1
|
van Gerven D, Sutorius S, Bruns J, Wickleder MS. Stabilizing the Homopolycation (I 4 ) 2+ with a Hexasulfate in (I 4 )[S 6 O 19 ] and a Borosulfate in (I 4 )[B(S 2 O 7 ) 2 ] 2. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202200122. [PMID: 35856862 PMCID: PMC9630045 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of elemental iodine and SO3 in a sealed glass ampoule yielded a turquoise-colored solution. At temperatures below 7 °C, deep red crystals of (I4 )[S6 O19 ] grow. With the addition of B2 O3 and pyridine-SO3 complex red crystals of (I4 )[B(S2 O7 )2 ]2 can be obtained after heating the mixture to 120 °C. The combination of an (I4 )2+ cation with oxoanions has previously not been observed. Both anions have a significant but different influence on the structural properties of the (I4 )2+ cation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David van Gerven
- University of CologneInstitute of Inorganic ChemistryGreinstr. 650939CologneGermany
| | - Stefan Sutorius
- University of CologneInstitute of Inorganic ChemistryGreinstr. 650939CologneGermany
| | - Jörn Bruns
- University of CologneInstitute of Inorganic ChemistryGreinstr. 650939CologneGermany
| | - Mathias S. Wickleder
- University of CologneInstitute of Inorganic ChemistryGreinstr. 650939CologneGermany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
LeBlanc FA, Decken A, Cameron TS, Passmore J, Rautiainen JM, Whidden TK. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Weakly Coordinating Anions Based on tris-Perfluoro-tert-Butoxyborane. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:974-983. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis A. LeBlanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Andreas Decken
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - T. Stanley Cameron
- Department
of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jack Passmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - J. Mikko Rautiainen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - Thomas K. Whidden
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Engesser TA, Krossing I. Recent advances in the syntheses of homopolyatomic cations of the non metallic elements C, N, P, S, Cl, Br, I and Xe. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
4
|
Aris D, Beck J, Decken A, Dionne I, Schmedt auf der Günne J, Hoffbauer W, Köchner T, Krossing I, Passmore J, Rivard E, Steden F, Wang X. Metastable Se6 as a ligand for Ag+: from isolated molecular to polymeric 1D and 2D structures. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:5865-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01251c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
5
|
|
6
|
Crawford MJ, Göbel M, Karaghiosoff K, Klapötke TM, Welch JM. Does [I3]+ Act as an “[I]+” Donor to CH3CN and N2O? Structure of [H3CCN-I-NCCH3]+[AsF6]−. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:9983-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9015492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret-Jane Crawford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Göbel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan M. Welch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beck J, Steden F, Zink M. The Simultaneous Oxidation of Tellurium and Transition Metals by AsF5 – Syntheses and Crystal Structures of [M(SO2)6](Te6)[AsF6]6 (M = Ni, Zn) and [Cd(SO2)2][AsF6]2. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200500440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
8
|
|
9
|
Kuznetsov AN, Popovkin BA, Ståhl K, Lindsjö M, Kloo L. Synthesis of Main Group Polycations in Molten and Pseudo‐Molten GaBr
3
Media. Eur J Inorg Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200500161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenny Ståhl
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Lindsjö
- Inorganic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Kloo
- Inorganic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Towards highly powerful neutral organic superacids—a DFT study of some polycyano derivatives of planar hydrocarbons. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
Reed CA. Carborane acids. New “strong yet gentle” acids for organic and inorganic chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:1669-77. [PMID: 15791295 DOI: 10.1039/b415425h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Icosahedral carborane anions such as CHB11Cl11- are amongst the least coordinating, most chemically inert anions known. They are also amongst the least basic, so their conjugate acids, H(carborane), are superacids (i.e. stronger than 100% H2SO4). Acidity scale measurements indicate that H(CHB11Cl11) is the strongest pure Brønsted acid presently known, surpassing triflic and fluorosulfuric acid. Nevertheless, it is also an extremely gentle acid--because its conjugate base engages in so little chemistry. Carborane acids separate protic acidity from anion nucleophilicity and destructive oxidative capacity in the conjugate base, to a degree not previously achieved. As a result, many long-sought, highly acidic, reactive cations such as protonated benzene (C6H7+), protonated C60(HC60+), tertiary carbocations (R3C+), vinyl cations (R2C=C(+)-R), silylium ions (R3Si+) and discrete hydronium ions (H3O+, H5O2+ etc.) can be readily isolated as carborane salts and characterized at room temperature by X-ray crystallography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Reed
- Department of Chemistry and Center for S and P Block Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tornieporth-Oetting IC, Klapötke TM. Homopolyatomic and heteropolyatomic halogen cations. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.520040605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
13
|
Krossing I, Passmore J. Evidence for the Blue 10π S62+ Dication in Solutions of S8(AsF6)2: A Computational Study Including Solvation Energies. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:1000-11. [PMID: 14753822 DOI: 10.1021/ic0207303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The energetics of dissociation reactions of S(8)(2+) into stoichiometric mixtures of S(n)(+), n = 2-7, and S(m)(2+), m = 3, 4, 6, 10, were investigated by the B3PW91 method [6-311+G(3df)//6-311+G] in the gas phase and in solution, with solvation energies calculated using the SCIPCM model and in some cases also the COSMO model [B3PW91/6-311+G*, dielectric constants 2-30, 83, 110]. UV-vis spectra of all species were calculated at the CIS/6-311G(2df) level and for S(4)(2+) and S(6)(2+) also at the TD-DFT level (BP86/SV(P)). Standard enthalpies of formation at 298 K were derived for S(3)(2+) (2538 kJ/mol), S(6)(2+) (2238 kJ/mol), and S(10)(2+) (2146 kJ/mol). A comparison of the observed and calculated UV-vis spectra based on our calculated thermochemical data in solution suggests that, in the absence of traces of facilitating agent (such as dibromine Br(2)), S(8)(2+) dissociates in dilute SO(2) solution giving an equilibrium mixture of ca. 0.5S(6)(2+) and S(5)(+) (K approximately 8.0) while in the more polar HSO(3)F some S(8)(2+) remains (K approximately 0.4). According to our calculations, the blue color of this solution is likely due to the pi-pi transition of the previously unknown 10 pi S(6)(2+) dication, and the previously assigned S(5)(+) is a less important contributor. Although not strictly planar, S(6)(2+) may be viewed as a 10 pi electron Hückel-aromatic ring containing a thermodynamically stable 3p(pi)-3p(pi) bond [d(S-S) = 2.028 A; tau(S-S-S-S) = 47.6 degrees ]. The computations imply that the new radical cation S(4)(+) may be present in sulfur dioxide solutions given on reaction of sulfur oxidized by AsF(5) in the presence of a facilitating agent. The standard enthalpy of formation of S(6)(AsF(6))(2)(s) was estimated as -3103 kJ/mol, and the disproportionation enthalpy of 2S(6)(AsF(6))(2)(s) to S(8)(AsF(6))(2)(s) and S(4)(AsF(6))(2)(s) as exothermic by 6-17 kJ/mol. The final preference of the observed disproportionation products is due to the inclusion of solvent molecules, e.g., AsF(3), that additionally favors the disproportionation of 2S(6)(AsF(6))(2)(s) into S(8)(AsF(6))(2)(s) and S(4)(AsF(6))(2)(AsF(3))(s) by 144 kJ/mol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, Engesserstr. Geb. 30.45, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Song MK, Choi EY, Kim Y, Seff K. Disproportionation of an Element in a Zeolite. II. Crystal Structure of an Iodine Sorption Complex of Dehydrated Fully Cd2+-Exchanged Zeolite X Containing n-I5- as I-−I3+−I- and Square cyclo-I42+. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp022581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mee Kyung Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | - Eun Young Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | - Yang Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | - Karl Seff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545 The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2275
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nenajdenko VG, Shevchenko NE, Balenkova ES, Alabugin IV. 1,2-Dications in organic main group systems. Chem Rev 2003; 103:229-82. [PMID: 12517185 DOI: 10.1021/cr0000628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Cameron TS, Deeth RJ, Dionne I, Du H, Jenkins HD, Krossing I, Passmore J, Roobottom HK. Bonding, structure, and energetics of gaseous E8(2+) and of solid E8(AsF6)2 (E = S, Se). Inorg Chem 2000; 39:5614-31. [PMID: 11151362 DOI: 10.1021/ic990760e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The attempt to prepare hitherto unknown homopolyatomic cations of sulfur by the reaction of elemental sulfur with blue S8(AsF6)2 in liquid SO2/SO2ClF, led to red (in transmitted light) crystals identified crystallographically as S8(AsF6)2. The X-ray structure of this salt was redetermined with improved resolution and corrected for librational motion: monoclinic, space group P2(1)/c (No. 14), Z = 8, a = 14.986(2) A, b = 13.396(2) A, c = 16.351(2) A, beta = 108.12(1) degrees. The gas phase structures of E8(2+) and neutral E8 (E = S, Se) were examined by ab initio methods (B3PW91, MPW1PW91) leading to delta fH theta[S8(2+), g] = 2151 kJ/mol and delta fH theta[Se8(2+), g] = 2071 kJ/mol. The observed solid state structures of S8(2+) and Se8(2+) with the unusually long transannular bonds of 2.8-2.9 A were reproduced computationally for the first time, and the E8(2+) dications were shown to be unstable toward all stoichiometrically possible dissociation products En+ and/or E4(2+) [n = 2-7, exothermic by 21-207 kJ/mol (E = S), 6-151 kJ/mol (E = Se)]. Lattice potential energies of the hexafluoroarsenate salts of the latter cations were estimated showing that S8(AsF6)2 [Se8(AsF6)2] is lattice stabilized in the solid state relative to the corresponding AsF6- salts of the stoichiometrically possible dissociation products by at least 116 [204] kJ/mol. The fluoride ion affinity of AsF5(g) was calculated to be 430.5 +/- 5.5 kJ/mol [average B3PW91 and MPW1PW91 with the 6-311 + G(3df) basis set]. The experimental and calculated FT-Raman spectra of E8(AsF6)2 are in good agreement and show the presence of a cross ring vibration with an experimental (calculated, scaled) stretching frequency of 282 (292) cm-1 for S8(2+) and 130 (133) cm-1 for Se8(2+). An atoms in molecules analysis (AIM) of E8(2+) (E = S, Se) gave eight bond critical points between ring atoms and a ninth transannular (E3-E7) bond critical point, as well as three ring and one cage critical points. The cage bonding was supported by a natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis which showed, in addition to the E8 sigma-bonded framework, weak pi bonding around the ring as well as numerous other weak interactions, the strongest of which is the weak transannular E3-E7 [2.86 A (S8(2+), 2.91 A (Se8(2+)] bond. The positive charge is delocalized over all atoms, decreasing the Coulombic repulsion between positively charged atoms relative to that in the less stable S8-like exo-exo E8(2+) isomer. The overall geometry was accounted for by the Wade-Mingos rules, further supporting the case for cage bonding. The bonding in Te8(2+) is similar, but with a stronger transannular E3-E7 (E = Te) bonding. The bonding in E8(2+) (E = S, Se, Te) can also be understood in terms of a sigma-bonded E8 framework with additional bonding and charge delocalization occurring by a combination of transannular n pi *-n pi * (n = 3, 4, 5), and np2-->n sigma * bonding. The classically bonded S8(2+) (Se8(2+) dication containing a short transannular S(+)-S+ (Se(+)-Se+) bond of 2.20 (2.57) A is 29 (6) kJ/mol higher in energy than the observed structure in which the positive charge is delocalized over all eight chalcogen atoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T S Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Reed CA, Kim KC, Bolskar RD, Mueller LJ. Taming superacids: stabilization of the fullerene cations HC60+ and C60.+. Science 2000; 289:101-4. [PMID: 10884220 DOI: 10.1126/science.289.5476.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A new superacid, H(CB11H6X6) (where X = chlorine or bromine), whose conjugate base is the exceptionally inert CB11H6X6- carborane anion, separates Bronsted acidity from oxidizing capacity and anion nucleophilicity in a manner not previously achieved. Reaction of this superacid with C60 gives HC60+ as a stable ion in solution and in the solid state. In a separate experiment, an oxidant was developed such that the long-sought C60.+ ion can be synthesized in solution. The preparation of these two fullerene carbocations is a notable departure from the prevalent chemistry of C60, which is dominated by the formation of anions or the addition of nucleophiles. The H(CB11H6X6) superacid overcomes the major limitations of presently known superacids and has potentially wide application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Recent advances in the understanding of the syntheses, structures, bonding and energetics of the homopolyatomic cations of Groups 16 and 17. Coord Chem Rev 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(00)00230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
20
|
Drews T, Koch W, Seppelt K. The Cl2O2+ Cation: Preparation and Structural Investigation of Cl2O2+SbF6- and Cl2O2+Sb2F11-. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja984474y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Drews
- Contribution from the Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Freien Universität, D-14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Koch
- Contribution from the Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Freien Universität, D-14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Konrad Seppelt
- Contribution from the Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Freien Universität, D-14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Willner H, Aubke F. Homoleptische Carbonylkomplex-Kationen der elektronenreichen Metalle: Bildung in supersauren Medien sowie spektroskopische und strukturelle Charakterisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971092204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Drake GW, Schimek GL, Kolis JW. The Poly(heptatellurium) Dication: A New Twist. Inorg Chem 1996; 35:1740-1742. [PMID: 11666404 DOI: 10.1021/ic951021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg W. Drake
- Hunter Hall Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-1905
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li J, Irle S, Schwarz WHE. Electronic Structure and Properties of Trihalogen Cations X(3)(+) and XY(2)(+) (X, Y = F, Cl, Br, I). Inorg Chem 1996; 35:100-109. [PMID: 11666170 DOI: 10.1021/ic950305s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electronic structures, charge distributions, geometries, valence force constants, and vibrational frequencies of the homoatomic clusters F(3)(+), Cl(3)(+), Br(3)(+), and I(3)(+) and of the heteroatomic clusters ClF(2)(+), BrF(2)(+), IF(2)(+), BrCl(2)(+), ICl(2)(+), and IBr(2)(+) were determined. The self-consistent field approach extended by MP2-correlation energy or density-functional corrections was applied using various basis sets. It was found that d- and f-type polarization functions play a crucial role as in some other halogen compounds. The MP2 approach yields the most satisfactory results. The effect of the crystalline environment surrounding the Cl(3)(+), Br(3)(+), and I(3)(+) species is successfully simulated by a Madelung potential. Frequencies calculated in the crystal field are in reasonable agreement with the more reliable ones among the experimental results. Coupling force constants were determined. They are not consistent with some empirical rules. Bonding and charge distributions of the formally mixed-valence systems X(+)Y(2)(0) are discussed. X(+) behaves like a divalent chalcogen with high electronegativity. Each of the X(+)-Y bonds in XY(2)(+) is very similar to the bond in X-Y. We predict the experimentally unknown F(3)(+) to be stable in vacuum but not in the solid state. Structures and frequencies of XY(2)(+) species, which are as yet unknown, are also predicted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Siegen, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ulvenlund S, Ståhl K, Bengtsson-Kloo L. Structural and Quantum Chemical Study of Bi(5)(3+) and Isoelectronic Main-Group Metal Clusters. The Crystal Structure of Pentabismuth(3+) Tetrachlorogallate(III) Refined from X-ray Powder Diffraction Data and Synthetic Attempts on Its Antimony Analogue. Inorg Chem 1996; 35:223-230. [PMID: 11666188 DOI: 10.1021/ic9413981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pentabismuth(3+) tetrachlorogallate(III), (Bi(5)(3+))(GaCl(4)(-))(3), has been synthesized by reducing a BiCl(3)-GaCl(3) melt with bismuth metal and the crystal structure refined from X-ray (Cu Kalpha(1)) powder diffraction data. The structure was found to belong to space group R-3c, with the lattice parameters a = 11.871(2) Å and c = 30.101(3) Å (Z = 6). It is isostructural with the previously characterized Bi(5)(AlCl(4))(3). An attempt to synthesise the antimony analogue Sb(5)(GaCl(4))(3) by reducing a SbCl(3)-GaCl(3) mixture with gallium metal produced a black solid phase. The gallium content of this phase is consistent with the stoichiometry Sb(5)(GaCl(4))(3), and the Raman spectrum of the phase dissolved in SbCl(3)-GaCl(3) comprises strong, low-frequency bands attributable to Sb-Sb stretch vibrations in Sb(5)(3+) or another reduced antimony species. Quantum chemical analyses have been performed for the isoelectronic, trigonal pyramidal closo-clusters Sn(5)(2-), Sb(5)(3+), Tl(5)(7-), Pb(5)(2-), and Bi(5)(3+), both with extended Hückel (eH) and Hartree-Fock (HF) methods. The HF calculations were performed with and without corrections for the local electron-electron correlation using second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2). All theoretical results are compared and evaluted with respect to experimental cluster structures and vibrational frequencies. The results from the calculations agree well with available experimental data for the solid-state structures and vibrational spectra of these cluster ions, except for the Tl(5)(7-) ion. Isolated Tl(5)(7-) is suggested to be electronically unstable because of the high charge density. The Sb(5)(3+) cluster ion is indicated to be stable. According to the calculations, Sn(5)(2-) and Pb(5)(2-) may be described in terms of edge-localized bonds without substantial electron density between the equatorial atoms, whereas Sb(5)(3+) and Bi(5)(3+) have electron density evenly distributed over all M-M vectors. Furthermore, the theoretical results give no support for a D(3h) --> C(4v) fluxionality of these clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ulvenlund
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, England, and Divisions of Inorganic Chemistry 1 and Inorganic Chemistry 2, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Beck J. Tellur in neuen Formen und Funktionen: von Polykationen zu Metallhalogenidtelluriden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19941060205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
28
|
|
29
|
Christe KO, Bau R, Zhao D. X-ray crystal structure and raman spectrum of tribromine(1+) hexafluoroarsenate(V), Br3+AsF6?, and raman spectrum of pentabromine(1+) hexafluoroarsenate(V), Br5+AsF6? Z Anorg Allg Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19915930106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
King R. Metal cluster topology—IX. Mercury vertices in transition metal clusters and alkali metal amalgams. Polyhedron 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(00)80691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
32
|
|
33
|
Herrmann WA. Multiple Bonds between Transition Metals and ?Bare? Main Group Elements: Links between Inorganic Solid State Chemistry and Organometallic Chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198600561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
34
|
Herrmann WA. Mehrfachbindungen zwischen Übergangsmetallen und “nackten” Hauptgruppenelementen: Brücken zwischen der anorganischen Festkörperchemie und der Organometallchemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19860980106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
35
|
Hartmann G, Mews R. Eine einfache Methode zur Synthese kationischer metallorganischer Schwefeldioxid-Komplexe durch Metall-Metall-Bindungsspaltung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19861190132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
36
|
STEUDEL RALF. Elemental Sulfur and Related Homocyclic Compounds and Ions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-42355-9.50006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
|
37
|
Anderson GM, Fraser IF, Winfield JM. The redox reaction between molybdenum hexafluoride and iodine in scetonitrile. Isolation of bis(acetonitrile) iodine(I) hexafluoromolybdate(V). J Fluor Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(00)81224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
38
|
Bock H, Schulz W, Schmidt M. PE-Spektren und Molek�leigenschaften. 89. Ionisationsmuster und Konformation von Cyclo-Polythianen (H2CS)n. Z Anorg Allg Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19814740320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
39
|
|
40
|
Effenberger F. Elektrophile Agentien - neue Entwicklungen und präparative Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19800920304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
41
|
|
42
|
von Schnering HG, von Benda H, Kalveram C. Wismutmonojodid BiJ, eine Verbindung mit Bi(O) und Bi(II). Z Anorg Allg Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19784380104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
43
|
Heyns K, Park JI. Reaktionen von Acetylglycalen und Acetylpseudoglycalen mit Natriumsalzen unter Bortrifluorid-Ätherat-Katalyse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19761091002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
44
|
|