1
|
Piccioli D, Alfini R, Monaci V, Arato V, Carducci M, Aruta MG, Rossi O, Necchi F, Anemona A, Bartolini E, Micoli F. Antigen presentation by Follicular Dendritic cells to cognate B cells is pivotal for Generalised Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) immunogenicity. Vaccine 2022; 40:6305-6314. [PMID: 36137901 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
GMMA has been proposed as a potent technology platform for the design of safe, effective and affordable vaccines. As GMMA are vesicles blebbing out of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, they contain lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins and peptidoglycans that stimulate immune cells via Toll-like Receptors 4 (TLR4) or TLR2. Being basically nanoparticles, GMMA can be efficiently captured by Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDC) for antigen presentation to cognate B cells. GMMA have shown to be highly immunogenic in preclinical and clinical studies and the engagement of TLR4 and TLR2 or antigen presentation by FDC may have a prominent role in GMMA immunogenicity, which is well worth investigating. By using GMMA derived from Shigella sonnei and Salmonella Typhimurium, we show for the first time that the antigen presentation by FDC to cognate B cells plays a major role in the induction of an effective humoral immune response upon immunization with GMMA by using both models. The engagement of TLR4 is critical to elicit an optimal antibody production, but its effect on antibody functionality is dependent on GMMA type and is dispensable when immunizing with Alum adjuvant, whereas TLR2 does not have any role for GMMA immunogenicity. Our findings represent a substantial advancement of the knowledge on GMMA mode of action and shed a light on novel perspectives for the design of safer and more effective GMMA-based vaccines. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: The study demonstrated that the antigen presentation by FDC to cognate B cells plays a major role for GMMA immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccine Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | | | - Vanessa Arato
- GSK Vaccine Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccine Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roth GA, Picece VCTM, Ou BS, Luo W, Pulendran B, Appel EA. Designing spatial and temporal control of vaccine responses. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:174-195. [PMID: 34603749 PMCID: PMC8477997 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-021-00372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are the key technology to combat existing and emerging infectious diseases. However, increasing the potency, quality and durability of the vaccine response remains a challenge. As our knowledge of the immune system deepens, it becomes clear that vaccine components must be in the right place at the right time to orchestrate a potent and durable response. Material platforms, such as nanoparticles, hydrogels and microneedles, can be engineered to spatially and temporally control the interactions of vaccine components with immune cells. Materials-based vaccination strategies can augment the immune response by improving innate immune cell activation, creating local inflammatory niches, targeting lymph node delivery and controlling the time frame of vaccine delivery, with the goal of inducing enhanced memory immunity to protect against future infections. In this Review, we highlight the biological mechanisms underlying strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and explore materials design strategies to manipulate and control these mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillie A. Roth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Vittoria C. T. M. Picece
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ben S. Ou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Paediatrics — Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kelch ID, Bogle G, Sands GB, Phillips ARJ, LeGrice IJ, Dunbar PR. High-resolution 3D imaging and topological mapping of the lymph node conduit system. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000486. [PMID: 31856185 PMCID: PMC6922347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The conduit network is a hallmark of lymph node microanatomy, but lack of suitable imaging technology has prevented comprehensive investigation of its topology. We employed an extended-volume imaging system to capture the conduit network of an entire murine lymph node (comprising over 280,000 segments). The extensive 3D images provide a comprehensive overview of the regions supplied by conduits, including perivascular sleeves and distinctive “follicular reservoirs” within B cell follicles, surrounding follicular dendritic cells. A 3D topology map of conduits within the T-cell zone showed homogeneous branching, but conduit density was significantly higher in the superficial T-cell zone compared with the deep zone, where distances between segments are sufficient for T cells to lose contact with fibroblastic reticular cells. This topological mapping of the conduit anatomy can now aid modeling of its roles in lymph node function, as we demonstrate by simulating T-cell motility in the different T-cell zones. Extended-volume confocal imaging allowed 3D visualisation of the fine network of conduits within lymph nodes; the resulting map of conduit topology underscores structural differences between the deep and superficial T cell zone and identifies "follicular reservoirs" within B cell follicles that concentrate lymphoid fluid around follicular dendritic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inken D. Kelch
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (IDK); (PRD)
| | - Gib Bogle
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gregory B. Sands
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony R. J. Phillips
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian J. LeGrice
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P. Rod Dunbar
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (IDK); (PRD)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Vaccination is a critical tool in modern animal production and key to maintaining animal health. Adjuvants affect the immune response by increasing the rate, quantity, or quality of the protective response generated by the target antigens. Although adjuvant technology dates back to the nineteenth century, there was relatively little improvement in adjuvant technology before the late twentieth century. With the discovery of molecular pathways that regulate the timing, quantity, and quality of the immune response, new technologies are focused on bringing safer, more effective, and inexpensive adjuvants to commercial use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Young
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Box 2175, ARW168F, Brookings, SD 57006, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chakraborty S, Karasu E, Huber-Lang M. Complement After Trauma: Suturing Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2050. [PMID: 30319602 PMCID: PMC6165897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The overpowering effect of trauma on the immune system is undisputed. Severe trauma is characterized by systemic cytokine generation, activation and dysregulation of systemic inflammatory response complementopathy and coagulopathy, has been immensely instrumental in understanding the underlying mechanisms of the innate immune system during systemic inflammation. The compartmentalized functions of the innate and adaptive immune systems are being gradually recognized as an overlapping, interactive and dynamic system of responsive elements. Nonetheless the current knowledge of the complement cascade and its interaction with adaptive immune response mediators and cells, including T- and B-cells, is limited. In this review, we discuss what is known about the bridging effects of the complement system on the adaptive immune system and which unexplored areas could be crucial in understanding how the complement and adaptive immune systems interact following trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinjini Chakraborty
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ebru Karasu
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Viola M, Sequeira J, Seiça R, Veiga F, Serra J, Santos AC, Ribeiro AJ. Subcutaneous delivery of monoclonal antibodies: How do we get there? J Control Release 2018; 286:301-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
7
|
Del Valle Batalla F, Lennon-Dumenil AM, Yuseff MI. Tuning B cell responses to antigens by cell polarity and membrane trafficking. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:140-145. [PMID: 29935436 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of B lymphocytes to produce specific antibodies, particularly broadly neutralizing antibodies that provide immunity to viral pathogens has positioned them as valuable therapeutic targets for immunomodulation. To become competent as antibody secreting cells, B cells undergo a series of activation steps, which are triggered by the recognition of antigens frequently displayed on the surface of other presenting cells. Such antigens elicit the formation of an immune synapse (IS), where local cytoskeleton rearrangements coupled to mechanical forces and membrane trafficking orchestrate the extraction and processing of antigens in B cells. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate polarized membrane trafficking and mechanical properties of the immune synapse, as well as the potential extracellular cues from the environment, which may impact the ability of B cells to sense and acquire antigens at the immune synapse. An integrated view of the diverse cellular mechanisms that shape the immune synapse will provide a better understanding on how B cells are efficiently activated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Del Valle Batalla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | | | - María-Isabel Yuseff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Meijer EFJ, Jeong HS, Pereira ER, Ruggieri TA, Blatter C, Vakoc BJ, Padera TP. Murine chronic lymph node window for longitudinal intravital lymph node imaging. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:1513-1520. [PMID: 28683064 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic imaging windows in mice have been developed to allow intravital microscopy of many different organs and have proven to be of paramount importance in advancing our knowledge of normal and disease processes. A model system that allows long-term intravital imaging of lymph nodes would facilitate the study of cell behavior in lymph nodes during the generation of immune responses in a variety of disease settings and during the formation of metastatic lesions in cancer-bearing mice. We describe a chronic lymph node window (CLNW) surgical preparation that allows intravital imaging of the inguinal lymph node in mice. The CLNW is custom-made from titanium and incorporates a standard coverslip. It allows stable longitudinal imaging without the need for serial surgeries while preserving lymph node blood and lymph flow. We also describe how to build and use an imaging stage specifically designed for the CLNW to prevent (large) rotational changes as well as respiratory movement during imaging. The entire procedure takes approximately half an hour per mouse, and subsequently allows for longitudinal intravital imaging of the murine lymph node and surrounding structures for up to 14 d. Small-animal surgery experience is required to successfully carry out the protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eelco F J Meijer
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Han-Sin Jeong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ethel R Pereira
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas A Ruggieri
- Radiation Medicine Machine Shop, Department of Radiation Oncology, and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cedric Blatter
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin J Vakoc
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy P Padera
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jafarnejad M, Woodruff MC, Zawieja DC, Carroll MC, Moore JE. Modeling Lymph Flow and Fluid Exchange with Blood Vessels in Lymph Nodes. Lymphat Res Biol 2016; 13:234-47. [PMID: 26683026 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2015.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph nodes (LNs) are positioned strategically throughout the body as critical mediators of lymph filtration and immune response. Lymph carries cytokines, antigens, and cells to the downstream LNs, and their effective delivery to the correct location within the LN directly impacts the quality and quantity of immune response. Despite the importance of this system, the flow patterns in LN have never been quantified, in part because experimental characterization is so difficult. METHODS AND RESULTS To achieve a more quantitative knowledge of LN flow, a computational flow model has been developed based on the mouse popliteal LN, allowing for a parameter sensitivity analysis to identify the important system characteristics. This model suggests that about 90% of the lymph takes a peripheral path via the subcapsular and medullary sinuses, while fluid perfusing deeper into the paracortex is sequestered by parenchymal blood vessels. Fluid absorption by these blood vessels under baseline conditions was driven mainly by oncotic pressure differences between lymph and blood, although the magnitude of fluid transfer is highly dependent on blood vessel surface area. We also predict that the hydraulic conductivity of the medulla, a parameter that has never been experimentally measured, should be at least three orders of magnitude larger than that of the paracortex to ensure physiologic pressures across the node. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that structural changes in the LN microenvironment, as well as changes in inflow/outflow conditions, dramatically alter the distribution of lymph, cytokines, antigens, and cells within the LN, with great potential for modulating immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David C Zawieja
- 3 Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Temple, Texas
| | - Michael C Carroll
- 4 Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Childrens Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J E Moore
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College , London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cantisani R, Pezzicoli A, Cioncada R, Malzone C, De Gregorio E, D'Oro U, Piccioli D. Vaccine adjuvant MF59 promotes retention of unprocessed antigen in lymph node macrophage compartments and follicular dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1717-25. [PMID: 25589069 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ag retention within lymph nodes (LNs) upon vaccination is critical for the development of adaptive immune responses, because it facilitates the encounter of the Ag with cognate lymphocytes. During a secondary exposure of the immune system to an Ag, immune complexes (ICs) that contain the unprocessed Ag are captured by subcapsular sinus macrophages and are transferred onto follicular dendritic cells, where they persist for weeks, facilitating Ag presentation to cognate memory B cells. The impact of adjuvants on Ag retention within the draining LNs is unknown. In this article, we provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that the oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant MF59 localizes in subcapsular sinus and medullary macrophage compartments of mouse draining LNs, where it persists for at least 2 wk. In addition, we demonstrate that MF59 promotes accumulation of the unprocessed Ag within these LN compartments and facilitates the consequent deposition of the IC-trapped Ag onto activated follicular dendritic cells. These findings correlate with the ability of MF59 to boost germinal center generation and Ag-specific Ab titers. Our data suggest that the adjuvant effect of MF59 is, at least in part, due to an enhancement of IC-bound Ag retention within the LN and offer insights to improve the efficacy of new vaccine adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ugo D'Oro
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gordon S, Plüddemann A, Mukhopadhyay S. Sinusoidal immunity: macrophages at the lymphohematopoietic interface. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 7:a016378. [PMID: 25502514 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are widely distributed throughout the body, performing vital homeostatic and defense functions after local and systemic perturbation within tissues. In concert with closely related dendritic cells and other myeloid and lymphoid cells, which mediate the innate and adaptive immune response, macrophages determine the outcome of the inflammatory and repair processes that accompany sterile and infectious injury and microbial invasion. This article will describe and compare the role of specialized macrophage populations at two critical interfaces between the resident host lymphohematopoietic system and circulating blood and lymph, the carriers of cells, humoral components, microorganisms, and their products. Sinusoidal macrophages in the marginal zone of the spleen and subcapsular sinus and medulla of secondary lymph nodes contribute to the innate and adaptive responses of the host in health and disease. Although historically recognized as major constituents of the reticuloendothelial system, it has only recently become apparent that these specialized macrophages in close proximity to B and T lymphocytes play an indispensable role in recognition and responses to exogenous and endogenous ligands, thus shaping the nature and quality of immunity and inflammation. We review current understanding of these macrophages and identify gaps in our knowledge for further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Plüddemann
- Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Qiu S, Du Y, Duan X, Geng X, Xie J, Gao H, Yang PC. B cell immunity in allergic nasal mucosa induces T helper 2 cell differentiation. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:886-95. [PMID: 22454245 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of allergic diseases is to be further understood. Recent studies indicate that B cells are involved in the immune regulation. The present study aimed to investigate the role of B cells in the initiation of skewed T helper (Th)2 polarization. METHODS The surgically removed nasal mucosal specimens from 24 patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and 22 patients with non-AR (nAR) were collected. B cells isolated from the AR nasal mucosa were characterized. The effect of B cells on inducing naïve CD4+ T cells to differentiate into Th2 cells was evaluated with a cell culture model. RESULTS Abundant B cells were detected in the nasal mucosa of patients with AR, which also expressed high levels of T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain (TIM)4 and costimulatory molecules. High levels of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) were detected in the AR nasal mucosa. Expression of TIM4 could be induced in naïve B cells in the presence of SEB in culture. TIM4+ B cells could induce naïve CD4+ T cells to differentiate into Th2 cells. CONCLUSIONS TIM4+ B cells from AR nasal mucosa can induce skewed Th2 polarization. It may be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of AR. B cells plays an important role in the initiation of Th2 polarization. KEY MESSAGES • High frequency of B cells exists in nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis • These B cells express high levels of TIM4 • TIM4+ B cells can initiate the skewed Th2 polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Qiu
- Shenzhen ENT Institute, Shenzheng, Guangzhou, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang W, Chen N, Shen X, Cunningham P, Fauty S, Michel K, Wang B, Hong X, Adreani C, Nunes CN, Johnson CV, Yin KC, Groff M, Zou Y, Liu L, Hamuro L, Prueksaritanont T. Lymphatic Transport and Catabolism of Therapeutic Proteins after Subcutaneous Administration to Rats and Dogs. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:952-62. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.043604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
|