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Kaniewska MM, Chvalová D, Dolezel D. Impact of photoperiod and functional clock on male diapause in cryptochrome and pdf mutants in the linden bug Pyrrhocoris apterus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:575-584. [PMID: 37302092 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Numerous insect species living in temperate regions survive adverse conditions, such as winter, in a state of developmental arrest. The most reliable cue for anticipating seasonal changes is the day-to-night ratio, the photoperiod. The molecular mechanism of the photoperiodic timer in insects is mostly unclear. Multiple pieces of evidence suggest the involvement of circadian clock genes, however, their role might be independent of their well-established role in the daily oscillation of the circadian clock. Furthermore, reproductive diapause is preferentially studied in females, whereas males are usually used for circadian clock research. Given the idiosyncrasies of male and female physiology, we decided to test male reproductive diapause in a strongly photoperiodic species, the linden bug Pyrrhocoris apterus. The data indicate that reproduction is not under circadian control, whereas the photoperiod strongly determines males' mating capacity. Clock mutants in pigment dispersing factor and cryptochrome-m genes are reproductive even in short photoperiod. Thus, we provide additional evidence of the participation of circadian clock genes in the photoperiodic time measurement in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maria Kaniewska
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Chvalová
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Dolezel
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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2
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Shirakawa R, Kurata Y, Sakai T. Regulation of long-term memory by a few clock neurons in Drosophila. Biophys Physicobiol 2024; 21:e211002. [PMID: 39175866 PMCID: PMC11338676 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v21.s002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Identification of the neural circuits in the brain regulating animal behavior and physiology is critical for understanding brain functions and is one of the most challenging goals in neuroscience research. The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster has often been used to identify the neural circuits involved in the regulation of specific behaviors because of the many neurogenetic tools available to express target genes in particular neurons. Neurons controlling sexual behavior, feeding behavior, and circadian rhythms have been identified, and the number of neurons responsible for controlling these phenomena is small. The search for a few neurons controlling a specific behavior is an important first step to clarify the overall picture of the neural circuits regulating that behavior. We previously found that the clock gene period (per), which is essential for circadian rhythms in Drosophila, is also essential for long-term memory (LTM). We have also found that a very limited number of per-expressing clock neurons in the adult brain are required for the consolidation and maintenance of LTM. In this review, we focus on LTM in Drosophila, introduce the concept of LTM regulation by a few clock neurons that we have recently discovered, and discuss how a few clock neurons regulate Drosophila LTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Shirakawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yuto Kurata
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takaomi Sakai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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3
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Stengl M, Schneider AC. Contribution of membrane-associated oscillators to biological timing at different timescales. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1243455. [PMID: 38264332 PMCID: PMC10803594 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1243455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental rhythms such as the daily light-dark cycle selected for endogenous clocks. These clocks predict regular environmental changes and provide the basis for well-timed adaptive homeostasis in physiology and behavior of organisms. Endogenous clocks are oscillators that are based on positive feedforward and negative feedback loops. They generate stable rhythms even under constant conditions. Since even weak interactions between oscillators allow for autonomous synchronization, coupling/synchronization of oscillators provides the basis of self-organized physiological timing. Amongst the most thoroughly researched clocks are the endogenous circadian clock neurons in mammals and insects. They comprise nuclear clockworks of transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TTFL) that generate ∼24 h rhythms in clock gene expression entrained to the environmental day-night cycle. It is generally assumed that this TTFL clockwork drives all circadian oscillations within and between clock cells, being the basis of any circadian rhythm in physiology and behavior of organisms. Instead of the current gene-based hierarchical clock model we provide here a systems view of timing. We suggest that a coupled system of autonomous TTFL and posttranslational feedback loop (PTFL) oscillators/clocks that run at multiple timescales governs adaptive, dynamic homeostasis of physiology and behavior. We focus on mammalian and insect neurons as endogenous oscillators at multiple timescales. We suggest that neuronal plasma membrane-associated signalosomes constitute specific autonomous PTFL clocks that generate localized but interlinked oscillations of membrane potential and intracellular messengers with specific endogenous frequencies. In each clock neuron multiscale interactions of TTFL and PTFL oscillators/clocks form a temporally structured oscillatory network with a common complex frequency-band comprising superimposed multiscale oscillations. Coupling between oscillator/clock neurons provides the next level of complexity of an oscillatory network. This systemic dynamic network of molecular and cellular oscillators/clocks is suggested to form the basis of any physiological homeostasis that cycles through dynamic homeostatic setpoints with a characteristic frequency-band as hallmark. We propose that mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity maintain the stability of these dynamic setpoints, whereas Hebbian plasticity enables switching between setpoints via coupling factors, like biogenic amines and/or neuropeptides. They reprogram the network to a new common frequency, a new dynamic setpoint. Our novel hypothesis is up for experimental challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stengl
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology/Neuroethology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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4
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Majcin Dorcikova M, Duret LC, Pottié E, Nagoshi E. Circadian clock disruption promotes the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in male Drosophila. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5908. [PMID: 37737209 PMCID: PMC10516932 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep and circadian rhythm disruptions are frequent comorbidities of Parkinson's disease (PD), a disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra. However, the causal role of circadian clocks in the degenerative process remains uncertain. We demonstrated here that circadian clocks regulate the rhythmicity and magnitude of the vulnerability of DA neurons to oxidative stress in male Drosophila. Circadian pacemaker neurons are presynaptic to a subset of DA neurons and rhythmically modulate their susceptibility to degeneration. The arrhythmic period (per) gene null mutation exacerbates the age-dependent loss of DA neurons and, in combination with brief oxidative stress, causes premature animal death. These findings suggest that circadian clock disruption promotes dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaëla Majcin Dorcikova
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lou C Duret
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emma Pottié
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emi Nagoshi
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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5
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Reznik SY, Voinovich ND. Extremely rapid maternal photoperiodic response in Trichogramma telengai: A fine-scale study. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 147:104517. [PMID: 37116642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Timing of maternal photoperiodic response of Trichogramma telengai to a single long night was studied in laboratory experiments. Adult females reared under diapause-averting short night conditions (L:D = 18:6) experienced one diapause-inducing prolonged night (12 h) and then were allowed to lay eggs (to parasitize the host, Sitotroga cerealella, eggs) during 3 days. The progeny was incubated under moderately diapause-inducing conditions (14 °C in the dark). The maternal photoperiodic response was extremely rapid: a slight but statistically significant increase in the incidence of diapause was already observed in the progeny hatched from the eggs laid 8 h after the beginning of the 'additional' part of night. Such a quick photoperiodic response, as far as we know, has not been reported for any insect. Then the proportion of diapausing progeny gradually increased over 30-50 h reaching 85-95%. Control females developed and were kept as adults under short night (L:D = 18:6) conditions; diapause was induced in <10% of their progeny. Analysis of individual variations showed that the proportion of diapausing progeny of experimental females increased with time gradually (not abruptly). These data enriches our knowledge of insect photoperiodic response and can be used for the planning of further (in particular, molecular) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Ya Reznik
- Laboratory of Experimental Entomology, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.
| | - Natalia D Voinovich
- Laboratory of Experimental Entomology, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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6
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Comparative analysis of temperature preference behavior and effects of temperature on daily behavior in 11 Drosophila species. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12692. [PMID: 35879333 PMCID: PMC9314439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most critical environmental factors that influence various biological processes. Species distributed in different temperature regions are considered to have different optimal temperatures for daily life activities. However, how organisms have acquired various features to cope with particular temperature environments remains to be elucidated. In this study, we have systematically analyzed the temperature preference behavior and effects of temperatures on daily locomotor activity and sleep using 11 Drosophila species. We also investigated the function of antennae in the temperature preference behavior of these species. We found that, (1) an optimal temperature for daily locomotor activity and sleep of each species approximately matches with temperatures it frequently encounters in its habitat, (2) effects of temperature on locomotor activity and sleep are diverse among species, but each species maintains its daily activity and sleep pattern even at different temperatures, and (3) each species has a unique temperature preference behavior, and the contribution of antennae to this behavior is diverse among species. These results suggest that Drosophila species inhabiting different climatic environments have acquired species-specific temperature response systems according to their life strategies. This study provides fundamental information for understanding the mechanisms underlying their temperature adaptation and lifestyle diversification.
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7
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Tatsumoto M, Matsumura R, Endo T, Tokuda IT, Node K, Akashi M. Potential negative effect of total parenteral nutrition on the human circadian clock. Genes Cells 2022; 27:613-620. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muneto Tatsumoto
- Medical Safety Management Center Dokkyo Medical University Hospital 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Shimotsuga Tochigi Japan
| | - Ritsuko Matsumura
- The Research Institute for Time Studies, Yamaguchi University 1677‐1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Takuyuki Endo
- Department of Neurology Osaka Toneyama Medical Center 5‐1‐1 Toneyama, Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Isao T. Tokuda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Ritsumeikan University 1‐1‐1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| | - Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Saga University 5‐1‐1 Nabeshima, Saga Saga Japan
| | - Makoto Akashi
- The Research Institute for Time Studies, Yamaguchi University 1677‐1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi Yamaguchi Japan
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8
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The role of cell-autonomous circadian oscillation of Cry transcription in circadian rhythm generation. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110703. [PMID: 35443162 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current model of the mammalian circadian clock describes cell-autonomous and negative feedback-driven circadian oscillation of Cry and Per transcription as the core circadian rhythm generator. However, the actual contribution of this oscillation to circadian rhythm generation remains undefined. Here we perform targeted disruption of cis elements indispensable for cell-autonomous Cry oscillation. Mice lacking overt cell-autonomous Cry oscillation show robust circadian rhythms in locomotor activity. In addition, tissue-autonomous circadian rhythms are robust in the absence of overt Cry oscillation. Unexpectedly, although the absence of overt Cry oscillation leads to severe attenuation of Per oscillation at the cell-autonomous level, circadian rhythms in Per2 accumulation remain robust. As a mechanism to explain this counterintuitive result, Per2 half-life shows cell-autonomous circadian rhythms independent of Cry and Per oscillation. The cell-autonomous circadian clock may therefore remain partially functional even in the absence of overt Cry and Per oscillation because of circadian oscillation in Per2 degradation.
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9
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High-Salt Diet Impairs the Neurons Plasticity and the Neurotransmitters-Related Biological Processes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114123. [PMID: 34836378 PMCID: PMC8625992 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt, commonly known as sodium chloride, is an important ingredient that the body requires in relatively minute quantities. However, consuming too much salt can lead to high blood pressure, heart disease and even disruption of circadian rhythms. The biological process of the circadian rhythm was first studied in Drosophila melanogaster and is well understood. Their locomotor activity gradually increases before the light is switched on and off, a phenomenon called anticipation. In a previous study, we showed that a high-salt diet (HSD) impairs morning anticipation behavior in Drosophila. Here, we found that HSD did not significantly disrupt clock gene oscillation in the heads of flies, nor did it disrupt PERIOD protein oscillation in clock neurons or peripheral tissues. Remarkably, we found that HSD impairs neuronal plasticity in the axonal projections of circadian pacemaker neurons. Interestingly, we showed that increased excitability in PDF neurons mimics HSD, which causes morning anticipation impairment. Moreover, we found that HSD significantly disrupts neurotransmitter-related biological processes in the brain. Taken together, our data show that an HSD affects the multiple functions of neurons and impairs physiological behaviors.
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10
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Niu M, Zhang X, Li W, Wang J, Li Y. dFRAME: A Video Recording-Based Analytical Method for Studying Feeding Rhythm in Drosophila. Front Genet 2021; 12:763200. [PMID: 34721548 PMCID: PMC8554052 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.763200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals, from insects to humans, exhibit obvious diurnal rhythmicity of feeding behavior. Serving as a genetic animal model, Drosophila has been reported to display feeding rhythms; however, related investigations are limited due to the lack of suitable and practical methods. Here, we present a video recording-based analytical method, namely, Drosophila Feeding Rhythm Analysis Method (dFRAME). Using our newly developed computer program, FlyFeeding, we extracted the movement track of individual flies and characterized their food-approaching behavior. To distinguish feeding and no-feeding events, we utilized high-magnification video recording to optimize our method by setting cut-off thresholds to eliminate the interference of no-feeding events. Furthermore, we verified that this method is applicable to both female and male flies and for all periods of the day. Using this method, we analyzed long-term feeding status of wild-type and period mutant flies. The results recaptured previously reported feeding rhythms and revealed detailed profiles of feeding patterns in these flies under either light/dark cycles or constant dark environments. Together, our dFRAME method enables a long-term, stable, reliable, and subtle analysis of feeding behavior in Drosophila. High-throughput studies in this powerful genetic animal model will gain great insights into the molecular and neural mechanisms of feeding rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohang Zhang
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weihan Li
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Cui Z, Zhang Z, Amevor FK, Du X, Li L, Tian Y, Kang X, Shu G, Zhu Q, Wang Y, Li D, Zhang Y, Zhao X. Circadian miR-449c-5p regulates uterine Ca 2+ transport during eggshell calcification in chickens. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:764. [PMID: 34702171 PMCID: PMC8547053 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background miRNAs regulate circadian patterns by modulating the biological clocks of animals. In our previous study, we found that the clock gene exhibited a cosine expression pattern in the fallopian tube of chicken uterus. Clock-controlled miRNAs are present in mammals and Drosophila; however, whether there are clock-controlled miRNAs in the chicken uterus and, if so, how they regulate egg-laying rhythms is unclear. In this study, we selected 18 layer hens with similar ovipositional rhythmicity (each of three birds were sacrificed for study per 4 h throughout 24 h); their transcriptomes were scanned to identify the circadian miRNAs and to explore regulatory mechanisms within the uterus of chickens. Results We identified six circadian miRNAs that are mainly associated with several biological processes including ion trans-membrane transportation, response to calcium ion, and enrichment of calcium signaling pathways. Verification of the experimental results revealed that miR-449c-5p exhibited a cosine expression pattern in the chicken uterus. Ca2+-transporting ATPase 4 (ATP2B4) in the plasma membrane is the predicted target gene of circadian miR-449c-5p and is highly enriched in the calcium signaling pathway. We speculated that clock-controlled miR-449c-5p regulated Ca2+ transportation during eggshell calcification in the chicken uterus by targeting ATP2B4. ATP2B4 mRNA and protein were rhythmically expressed in the chicken uterus, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays confirmed that ATP2B4 was directly targeted by miR-449c-5p. The expression of miR-449c-5p showed an opposite trend to that of ATP2B4 within a 24 h cycle in the chicken uterus; it inhibited mRNA and protein expression of ATP2B4 in the uterine tubular gland cells. In addition, overexpression of ATP2B4 significantly decreased intracellular Ca2+ concentration (P < 0.05), while knockdown of ATP2B4 accelerated intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. We found similar results after ATP2B4 knockdown by miR-449c-5p. Taken together, these results indicate that ATP2B4 promotes uterine Ca2+ trans-epithelial transport. Conclusions Clock-controlled miR-449c-5p regulates Ca2+ transport in the chicken uterus by targeting ATP2B4 during eggshell calcification. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08074-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifu Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Apt 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Apt 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Felix Kwame Amevor
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Apt 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaxia Du
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Apt 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Apt 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaofu Tian
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Apt 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xincheng Kang
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Apt 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Apt 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Apt 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Diyan Li
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Apt 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Apt 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Apt 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Machado Almeida P, Lago Solis B, Stickley L, Feidler A, Nagoshi E. Neurofibromin 1 in mushroom body neurons mediates circadian wake drive through activating cAMP-PKA signaling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5758. [PMID: 34599173 PMCID: PMC8486785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various behavioral and cognitive states exhibit circadian variations in animals across phyla including Drosophila melanogaster, in which only ~0.1% of the brain's neurons contain circadian clocks. Clock neurons transmit the timing information to a plethora of non-clock neurons via poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we address the molecular underpinning of this phenomenon by profiling circadian gene expression in non-clock neurons that constitute the mushroom body, the center of associative learning and sleep regulation. We show that circadian clocks drive rhythmic expression of hundreds of genes in mushroom body neurons, including the Neurofibromin 1 (Nf1) tumor suppressor gene and Pka-C1. Circadian clocks also drive calcium rhythms in mushroom body neurons via NF1-cAMP/PKA-C1 signaling, eliciting higher mushroom body activity during the day than at night, thereby promoting daytime wakefulness. These findings reveal the pervasive, non-cell-autonomous circadian regulation of gene expression in the brain and its role in sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Machado Almeida
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland
| | - Blanca Lago Solis
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland
| | - Luca Stickley
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland
| | - Alexis Feidler
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland ,grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Present Address: University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Emi Nagoshi
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland
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13
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Constantino PB, Valentinuzzi VS, Helene AF. Division of labor in work shifts by leaf-cutting ants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8737. [PMID: 33888758 PMCID: PMC8062660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Foraging rhythms in eusocial insects are determined by the colony´s overall pattern. However, in leaf-cutting ant workers, individual rhythms are not fully synchronized with the colonies' rhythm. The colony as a whole is nocturnal, since most worker activity takes place at night; however some workers forage during the day. Previous studies in individualized ants suggest nocturnal and diurnal workers coexistence. Here observations within the colony, in leaf-cutting ants, showed that workers have differential foraging time preference, which interestingly is associated to body size and differential leaf transportation engagement. Nocturnal ants are smaller and less engaged in leaf transportation whereas diurnal ants are bigger and more engaged in leaf carriage. Mechanisms underlying division of labor in work shifts in ants are still unknown but much can be extrapolated from honeybees; another social system bearing a similar pattern. A collective organization like this favors constant exploitation of food sources while preserving natural individual rhythm patterns, which arise from individual differences, and thermal tolerance, given by the size polymorphism presented by this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro B Constantino
- Department of Physiology, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo (IB-USP), São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
| | - Veronica S Valentinuzzi
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR), UNLAR, SEGEMAR, UNCa, CONICET, Anillaco, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - André F Helene
- Department of Physiology, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo (IB-USP), São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
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14
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RNA-binding protein syncrip regulates starvation-induced hyperactivity in adult Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009396. [PMID: 33617535 PMCID: PMC7932510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
How to respond to starvation determines fitness. One prominent behavioral response is increased locomotor activities upon starvation, also known as Starvation-Induced Hyperactivity (SIH). SIH is paradoxical as it promotes food seeking but also increases energy expenditure. Despite its importance in fitness, the genetic contributions to SIH as a behavioral trait remains unexplored. Here, we examined SIH in the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) and performed genome-wide association studies. We identified 23 significant loci, corresponding to 14 genes, significantly associated with SIH in adult Drosophila. Gene enrichment analyses indicated that genes encoding ion channels and mRNA binding proteins (RBPs) were most enriched in SIH. We are especially interested in RBPs because they provide a potential mechanism to quickly change protein expression in response to environmental challenges. Using RNA interference, we validated the role of syp in regulating SIH. syp encodes Syncrip (Syp), an RBP. While ubiquitous knockdown of syp led to semi-lethality in adult flies, adult flies with neuron-specific syp knockdown were viable and exhibited decreased SIH. Using the Temporal and Regional Gene Expression Targeting (TARGET) system, we further confirmed the role of Syp in adult neurons in regulating SIH. To determine how syp is regulated by starvation, we performed RNA-seq using the heads of flies maintained under either food or starvation conditions. RNA-seq analyses revealed that syp was alternatively spliced under starvation while its expression level was unchanged. We further generated an alternatively-spliced-exon-specific knockout (KO) line and found that KO flies showed reduced SIH. Together, this study demonstrates a significant genetic contribution to SIH as a behavioral trait, identifies syp as a SIH gene, and highlights the significance of RBPs and post-transcriptional processes in the brain in regulating behavioral responses to starvation. Animals living in the wild often face periods of starvation. How to physiologically and behaviorally respond to starvation is essential for survival. One behavioral response is Starvation-Induced Hyperactivity (SIH). We used the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel, derived from a wild population, to study the genetic basis of SIH. Our results show that there is a significant genetic contribution to SIH in this population, and that genes encoding RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are especially important. Using RNA interference and the TARGET system, we confirmed the role of an RBP Syp in adult neurons in SIH. Using RNA-seq and Western blotting, we found that syp was alternatively spliced under starvation while its expression level was unchanged. Further studies from syp exon-specific knockout flies showed that alternative splicing involving two exons in syp was important for SIH. Together, this study identifies syp as a SIH gene and highlights an essential role of post-transcriptional modification in regulating this behavior.
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15
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Beer K, Helfrich-Förster C. Model and Non-model Insects in Chronobiology. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:601676. [PMID: 33328925 PMCID: PMC7732648 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an established model organism in chronobiology, because genetic manipulation and breeding in the laboratory are easy. The circadian clock neuroanatomy in D. melanogaster is one of the best-known clock networks in insects and basic circadian behavior has been characterized in detail in this insect. Another model in chronobiology is the honey bee Apis mellifera, of which diurnal foraging behavior has been described already in the early twentieth century. A. mellifera hallmarks the research on the interplay between the clock and sociality and complex behaviors like sun compass navigation and time-place-learning. Nevertheless, there are aspects of clock structure and function, like for example the role of the clock in photoperiodism and diapause, which can be only insufficiently investigated in these two models. Unlike high-latitude flies such as Chymomyza costata or D. ezoana, cosmopolitan D. melanogaster flies do not display a photoperiodic diapause. Similarly, A. mellifera bees do not go into "real" diapause, but most solitary bee species exhibit an obligatory diapause. Furthermore, sociality evolved in different Hymenoptera independently, wherefore it might be misleading to study the social clock only in one social insect. Consequently, additional research on non-model insects is required to understand the circadian clock in Diptera and Hymenoptera. In this review, we introduce the two chronobiology model insects D. melanogaster and A. mellifera, compare them with other insects and show their advantages and limitations as general models for insect circadian clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Beer
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocentre, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Abhilash L, Kalliyil A, Sheeba V. Responses of activity rhythms to temperature cues evolve in Drosophila populations selected for divergent timing of eclosion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:jeb.222414. [PMID: 32291322 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.222414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Even though the rhythms in adult emergence and locomotor activity are two different phenomena that occur at distinct life stages of the fly life cycle, previous studies have hinted at similarities in certain aspects of the organisation of the circadian clock driving these two rhythms. For instance, the period gene plays an important regulatory role in both rhythms. In an earlier study, we have shown that selection on timing of adult emergence behaviour in populations of Drosophila melanogaster leads to the co-evolution of temperature sensitivity of circadian clocks driving eclosion. In this study, we investigated whether temperature sensitivity of the locomotor activity rhythm evolved in our populations separately from the adult emergence rhythm, with the goal of understanding the extent of similarity (or lack thereof) in circadian organisation underlying the two rhythms. We found that in response to simulated jetlag with temperature cycles, late chronotypes (populations selected for predominant emergence during dusk) indeed re-entrained faster than early chronotypes (populations selected for predominant emergence during dawn) to 6 h phase delays, thereby indicating enhanced sensitivity of the activity/rest clock to temperature cues in these stocks (entrainment is the synchronisation of internal rhythms to cyclic environmental time cues). Additionally, we found that late chronotypes show higher plasticity of phases across regimes, day-to-day stability in phases and amplitude of entrainment, all indicative of enhanced temperature-sensitive activity/rest rhythms. Our results highlight remarkably similar organisation principles between circadian clocks regulating emergence and activity/rest rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshman Abhilash
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Arshad Kalliyil
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Vasu Sheeba
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
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17
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Saunders DS. Dormancy, Diapause, and the Role of the Circadian System in Insect Photoperiodism. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 65:373-389. [PMID: 31594413 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Whole-animal experiments devised to investigate possible association between photoperiodic time measurement and the circadian system (Bünning's hypothesis) are compared with more recent molecular investigations of circadian clock genes. In Sarcophaga argyrostoma and some other species, experimental cycles of light and darkness revealed a photoperiodic oscillator, set to constant phase at dusk and measuring night length repeatedly during extended periods of darkness. In some species, however, extreme dampening revealed an unrepetitive (i.e., hourglass-like) response. Rhythms of clock gene transcript abundance may also show similar phase relationships to the light cycle, and gene silencing of important clock genes indicates that they play a crucial role in photoperiodism either alone or in concert. However, the multiplicity of peripheral oscillators in the insect circadian system indicates that more complex mechanisms might also be important.
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18
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Martin Anduaga A, Evantal N, Patop IL, Bartok O, Weiss R, Kadener S. Thermosensitive alternative splicing senses and mediates temperature adaptation in Drosophila. eLife 2019; 8:44642. [PMID: 31702556 PMCID: PMC6890466 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are generated by the cyclic transcription, translation, and degradation of clock gene products, including timeless (tim), but how the circadian clock senses and adapts to temperature changes is not completely understood. Here, we show that temperature dramatically changes the splicing pattern of tim in Drosophila. We found that at 18°C, TIM levels are low because of the induction of two cold-specific isoforms: tim-cold and tim-short and cold. At 29°C, another isoform, tim-medium, is upregulated. Isoform switching regulates the levels and activity of TIM as each isoform has a specific function. We found that tim-short and cold encodes a protein that rescues the behavioral defects of tim01 mutants, and that flies in which tim-short and cold is abrogated have abnormal locomotor activity. In addition, miRNA-mediated control limits the expression of some of these isoforms. Finally, data that we obtained using minigenes suggest that tim alternative splicing might act as a thermometer for the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naveh Evantal
- Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Osnat Bartok
- Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ron Weiss
- Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sebastian Kadener
- Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States.,Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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19
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Abstract
Circadian oscillators are networks of biochemical feedback loops that generate 24-hour rhythms in organisms from bacteria to animals. These periodic rhythms result from a complex interplay among clock components that are specific to the organism, but share molecular mechanisms across kingdoms. A full understanding of these processes requires detailed knowledge, not only of the biochemical properties of clock proteins and their interactions, but also of the three-dimensional structure of clockwork components. Posttranslational modifications and protein–protein interactions have become a recent focus, in particular the complex interactions mediated by the phosphorylation of clock proteins and the formation of multimeric protein complexes that regulate clock genes at transcriptional and translational levels. This review covers the structural aspects of circadian oscillators, and serves as a primer for this exciting realm of structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Saini
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenzüchtungsforschung, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Seth J Davis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenzüchtungsforschung, Cologne, Germany. .,Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
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20
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Chen W, Werdann M, Zhang Y. The auxin-inducible degradation system enables conditional PERIOD protein depletion in the nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster. FEBS J 2018; 285:4378-4393. [PMID: 30321477 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tools that allow inducible and reversible depletion of target proteins are critical for biological studies. The plant-derived auxin-inducible degradation system (AID) enables the degradation of target proteins tagged with the AID motif. This system has been recently employed in mammalian cells as well as in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila. To test the utility of the AID approach in the nervous system, we used circadian locomotor rhythms as a model and applied the AID method to temporally and spatially degrade PERIOD (PER), a critical pacemaker protein in Drosophila. We found that the period locus can be efficiently tagged with the AID motif by CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing without disrupting PER function. Moreover, we demonstrated that the AID system could be used to induce rapid and efficient protein degradation in the nervous system as shown by effects on circadian and sleep behaviors. Furthermore, the protein degradation by AID was rapidly reversible after auxin removal. Together, our results show that the AID system provides a powerful tool for behavior studies in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
| | | | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
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21
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Billeter JC, Wolfner MF. Chemical Cues that Guide Female Reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:750-769. [PMID: 29557077 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals released into the environment by food, predators and conspecifics play critical roles in Drosophila reproduction. Females and males live in an environment full of smells, whose molecules communicate to them the availability of food, potential mates, competitors or predators. Volatile chemicals derived from fruit, yeast growing on the fruit, and flies already present on the fruit attract Drosophila, concentrating flies at food sites, where they will also mate. Species-specific cuticular hydrocarbons displayed on female Drosophila as they mature are sensed by males and act as pheromones to stimulate mating by conspecific males and inhibit heterospecific mating. The pheromonal profile of a female is also responsive to her nutritional environment, providing an honest signal of her fertility potential. After mating, cuticular and semen hydrocarbons transferred by the male change the female's chemical profile. These molecules make the female less attractive to other males, thus protecting her mate's sperm investment. Females have evolved the capacity to counteract this inhibition by ejecting the semen hydrocarbon (along with the rest of the remaining ejaculate) a few hours after mating. Although this ejection can temporarily restore the female's attractiveness, shortly thereafter another male pheromone, a seminal peptide, decreases the female's propensity to re-mate, thus continuing to protect the male's investment. Females use olfaction and taste sensing to select optimal egg-laying sites, integrating cues for the availability of food for her offspring, and the presence of other flies and of harmful species. We argue that taking into account evolutionary considerations such as sexual conflict, and the ecological conditions in which flies live, is helpful in understanding the role of highly species-specific pheromones and blends thereof, as well as an individual's response to the chemical cues in its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana F Wolfner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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22
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Hou QL, Chen EH, Jiang HB, Wei DD, Gui SH, Wang JJ, Smagghe G. Adipokinetic hormone receptor gene identification and its role in triacylglycerol mobilization and sexual behavior in the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:1-13. [PMID: 28919559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis requires continuous compensation for fluctuations in energy expenditure and availability of food resources. In insects, energy mobilization is under control of the adipokinetic hormone (AKH) where it is regulating the nutritional status by supporting the mobilization of lipids. In this study, we characterized the gene coding for the AKH receptor (AKHR) and investigated its function in the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) that is economically one of the most important pest insects of tropical and subtropical fruit. Bacdo-AKHR is a typical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that Bacdo-AKHR is closely related to insect AKHRs from other species. When expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, Bacdo-AKHR exhibited a high sensitivity and selectivity for AKH peptide (EC50 = 19.3 nM). Using qPCR, the developmental stage and tissue-specific expression profiles demonstrated that Bacdo-AKHR was highly expressed in both the larval and adult stages, and also specifically in the fat body and midgut of the adult with no difference in sex. To investigate the role of AKHR in B. dorsalis, RNAi assays were performed with dsRNA against Bacdo-AKHR in adult flies of both sexes and under starvation and feeding condition. As major results, the knockdown of this gene resulted in triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation. With RNAi-males, we observed a severe decrease in their sexual courtship activity when starved, but there was a partial rescue in copulation when refed. Also in RNAi-males, the tethered-flight duration declined compared with the control group when starved, which is confirming the dependency on energy metabolism. In RNAi-females, the sexual behavior was not affected, but their fecundity was decreased. Our findings indicate an interesting role of AKHR in the sexual behavior of males specifically. The effects are associated with TAG accumulation, and we also reported that the conserved role of AKH-mediated system in B. dorsalis is nutritional state-dependent. Hence, we provided further understanding on the multiple functions of AKH/AKHR in B. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Li Hou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Er-Hu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Hong-Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Dan-Dan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shun-Hua Gui
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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23
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Kontogiannatos D, Gkouvitsas T, Kourti A. The expression of the clock gene cycle has rhythmic pattern and is affected by photoperiod in the moth Sesamia nonagrioides. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 208-209:1-6. [PMID: 28363845 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To obtain clues to the link between the molecular mechanism of circadian and photoperiod clocks, we have cloned the circadian clock gene cycle (Sncyc) in the corn stalk borer, Sesamia nonagrioides, which undergoes facultative diapause controlled by photoperiod. Sequence analysis revealed a high degree of conservation among insects for this gene. SnCYC consists of 667 amino acids and structural analysis showed that it contains a BCTR domain in its C-terminal in addition to the common domains found in Drosophila CYC, i.e. bHLH, PAS-A, PAS-B domains. The results revealed that the sequence of Sncyc showed a similarity to that of its mammalian orthologue, Bmal1. We also investigated the expression patterns of Sncyc in the brain of larvae growing under long-day 16L: 8D (LD), constant darkness (DD) and short-day 10L: 14D (SD) conditions using qRT-PCR assays. The mRNAs of Sncyc expression was rhythmic in LD, DD and SD cycles. Also, it is remarkable that the photoperiodic conditions affect the expression patterns and/or amplitudes of circadian clock gene Sncyc. This gene is associated with diapause in S. nonagrioides, because under SD (diapause conditions) the photoperiodic signal altered mRNA accumulation. Sequence and expression analysis of cyc in S. nonagrioides shows interesting differences compared to Drosophila where this gene does not oscillate or change in expression patterns in response to photoperiod, suggesting that this species is an interesting new model to study the molecular control of insect circadian and photoperiodic clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kontogiannatos
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Gkouvitsas
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Kourti
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
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24
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Mendoza-Viveros L, Bouchard-Cannon P, Hegazi S, Cheng AH, Pastore S, Cheng HYM. Molecular modulators of the circadian clock: lessons from flies and mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1035-1059. [PMID: 27689221 PMCID: PMC11107503 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Circadian timekeeping is a ubiquitous mechanism that enables organisms to maintain temporal coordination between internal biological processes and time of the local environment. The molecular basis of circadian rhythms lies in a set of transcription-translation feedback loops (TTFLs) that drives the rhythmic transcription of core clock genes, whose level and phase of expression serve as the marker of circadian time. However, it has become increasingly evident that additional regulatory mechanisms impinge upon the TTFLs to govern the properties and behavior of the circadian clock. Such mechanisms include changes in chromatin architecture, interactions with other transcription factor networks, post-transcriptional control by RNA modifications, alternative splicing and microRNAs, and post-translational regulation of subcellular trafficking and protein degradation. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of circadian clock regulation-from transcriptional to post-translational-drawing from literature pertaining to the Drosophila and murine circadian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mendoza-Viveros
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Pascale Bouchard-Cannon
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Sara Hegazi
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Arthur H Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Stephen Pastore
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Hai-Ying Mary Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada.
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25
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Pivarciova L, Vaneckova H, Provaznik J, Wu BCH, Pivarci M, Peckova O, Bazalova O, Cada S, Kment P, Kotwica-Rolinska J, Dolezel D. Unexpected Geographic Variability of the Free Running Period in the Linden Bug Pyrrhocoris apterus. J Biol Rhythms 2016; 31:568-576. [DOI: 10.1177/0748730416671213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks keep organisms in synchrony with external day-night cycles. The free running period (FRP) of the clock, however, is usually only close to—not exactly—24 h. Here, we explored the geographical variation in the FRP of the linden bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus, in 59 field-lines originating from a wide variety of localities representing geographically different environments. We have identified a remarkable range in the FRPs between field-lines, with the fastest clock at ~21 h and the slowest close to 28 h, a range comparable to the collections of clock mutants in model organisms. Similarly, field-lines differed in the percentage of rhythmic individuals, with a minimum of 13.8% and a maximum of 86.8%. Although the FRP correlates with the latitude and perhaps with the altitude of the locality, the actual function of this FRP diversity is currently unclear. With the recent technological progress of massive parallel sequencing and genome editing, we can expect remarkable progress in elucidating the genetic basis of similar geographic variants in P. apterus or in similar emerging model species of chronobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Pivarciova
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hanka Vaneckova
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Provaznik
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bulah Chia-hsiang Wu
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pivarci
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Peckova
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Bazalova
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Cada
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Joanna Kotwica-Rolinska
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Dolezel
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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26
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Afaq U, Omkar. Endogenously entrained life events of Parthenium beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2016.1207369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Afaq
- Department of Zoology, School of Biotechnology and Bio-Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
- Ladybird Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre of Excellence in Biocontrol of Insect Pests, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Omkar
- Ladybird Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre of Excellence in Biocontrol of Insect Pests, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
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27
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Cannell E, Dornan AJ, Halberg KA, Terhzaz S, Dow JAT, Davies SA. The corticotropin-releasing factor-like diuretic hormone 44 (DH44) and kinin neuropeptides modulate desiccation and starvation tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. Peptides 2016; 80:96-107. [PMID: 26896569 PMCID: PMC4889782 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Malpighian tubules are critical organs for epithelial fluid transport and stress tolerance in insects, and are under neuroendocrine control by multiple neuropeptides secreted by identified neurons. Here, we demonstrate roles for CRF-like diuretic hormone 44 (DH44) and Drosophila melanogaster kinin (Drome-kinin, DK) in desiccation and starvation tolerance. Gene expression and labelled DH44 ligand binding data, as well as highly selective knockdowns and/or neuronal ablations of DH44 in neurons of the pars intercerebralis and DH44 receptor (DH44-R2) in Malpighian tubule principal cells, indicate that suppression of DH44 signalling improves desiccation tolerance of the intact fly. Drome-kinin receptor, encoded by the leucokinin receptor gene, LKR, is expressed in DH44 neurons as well as in stellate cells of the Malpighian tubules. LKR knockdown in DH44-expressing neurons reduces Malpighian tubule-specific LKR, suggesting interactions between DH44 and LK signalling pathways. Finally, although a role for DK in desiccation tolerance was not defined, we demonstrate a novel role for Malpighian tubule cell-specific LKR in starvation tolerance. Starvation increases gene expression of epithelial LKR. Also, Malpighian tubule stellate cell-specific knockdown of LKR significantly reduced starvation tolerance, demonstrating a role for neuropeptide signalling during starvation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Cannell
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Anthony J Dornan
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Kenneth A Halberg
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; Section of Cell- and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Selim Terhzaz
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Julian A T Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Shireen-A Davies
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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28
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Mushroom body signaling is required for locomotor activity rhythms in Drosophila. Neurosci Res 2016; 111:25-33. [PMID: 27106579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, circadian rhythms of locomotor activity under constant darkness are controlled by pacemaker neurons. To understand how behavioral rhythmicity is generated by the nervous system, it is essential to identify the output circuits from the pacemaker neurons. A recent study of Drosophila has suggested that pacemaker neurons project to mushroom body (MB) neurons, which are considered the memory center in Drosophila. MBs also regulate spontaneous locomotor activity without learning, suggesting that MB neuronal activity regulates behavioral rhythms. However, the importance of MBs in generating behavioral rhythmicity remains controversial because contradicting results have been reported as follows: (1) locomotor activity in MB-ablated flies is substantially rhythmic, but (2) activation of restricted neuronal populations including MB neurons induces arrhythmic locomotor activity. Here, we report that neurotransmission in MBs is required for behavioral rhythmicity. For adult-specific disruption of neurotransmission in MBs, we used the GAL80/GAL4/UAS ternary gene expression system in combination with the temperature-sensitive dynamin mutation shibire(ts1). Blocking of neurotransmission in GAL4-positive neurons including MB neurons induced arrhythmic locomotor activity, whereas this arrhythmicity was rescued by the MB-specific expression of GAL80. Our results indicate that MB signaling plays a key role in locomotor activity rhythms in Drosophila.
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29
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Newman CM, Anderson TK, Goldberg TL. Decreased Flight Activity in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) Naturally Infected With Culex flavivirus. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:233-6. [PMID: 26512141 PMCID: PMC5853668 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFVs) commonly infect vectors of mosquito-borne arboviruses. To investigate whether infection with an ISFV might affect mosquito flight behavior, we quantified flight behavior in Culex pipiens L. naturally infected with Culex flavivirus (CxFV). We observed a significant reduction in the scotophase (dark hours) flight activity of CxFV-positive mosquitoes relative to CxFV-negative mosquitoes, but only a marginal reduction in photophase (light hours) flight activity, and no change in the circadian pattern of flight activity. These results suggest that CxFV infection alters the flight activity of naturally infected Cx. pipiens most dramatically when these vectors are likely to be host seeking and may therefore affect the transmission of medically important arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Newman
- Department Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706 (; )
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Ave., Ames, IA 50010 , and
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706 (; ),
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30
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Medina I, Casal J, Fabre CCG. Do circadian genes and ambient temperature affect substrate-borne signalling during Drosophila courtship? Biol Open 2015; 4:1549-57. [PMID: 26519517 PMCID: PMC4728366 DOI: 10.1242/bio.014332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Courtship vibratory signals can be air-borne or substrate-borne. They convey distinct and species-specific information from one individual to its prospective partner. Here, we study the substrate-borne vibratory signals generated by the abdominal quivers of the Drosophila male during courtship; these vibrations travel through the ground towards courted females and coincide with female immobility. It is not known which physical parameters of the vibrations encode the information that is received by the females and induces them to pause. We examined the intervals between each vibratory pulse, a feature that was reported to carry information for animal communication. We were unable to find evidence of periodic variations in the lengths of these intervals, as has been reported for fly acoustical signals. Because it was suggested that the genes involved in the circadian clock may also regulate shorter rhythms, we search for effects of period on the interval lengths. Males that are mutant for the period gene produced vibrations with significantly altered interpulse intervals; also, treating wild type males with constant light results in similar alterations to the interpulse intervals. Our results suggest that both the clock and light/dark cycles have input into the interpulse intervals of these vibrations. We wondered if we could alter the interpulse intervals by other means, and found that ambient temperature also had a strong effect. However, behavioural analysis suggests that only extreme ambient temperatures can affect the strong correlation between female immobility and substrate-borne vibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izarne Medina
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - José Casal
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Caroline C G Fabre
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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31
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Ferguson CTJ, O'Neill TL, Audsley N, Isaac RE. The sexually dimorphic behaviour of adult Drosophila suzukii: elevated female locomotor activity and loss of siesta is a post-mating response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:3855-61. [PMID: 26486360 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.125468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The polyphagous Drosophila suzukii is a highly invasive species that causes extensive damage to a wide range of berry and stone fruit crops. A better understanding of its biology and especially its behaviour will aid the development of new control strategies. We investigated the locomotor behaviour of D. suzukii in a semi-natural environment resembling a typical summer in northern England and show that adult female D. suzukii are at least 4-fold more active during daylight hours than adult males. This result was reproduced in several laboratory environments and was shown to be a robust feature of mated, but not virgin, female flies. Both males and virgin females kept on a 12 h light:12 h dark (12LD) cycle and constant temperature displayed night-time inactivity (sleep) followed by weak activity in the morning, an afternoon period of quiescence (siesta) and then a prominent evening peak of activity. Both the siesta and the sharp evening peak at lights off were severely reduced in females after mating. Flies of either sex entrained in 12LD displayed a circadian pattern of activity in constant darkness confirming the importance of an endogenous clock in regulating adult activity. This response of females to mating is similar to that elicited in female Drosophila melanogaster by the male sex peptide (SP). We used mass spectrometry to identify a molecular ion (m/z, 5145) corresponding to the poly-hydroxylated SP of D. suzukii and to show that this molecule is transferred to the female reproductive tract during copulation. We propose that the siesta experienced by male and virgin female D. suzukii is an adaptation to avoid unnecessary exposure to the afternoon sun, but that mated females faced with the challenge of obtaining resources for egg production and finding oviposition sites take greater risks, and we suggest that the change in female behaviour is induced by the male SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum T J Ferguson
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK Institute of Particle Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Tara L O'Neill
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Neil Audsley
- The Food and Environmental Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - R Elwyn Isaac
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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32
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Lerner I, Bartok O, Wolfson V, Menet JS, Weissbein U, Afik S, Haimovich D, Gafni C, Friedman N, Rosbash M, Kadener S. Clk post-transcriptional control denoises circadian transcription both temporally and spatially. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7056. [PMID: 25952406 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor CLOCK (CLK) is essential for the development and maintenance of circadian rhythms in Drosophila. However, little is known about how CLK levels are controlled. Here we show that Clk mRNA is strongly regulated post-transcriptionally through its 3' UTR. Flies expressing Clk transgenes without normal 3' UTR exhibit variable CLK-driven transcription and circadian behaviour as well as ectopic expression of CLK-target genes in the brain. In these flies, the number of the key circadian neurons differs stochastically between individuals and within the two hemispheres of the same brain. Moreover, flies carrying Clk transgenes with deletions in the binding sites for the miRNA bantam have stochastic number of pacemaker neurons, suggesting that this miRNA mediates the deterministic expression of CLK. Overall our results demonstrate a key role of Clk post-transcriptional control in stabilizing circadian transcription, which is essential for proper development and maintenance of circadian rhythms in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immanuel Lerner
- Biological Chemistry Department, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Edmund J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Osnat Bartok
- Biological Chemistry Department, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Edmund J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Victoria Wolfson
- Biological Chemistry Department, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Edmund J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Jerome S Menet
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Biology Department, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Uri Weissbein
- Biological Chemistry Department, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Edmund J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shaked Afik
- Biological Chemistry Department, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Edmund J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Daniel Haimovich
- Biological Chemistry Department, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Edmund J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.,School of Computer Sciences, Edmund J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Chen Gafni
- Biological Chemistry Department, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Edmund J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Nir Friedman
- Biological Chemistry Department, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Edmund J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.,School of Computer Sciences, Edmund J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Michael Rosbash
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Biology Department, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Sebastian Kadener
- Biological Chemistry Department, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Edmund J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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33
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Sheppard AD, Hirsch HV, Possidente B. Novel masking effects of light are revealed inDrosophilaby skeleton photoperiods. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2014.985004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Kunst M, Tso MCF, Ghosh DD, Herzog ED, Nitabach MN. Rhythmic control of activity and sleep by class B1 GPCRs. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 50:18-30. [PMID: 25410535 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.985815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Members of the class B1 family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) whose ligands are neuropeptides have been implicated in regulation of circadian rhythms and sleep in diverse metazoan clades. This review discusses the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which class B1 GPCRs, especially the mammalian VPAC2 receptor and its functional homologue PDFR in Drosophila and C. elegans, regulate arousal and daily rhythms of sleep and wake. There are remarkable parallels in the cellular and molecular roles played by class B1 intercellular signaling pathways in coordinating arousal and circadian timekeeping across multiple cells and tissues in these very different genetic model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kunst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA and
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35
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da Silva JC, de Matos Barbosa Pimenta G, Andersen ML, Schoorlemmer GHM, Tufik S, Cavalheiro EA. Characterization of the sleep-wake cycle of the Neotropical rodent Proechimys guyannensis. SAGE Open Med 2014; 2:2050312114544239. [PMID: 26770732 PMCID: PMC4607207 DOI: 10.1177/2050312114544239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To better understand the sleep–wake cycle characteristics in the female Neotropical rodent Proechimys guyannensis related to comparative neurobiology. Methods: Surface neocortical and hippocampal electrodes were chronically implanted in the brains of female Wistar and Proechimys animals. In addition, electrodes for the study of muscle activity were implanted into the neck muscle of both species. After surgical recovery and a period of adaptation, animals were continuously registered for periods as long as 48 h. Results: In both the light and dark phases of the cycle, significant differences in some electrographic patterns were observed between the Proechimys and Wistar animals. Although Proechimys has nocturnal activities and a pattern of polyphasic sleep similar to Wistar rats, the analysis of its sleep-wakefulness cycle indicates that the Neotropical rodent sleeps less with consequent longer periods of wakefulness when compared to Wistar rats. Conclusions: Together with previous findings of different neuroanatomical, neurophysiologic and behavioral characteristics, this study allow us to better understand adaptive differences of the Neotropical rodent Proechimys.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cláudio da Silva
- Disciplina de Neurologia Experimental/Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina/UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Monica Levy Andersen
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina/UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina/UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esper Abrão Cavalheiro
- Disciplina de Neurologia Experimental/Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina/UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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36
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Cavanaugh DJ, Geratowski JD, Wooltorton JRA, Spaethling JM, Hector CE, Zheng X, Johnson EC, Eberwine JH, Sehgal A. Identification of a circadian output circuit for rest:activity rhythms in Drosophila. Cell 2014; 157:689-701. [PMID: 24766812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Though much is known about the cellular and molecular components of the circadian clock, output pathways that couple clock cells to overt behaviors have not been identified. We conducted a screen for circadian-relevant neurons in the Drosophila brain and report here that cells of the pars intercerebralis (PI), a functional homolog of the mammalian hypothalamus, comprise an important component of the circadian output pathway for rest:activity rhythms. GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (GRASP) analysis demonstrates that PI cells are connected to the clock through a polysynaptic circuit extending from pacemaker cells to PI neurons. Molecular profiling of relevant PI cells identified the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) homolog, DH44, as a circadian output molecule that is specifically expressed by PI neurons and is required for normal rest:activity rhythms. Notably, selective activation or ablation of just six DH44+ PI cells causes arrhythmicity. These findings delineate a circuit through which clock cells can modulate locomotor rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cavanaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jill D Geratowski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Jennifer M Spaethling
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Genome Frontiers Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Clare E Hector
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Xiangzhong Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erik C Johnson
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - James H Eberwine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Genome Frontiers Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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37
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Mahesh G, Jeong E, Ng FS, Liu Y, Gunawardhana K, Houl JH, Yildirim E, Amunugama R, Jones R, Allen DL, Edery I, Kim EY, Hardin PE. Phosphorylation of the transcription activator CLOCK regulates progression through a ∼ 24-h feedback loop to influence the circadian period in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19681-93. [PMID: 24872414 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.568493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian (≅ 24 h) clocks control daily rhythms in metabolism, physiology, and behavior in animals, plants, and microbes. In Drosophila, these clocks keep circadian time via transcriptional feedback loops in which clock-cycle (CLK-CYC) initiates transcription of period (per) and timeless (tim), accumulating levels of PER and TIM proteins feed back to inhibit CLK-CYC, and degradation of PER and TIM allows CLK-CYC to initiate the next cycle of transcription. The timing of key events in this feedback loop are controlled by, or coincide with, rhythms in PER and CLK phosphorylation, where PER and CLK phosphorylation is high during transcriptional repression. PER phosphorylation at specific sites controls its subcellular localization, activity, and stability, but comparatively little is known about the identity and function of CLK phosphorylation sites. Here we identify eight CLK phosphorylation sites via mass spectrometry and determine how phosphorylation at these sites impacts behavioral and molecular rhythms by transgenic rescue of a new Clk null mutant. Eliminating phosphorylation at four of these sites accelerates the feedback loop to shorten the circadian period, whereas loss of CLK phosphorylation at serine 859 increases CLK activity, thereby increasing PER levels and accelerating transcriptional repression. These results demonstrate that CLK phosphorylation influences the circadian period by regulating CLK activity and progression through the feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guruswamy Mahesh
- From the Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - EunHee Jeong
- the Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Fanny S Ng
- From the Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Yixiao Liu
- From the Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Kushan Gunawardhana
- From the Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Jerry H Houl
- From the Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Evrim Yildirim
- the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway New Jersey 08854
| | | | | | | | - Isaac Edery
- the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway New Jersey 08854
| | - Eun Young Kim
- the Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Paul E Hardin
- From the Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843,
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38
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Synergistic interactions between the molecular and neuronal circadian networks drive robust behavioral circadian rhythms in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004252. [PMID: 24698952 PMCID: PMC3974645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most organisms use 24-hr circadian clocks to keep temporal order and anticipate daily environmental changes. In Drosophila melanogaster CLOCK (CLK) and CYCLE (CYC) initiates the circadian system by promoting rhythmic transcription of hundreds of genes. However, it is still not clear whether high amplitude transcriptional oscillations are essential for circadian timekeeping. In order to address this issue, we generated flies in which the amplitude of CLK-driven transcription can be reduced partially (approx. 60%) or strongly (90%) without affecting the average levels of CLK-target genes. The impaired transcriptional oscillations lead to low amplitude protein oscillations that were not sufficient to drive outputs of peripheral oscillators. However, circadian rhythms in locomotor activity were resistant to partial reduction in transcriptional and protein oscillations. We found that the resilience of the brain oscillator is depending on the neuronal communication among circadian neurons in the brain. Indeed, the capacity of the brain oscillator to overcome low amplitude transcriptional oscillations depends on the action of the neuropeptide PDF and on the pdf-expressing cells having equal or higher amplitude of molecular rhythms than the rest of the circadian neuronal groups in the fly brain. Therefore, our work reveals the importance of high amplitude transcriptional oscillations for cell-autonomous circadian timekeeping. Moreover, we demonstrate that the circadian neuronal network is an essential buffering system that protects against changes in circadian transcription in the brain. Circadian clocks allow organisms to predict daily environmental changes. These clocks time the sleep/wake cycles and many other physiological and cellular pathways to 24hs rhythms. The current model states that circadian clocks keep time by the use of biochemical feedback loops. These feedback loops are responsible for the generation of high amplitude oscillations in gene expression. Abolishment of circadian transcriptional oscillations has been shown to abolish circadian function. Previous studies addressing this issue utilize manipulations in which the abolishment of the transcriptional oscillations is very dramatic and involves strong up or down-regulation of circadian genes. In this study we generated fruit flies in which we diminished the amplitude of circadian oscillations in a controlled way. We found that a decrease of more than 50% in the amplitude of circadian oscillations leads to impaired function of circadian physiological outputs in the periphery but does not significantly affect circadian behavior. This suggests that the clock in the brain has a specific compensatory mechanism. Moreover, we found that flies with reduced oscillation and impaired circadian neuronal communication display aberrant circadian rhythms. These finding support the idea of network buffering mechanisms that allows the brain to produce circadian rhythms even with low amplitude molecular oscillations.
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39
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Mohamed AAM, Wang Q, Bembenek J, Ichihara N, Hiragaki S, Suzuki T, Takeda M. N-acetyltransferase (nat) is a critical conjunct of photoperiodism between the circadian system and endocrine axis in Antheraea pernyi. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92680. [PMID: 24667367 PMCID: PMC3965458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1923, the biology of photoperiodism remains a mystery in many ways. We sought the link connecting the circadian system to an endocrine switch, using Antheraea pernyi. PER-, CLK- and CYC-ir were co-expressed in two pairs of dorsolateral neurons of the protocerebrum, suggesting that these are the circadian neurons that also express melatonin-, NAT- and HIOMT-ir. The results suggest that a melatonin pathway is present in the circadian neurons. Melatonin receptor (MT2 or MEL-1B-R)-ir in PTTH-ir neurons juxtaposing clock neurons suggests that melatonin gates PTTH release. RIA showed a melatonin rhythm with a peak four hours after lights off in adult brain both under LD16:8 (LD) and LD12:12 (SD), and both the peak and the baseline levels were higher under LD than SD, suggesting a photoperiodic influence. When pupae in diapause were exposed to 10 cycles of LD, or stored at 4 °C for 4 months under constant darkness, an increase of NAT activity was observed when PTTH released ecdysone. DNA sequence upstream of nat contained E-boxes to which CYC/CLK could bind, and nat transcription was turned off by clk or cyc dsRNA. dsRNA(NAT) caused dysfunction of photoperiodism. dsRNA(PER) upregulated nat transcription as anticipated, based on findings in the Drosophila melanogaster circadian system. Transcription of nat, cyc and clk peaked at ZT12. RIA showed that dsRNA(NAT) decreased melatonin while dsRNA(PER) increased melatonin. Thus nat, a clock controlled gene, is the critical link between the circadian clock and endocrine switch. MT-binding may release PTTH, resulting in termination of diapause. This study thus examined all of the basic functional units from the clock: a photoperiodic counter as an accumulator of mRNA(NAT), to endocrine switch for photoperiodism in A. pernyi showing this system is self-complete without additional device especially for photoperiodism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiushi Wang
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jadwiga Bembenek
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Ichihara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Susumu Hiragaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Makio Takeda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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40
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Pandey V, Varun P, Turm H, Hagit T, Bekenstein U, Uriya B, Shifman S, Sagiv S, Kadener S, Sebastian K. A new in vivo model of pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration reveals a surprising role for transcriptional regulation in pathogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:146. [PMID: 24058333 PMCID: PMC3766815 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN) is a neurodegenerative disorder with a poorly understood molecular mechanism. It is caused by mutations in Pantothenate Kinase, the first enzyme in the Coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthetic pathway. Here, we developed a Drosophila model of PKAN (tim-fbl flies) that allows us to continuously monitor the modeled disease in the brain. In tim-fbl flies, downregulation of fumble, the Drosophila PanK homologue in the cells containing a circadian clock results in characteristic features of PKAN such as developmental lethality, hypersensitivity to oxidative stress, and diminished life span. Despite quasi-normal circadian transcriptional rhythms, tim-fbl flies display brain-specific aberrant circadian locomotor rhythms, and a unique transcriptional signature. Comparison with expression data from flies exposed to paraquat demonstrates that, as previously suggested, pathways others than oxidative stress are affected by PANK downregulation. Surprisingly we found a significant decrease in the expression of key components of the photoreceptor recycling pathways, which could lead to retinal degeneration, a hallmark of PKAN. Importantly, these defects are not accompanied by changes in structural components in eye genes suggesting that changes in gene expression in the eye precede and may cause the retinal degeneration. Indeed tim-fbl flies have diminished response to light transitions, and their altered day/night patterns of activity demonstrates defects in light perception. This suggest that retinal lesions are not solely due to oxidative stress and demonstrates a role for the transcriptional response to CoA deficiency underlying the defects observed in dPanK deficient flies. Moreover, in the present study we developed a new fly model that can be applied to other diseases and that allows the assessment of neurodegeneration in the brains of living flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Pandey
- Biological Chemistry Department, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Pandey Varun
- Biological Chemistry Department, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
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Park MS, Egi Y, Takeda M, Sakamoto K. The clock protein PERIOD is expressed in goblet cells of the larval midgut in the silkworm,Bombyx mori. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2013.830506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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42
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Luhur A, Chawla G, Sokol NS. MicroRNAs as Components of Systemic Signaling Pathways in Drosophila melanogaster. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 105:97-123. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396968-2.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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43
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Sakai T, Inami S, Sato S, Kitamoto T. Fan-shaped body neurons are involved in period-dependent regulation of long-term courtship memory in Drosophila. Learn Mem 2012; 19:571-4. [PMID: 23154928 DOI: 10.1101/lm.028092.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its established function in the regulation of circadian rhythms, the Drosophila gene period (per) also plays an important role in processing long-term memory (LTM). Here, we used courtship conditioning as a learning paradigm and revealed that (1) overexpression and knocking down of per in subsets of brain neurons enhance and suppress LTM, respectively, and (2) suppression of synaptic transmission during memory retrieval in the same neuronal subsets leads to defective LTM. Further analysis strongly suggests that the brain region critical for per-dependent LTM regulation is the fan-shaped body, which is involved in sleep-induced enhancement of courtship LTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaomi Sakai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan.
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Ingram KK, Kutowoi A, Wurm Y, Shoemaker D, Meier R, Bloch G. The molecular clockwork of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45715. [PMID: 23152747 PMCID: PMC3496728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is a core molecular mechanism that allows organisms to anticipate daily environmental changes and adapt the timing of behaviors to maximize efficiency. In social insects, the ability to maintain the appropriate temporal order is thought to improve colony efficiency and fitness. We used the newly sequenced fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) genome to characterize the first ant circadian clock. Our results reveal that the fire ant clock is similar to the clock of the honeybee, a social insect with an independent evolutionary origin of sociality. Gene trees for the eight core clock genes, period, cycle, clock, cryptochrome-m, timeout, vrille, par domain protein 1 & clockwork orange, show ant species grouping closely with honeybees and Nasonia wasps as an outgroup to the social Hymenoptera. Expression patterns for these genes suggest that the ant clock functions similar to the honeybee clock, with period and cry-m mRNA levels increasing during the night and cycle and clockwork orange mRNAs cycling approximately anti-phase to period. Gene models for five of these genes also parallel honeybee models. In particular, the single ant cryptochrome is an ortholog of the mammalian-type (cry-m), rather than Drosophila-like protein (cry-d). Additionally, we find a conserved VPIFAL C-tail region in clockwork orange shared by insects but absent in vertebrates. Overall, our characterization of the ant clock demonstrates that two social insect lineages, ants and bees, share a similar, mammalian-like circadian clock. This study represents the first characterization of clock genes in an ant and is a key step towards understanding socially-regulated plasticity in circadian rhythms by facilitating comparative studies on the organization of circadian clockwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista K Ingram
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, United States of America.
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Lone SR, Sharma VK. Or47b receptor neurons mediate sociosexual interactions in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Rhythms 2012; 27:107-16. [PMID: 22476771 DOI: 10.1177/0748730411434384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, social interactions especially among heterosexual couples have been shown to have significant impact on the circadian timing system. Olfaction plays a major role in such interactions; however, we do not know yet specifically which receptor(s) are involved. Further, the role of circadian clock neurons in the rhythmic regulation of such sociosexual interactions (SSIs) is not fully understood. Here, we report the results of our study in which we assayed the locomotor activity and sleep-wake behaviors of male-male (MM), female-female (FF), and male-female (MF) couples from several wild-type and mutant strains of Drosophila with an aim to identify specific olfactory receptor(s) and circadian clock neurons involved in the rhythmic regulation of SSI. The results indicate that Or47b receptor neurons are necessary for SSI, as ablation or silencing of these neurons has a severe impact on SSI. Further, the neuropeptide pigment dispersing factor (PDF) and PDF-positive ventral lateral (LN(v)) clock neurons appear to be dispensable for the regulation of SSI; however, dorsal neurons may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Rahman Lone
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
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Caprioli M, Ambrosini R, Boncoraglio G, Gatti E, Romano A, Romano M, Rubolini D, Gianfranceschi L, Saino N. Clock gene variation is associated with breeding phenology and maybe under directional selection in the migratory barn swallow. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35140. [PMID: 22506071 PMCID: PMC3323641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In diverse taxa, photoperiodic responses that cause seasonal physiological and behavioural shifts are controlled by genes, including the vertebrate Clock orthologues, that encode for circadian oscillator mechanisms. While the genetic network behind circadian rhythms is well described, relatively few reports exist of the phenological consequences of and selection on Clock genes in the wild. Here, we investigated variation in breeding phenology in relation to Clock genetic diversity in a long-distance migratory bird, the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica). Methodology/Principal Findings In a sample of 922 adult barn swallows from a single population breeding in Italy we found one very common (Q7) and three rare (Q5, Q6, Q8) length variants of a functionally significant polyglutamine repeat. Rare (2.9%) Q7/Q8 heterozygous females, but not males, bred significantly later than common (91.5%) Q7/Q7 females, consistent with the expectation that ‘long’ alleles cause late breeding, as observed in a resident population of another bird species. Because breeding date depends on arrival date from migration, present results suggest that the association between breeding date and Clock might be mediated by migration phenology. In addition, fecundity selection appears to be operating against Q7/Q8 because late migrating/breeding swallows have fewer clutches per season, and late breeding has additional negative selection effects via reduced offspring longevity. Genotype frequencies varied marginally non-significantly with age, as Q7/Q8 frequency showed a 4-fold reduction in old individuals. This result suggests negative viability selection against Q7/Q8, possibly mediated by costs of late breeding. Conclusions/Significance This is the first study of migratory birds showing an association between breeding phenology and Clock genotype and suggesting that negative selection occurs on a phenologically deviant genotype. Low polymorphism at Clock may constrain microevolutionary phenological response to changing climate, and may thus contribute to the decline of barn swallow populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Caprioli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Ambrosini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Gatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Romano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Romano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Diego Rubolini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Gianfranceschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Saino
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Reaume CJ, Sokolowski MB. Conservation of gene function in behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:2100-10. [PMID: 21690128 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Behaviour genetic research has shown that a given gene or gene pathway can influence categorically similar behaviours in different species. Questions about the conservation of gene function in behaviour are increasingly tractable. This is owing to the surge of DNA and 'omics data, bioinformatic tools, as well as advances in technologies for behavioural phenotyping. Here, we discuss how gene function, as a hierarchical biological phenomenon, can be used to examine behavioural homology across species. The question can be addressed independently using different levels of investigation including the DNA sequence, the gene's position in a genetic pathway, spatial-temporal tissue expression and neural circuitry. Selected examples from the literature are used to illustrate this point. We will also discuss how qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the behavioural phenotype, its function and the importance of environmental and social context should be used in cross-species comparisons. We conclude that (i) there are homologous behaviours, (ii) they are hard to define and (iii) neurogenetics and genomics investigations should help in this endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Reaume
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5L 1C6
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Sivaperumal R, Subramanian P, Yadav P, Sharma VK. Analysis of circadian locomotor rhythms in vg andcrybmutants ofDrosophila melanogasterunder different light:dark regimens. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2010.513519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Insects display an impressive variety of daily rhythms, which are most evident in their behaviour. Circadian timekeeping systems that generate these daily rhythms of physiology and behaviour all involve three interacting elements: the timekeeper itself (i.e. the clock), inputs to the clock through which it entrains and otherwise responds to environmental cues such as light and temperature, and outputs from the clock through which it imposes daily rhythms on various physiological and behavioural parameters. In insects, as in other animals, cellular clocks are embodied in clock neurons capable of sustained autonomous circadian rhythmicity, and those clock neurons are organized into clock circuits. Drosophila flies spend their entire lives in small areas near the ground, and use their circadian brain clock to regulate daily rhythms of rest and activity, so as to organize their behaviour appropriately to the daily rhythms of their local environment. Migratory locusts and butterflies, on the other hand, spend substantial portions of their lives high up in the air migrating long distances (sometimes thousands of miles) and use their circadian brain clocks to provide time-compensation to their sun-compass navigational systems. Interestingly, however, there appear to be substantial similarities in the cellular and network mechanisms that underlie circadian outputs in all insects.
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Kobelková A, Bajgar A, Dolezel D. Functional molecular analysis of a circadian clock gene timeless promoter from the Drosophilid fly Chymomyza costata. J Biol Rhythms 2011; 25:399-409. [PMID: 21135156 DOI: 10.1177/0748730410385283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The circadian transcription of the tim gene is tightly regulated by the protein complex dCLK/CYC, which directly interacts with a series of closely spaced E-box and E-box-like elements in the Drosophila timeless promoter. The tim promoter from D. melanogaster has been studied in detail both in tissue cultures and in living flies yet has never been investigated in other species. This article presents a detailed functional analysis of the tim promoter from the drosophilid fly, Chymomyza costata, in Drosophila tissue cultures. A comparison of tim promoters from wt and npd-mutants confirmed that the 1855 bp deletion in the latter removes crucial regulatory cis-elements as well as the minimal promoter, being subsequently responsible for the lack of tim mRNA expression. Deletion and substitution mutations of the wt tim promoter showed that the region containing the canonical E-box, TER-box, and 2 incomplete E-box sequences is essential for CLK/CYC-mediated expression, while the PERR element appears to be a repressor in S2 cells. Furthermore, the expression of the circadian genes timeless, period , vrille, and doubletime was quantified in C. costata adults. Striking differences were found in expression profiles for tim, per, and vri between wild-type and npd-mutant individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kobelková
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre AS CR, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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