic cells include a general increase in lipid signals and a specific increase in the ratio of the lipid methylene-to-methyl peak intensities. These changes were investigated here following drug-induced apoptosis, both in vitro with a murine lymphoma cell line (EL-4) and in vivo following implantation of these cells to form subcutaneous tumors. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometric measurements with a lipophilic dye revealed an accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets in isolated EL-4 cells undergoing etoposide-induced apoptosis. (1)H MR spectra (both diffusion-weighted (DW) and unweighted) showed an increase in lipid signals. However, the methylene/methyl peak ratio showed only minimal changes. Localized in vivo spectroscopy of EL-4 tumors also showed an increase in lipid signals, including a signal from polyunsaturated lipid at 2.8 ppm, after 16-24 h of drug treatment. Again there was no significant change in the methylene/methyl peak ratio. This study confirms that MRS-detectable lipids accumulate in tumor cells undergoing apoptosis, and therefore may be usable as a marker for the noninvasive detection of tumor cell apoptosis in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Schmitz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Stuckey DJ, Anthony DC, Lowe JP, Miller J, Palm WM, Styles P, Perry VH, Blamire AM, Sibson NR. Detection of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in macrophages by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:393-400. [PMID: 15908457 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1203604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key components of the inflammatory response to tissue injury, but their activities can exacerbate neuropathology. High-resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to identify metabolite levels in perchloric acid extracts of cultured cells of the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage line under resting and lipopolysaccharide-activated conditions. Over 25 metabolites were identified including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter not previously reported to be present in macrophages. The presence of GABA was also demonstrated in extracts of human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages. This finding suggests that there may be communication between damaged central nervous system (CNS) tissue and recruited macrophages and resident microglia, which could help orchestrate the immune response. On activation, lactate, glutamine, glutamate, and taurine levels were elevated significantly, and GABA and alanine were reduced significantly. Strong resonances from glutathione, evident in the macrophage two-dimensional 1H spectrum, suggest that this may have potential as a noninvasive marker of macrophages recruited to the CNS, as it is only present at low levels in normal brain. Alternatively, a specific combination of spectroscopic changes, such as lactate, alanine, glutathione, and polyamines, may prove to be the most accurate means of detecting macrophage recruitment to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Stuckey
- Experimental Neuroimaging Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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